RANGERS PUBLIC

SCHOOL YAZMAN

GRADE: SIX
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
Assignment composed by;
T. HADIQA AKBAR

 Unit#1 The Universe

 Unit#2 Natural Spheres of the Earth
 Unit#8 The Mapping Skills
 Introducing Geography
Q1. What is Geography?
Ans. Geography means to write about the earth as well as study of earth.
Q2. Define physical Geography.
Ans. The study of the Earth’s land is called physical Geography.
Q3. How we can access the physical environment?
Ans. The physical environment is natural not made by man. We can find it more when we look at the earth
like weather, climate etc.
Q4. What are the elements of physical feature of the landscape?
Ans. It is ‘’ Relief’’ and ‘’ Drainage’’.
Q5. Differentiate between weather and climate.
Ans. Weather;
It is a condition of atmosphere at any time.
Climate;
The average conditions recorded at a place over a year. Time period can be of 30 years.
Q6. What does natural vegetation and soil refer to?
Ans. Natural vegetation;
It refers to the trees and plants that grow in an area undisturbed by people.
Soil;
It is the top layer of loose earth in which plants grow.
Q7. What do you know about human geography?
Ans. The study of people and their activities an Earth is called human geography.
Q8. How the human environment does exist?
Ans. Human environment occur or exist by people, buildings, agricultural activities and by the transport
network.
Q9. What are the areas of study in human geography?
Ans. there are three main areas of study in human geography that are
 Pollution
 Settlement
 Economic activity
Q10. What is environmental Geography?
Ans. The study of how people interact with nature is called environmental Geography.
Q11. What are the attributes of environmental Geography?
Ans.It brings the changes in human activities such as mining, agriculture and in industrialization.
Q12. What do we study Geography?
Ans. Geography is about:
Physical Geography all about earth
Human Geography our activities on Earth
Environmental Geography close connection between us and surroundings.
 Unit#1 The Universe
Short Questions.
Q1. What does the word ‘’Universe’’ refers to?
Ans. The Universe refers to everything that exists, especially physical things like stars, planets, and galaxies and even
time.

Q2. How the Universe was formed?

Ans. The Universe was formed by the explosion of Big-Bang which released a very large amount of energy.
Q3. What is Galaxy?
Ans. A galaxy is a community of stars.
Q4. Enlist the categories of Galaxies.
Ans. 1-Spiral 2-Elliptical 3-Irregular
Q5. What is local group?
Ans. The Milky Way galaxy is one of 30 galaxies in a ‘’Cluster’’ of galaxies called the local group.
Q6. How the solar system is consisting on?
Ans. Solar system consists of the Sun. the eight planets and the smaller bodies such as asteroids, meteoroids and
comets.
Q7. What is a star?
Ans. A star is extremely big ball of bright matter in space.
Q8. How many planets are there in solar system? Write their names.
Ans. There are 8 planets in solar system.
1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth
4. Mars 5. Jupitar 6. Saturn
7. Uranus 8. Neptune
Q9. What is the interesting fact about planets in our Solar System?
Ans. All of the planets, except Earth are named after Greek or Roman gods or goddesses. The Earth simply mean ‘’on
the ground’’.
Q10. What make the temperature suitable for living things?
Ans. Earth receives the right amount of sunlight and heat from the Sun, which makes the temperature suitable.
Q11. Why water is important?
Ans. All the living things need water to survive, without water the concept of life is impossible. About 70% of the
Earth consist water.
Q12. What is the shape and size of Earth?
Ans. The Earth is round, like a sphere. Earth from North Pole to South Pole is 40,008Km vertically while the
horizontal distance across the Equator is about 45,075Km.
Q13. What is oblate spheroid?
Ans. The Pole (North and South) are flattened and the Earth at centre is bulging out. This shape is known an oblate
spheroid.
Q14. Define hemisphere.
Ans. The Earth is divided into two halves called hemispheres.
Q15. Define Equator.
Ans. when the two hemispheres that receives the sunlight directly or indirectly are divided by an imaginary line across
the centre of Earth called the Equator.
Q16.Define Solstices and Equinoxes .
Ans. In the Northern hemisphere, the day the North pole leans towards the Sun is known as the Summer Solstices and
it usually falls on 21st June.
The time when the Sun crosses the plane of the Earth’s Equator, making Night and day of approximately of equal
length all over the Earth and occurring about March 21(Spring Equinox) and September 22 (Autumn Equinox).
Long Questions.
Q1. Define the term Galaxy and explain its categories.
Ans. Galaxy
A galaxy is a community of stars.
There are three categories grouped according to their shape.
Spiral: They look like flat disks and half bulges in their centres.
Elliptical: They are more rounded, often longer in one direction.
Irregular: They appear neither disk like nor rounded.
Q2. How the life is possible on Earth? Explain.
Ans. The life on Earth is impossible without Oxygen as well as water. The living things need basic elements to survive
on Earth. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and they are about 150Km apart. Earth is the fifth largest planet in the
solar system suitable for living.
The survival of the living things depends on the presence of water, air and the right
temperature. Elements such as air, temperature, vapour and wind make the atmosphere.
Q3. What is the shape and size of Earth? Draw Diagram also.
Ans. The Earth is round, like a sphere. The poles are flattened and the Earth at centre is bulging out. This shape is
known as an oblate spheroid. Due to the shape, Earth from North Pole to South Pole is 40,008Km vertically while the
horizontal distance across the Equator is about 45,075Km.
(Diagram from pg#15)
Q4. Explain the Earth’s Rotation.
Ans. The Sun’s position in the sky appears to be shifting as the day passes but in actually Earth spinning constantly.
Earth spins very slowly. The Earth rotates at around 1670Km/h.
Rotation on an Axis:
The Earth rotates on axis and axis is an imaginary line that runs through the planet. The axis
connect through the North and South poles. The Earth’s axis does not point straight up and down but is tilted at 23.5 0.
The direction of Earth’s Rotation:
The Earth rotates from west to east. It completes its rotation in 24 hours. It gives day and night.
Only one side of Earth faces the Sun at a time. The sides which face the Sun experienced day, the sides opposite from
Sun experiences Night.
Q5. Briefly explain the revolution of Earth.
Ans. Some places have four seasons as on our Earth, our homeland also one of the part. These four seasons are
Summer, Winter, Spring and Autumn.
Duration of the Earth’s Revolution:
The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth and the Earth’s Revolution.
The path around the Sun is known as an orbit and it takes almost 365 days to complete one revolution. There is a leap
year once after every four year. The ¼ day from each year is added together to make one full day, that extra day is
added to February, thus giving it 29 days.
The Hemispheres:
The Earth is divided into two halves called hemispheres. When one hemisphere leans more towards the Sun it
receives more sunlight while the other receives less. Both hemispheres (North, South) are divided by an imaginary
line across the center of Earth called the Equator.
Unit#2 Natural Spheres Of The Earth
Short Questions.
Q1. Define spheres.
Ans. Everything on Earth can be categorized into four interconnected subsystems known as spheres.
Q2. How many types of a sphere?
Ans. Each sphere contains unique types of activity that contribute to a complete system
There are four types of spheres on earth i.e
1. Atmosphere 2. Lithosphere 3. Hydrosphere 4. Bio-sphere

Q3. What does atmosphere refers to?

Ans. Atmosphere refers to mixture of gases surrounding the Earth that is held in a place by Earth’s gravity.
Q4. What does Lithosphere refers to?
Ans. The Lithosphere refers to the solid, outer part of the Earth that includes the upper portion of the mentle of crust.
Q5. What are the characteristics of Lithosphere?
Ans. The Lithosphere is splits into a small number of huge slabs known as tectonic plates, which moves around due to
the heat generated in the mentle.
Q6. What do you know about Hydrosphere?
Ans. The Hydrosphere refers to the total amount of water on Earth that is stored on its surface underground and in the
air.
Q7. What does biosphere refers to?
Ans. The biosphere refers to the part of Earth where life exists, including places like the roots of trees, the bottom of
the oceans and the top of the mountains.
Q8. What are prokaryotes?
Ans. Prokaryotes includes organisms like bacteria. These organisms photosynthesized under sunlight to sustain other
form of life that feed on them. More species of plants and animals developed eventually, as nutrients are passed on
from one organism to another through the food web.
Q9. What are the basic gases that are necessary for all living things?
Ans. The basic gases that are necessary for all living things are:
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon dioxide 0.03-0.04%
Q10. How many layers are of the of Earth’s atmosphere?
Ans. There are five layers of the Earth’s atmosphere:
1-Exosphere 2. Thermosphere
3. Mesosphere 4. Stratosphere
5. Troposphere
Q11. Define temperature.
Ans. The temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Q12. What is the air pressure refers to?
Ans. Air pressure refers to the force that is exerted on the Earth’s surface. Air pressure also changes with temperature.
Q13. What is meant by atmospheric moisture?
Ans. Atmospheric pressure means the amount of water vapours in the atmosphere. Although we can see rain but not
the moisture in the air.
Q14. Define evaporation.
Ans. The amount of water vapours in the atmosphere is called evaporation.
Q15. What is transpiration?
Ans. water vapours released by plants through the air during the process of photosynthesis is called transpiration.
Q16. What is Global Wind System (GWS)?
Ans. The Global Wind System (GWS) refers to all types of movements, from high pressure areas to the low pressure
areas.
Q17. What is larger and smaller scale in GWS?
Ans. On a larger scale in GWS there are planetary and seasonal winds.
On a smaller scale in GWS there are local winds.
Q18. Define planetary wind.
 Ans. Planetary winds are winds blowing throughout the year, from high pressure belt to low pressure belt in the small
direction.
Q19. Define trade wind.
Ans. The air that blows across the surface towards the equator is known as trade wind.
Q20. What is the role of seasonal winds in GWS?
Ans. Seasonal winds are movements of air that are repetitive and predictably driven by changes in large scale weather
patterns.
Q21. Define local winds.
Ans. Local winds are movement of air that occur over a small area, ranging from tens to a few hundreds of Km. A
common example is land and sea breezes.
Q22. What is the common example of seasonal winds of tropical region?
Ans. A common example of seasonal winds are ‘’ Monsoon’’ wind which bring wet and dry seasons to the tropical
region.
Q23. Define Clouds.
Ans. Clouds are visible masses of small water droplets or ice particles which are suspended in the sky. They appear in
different size and shapes.
Q24. How many types of clouds are there?
Ans. There are four types of clouds:
1- Cumulus clouds 2- Cumulonimbus clouds
3- Cirrus clouds 4- Stratus clouds
Q25. What is precipitation?
Ans. The process whereby water falls back onto the earth’s surface is called precipitation.
Long Questions.
Q1. Briefly explain the Natural sphere of the Earth.
Ans. Everything on Earth can be categorized into four interconnected subsystems known as spheres.
There are four types of spheres on earth i.e
1. Atmosphere 2. Lithosphere 3. Hydrosphere 4. Bio-sphere
Atmosphere:
Atmosphere refers to the mixture of gases surrounding the Earth that is held in place by earth’s gravity.
Atmosphere traps heat to keep the earth’s surface warm and filters through harmful cosmic rays and the Sun’s
ultraviolet radiations. Atmosphere begins from less than 1m to approximately 10,000 km above it.
Lithosphere:
Lithosphere refers to the solid, outer part of the earth that include the upper portion of the Mantle and the
crust. It is the most rigid and coolest part of the earth.
The Lithosphere is splits into a small number of huge slabs known as tectonic plates, which moves around due to the
heat generated in the mentle.
Hydrosphere:
The hydrosphere refers to the total amount of water on the earth’s surface, underground and in the air.
Water can be in the form of liquids, ice and water vapour. It goes through various processes in water cycle.
Biosphere: The biosphere refers to the part of Earth where life exists, including places like the roots of trees, the
bottom of the oceans and the top of the mountains. Most life form between 500m below the Ocean’s surface to
6km above the sea level. Prokaryotes include organisms like bacteria. These organisms photosynthesized under
sunlight to sustain other form of life that feed on them.
Q2. Explain the composition and structure of the atmosphere.
Ans. the earth’s atmosphere is special in several ways. It consists mainly of Nitrogen (N) and Oxygen (O 2). It also
contains a small amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour. The combination of Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%,
carbon dioxide and other gases are 1%.
Q3. Discuss the layers of the Earth's atmosphere.
Ans. The earth's atmosphere is made up of several layers. The Earth surface experiences different weather
phenomena.
There are five layers of the earth's atmosphere.
Outer space or Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere
Stratosphere Troposphere
Exosphere:
This is the layer just next to outer space. It can get very hot here usually above 2200 degree centigrade.
Thermosphere:
Thermosphere can rise to 1500 degree centigrade.
Mesosphere:
It gets freezing cold here with temperature gradually dropping to -120 degree centigrade.
Stratosphere:
This is where the ozone layer can be found. Ozone gas absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays.
Troposphere:
All life on the Earth lives within this layer as most atmospheric gases exist here.
Interesting fact: It has been prescribed that there is possibility of life on Mars. But it has 100 times thinner
atmosphere than earth. It also consists of 95% CO2. It will be very difficult for humans to live there.
Q4. Briefly explain the role of temperature in the troposphere.
Ans. The degree of hotness or coldness of the air. The temperature of the surrounding varies from place to place. The
sun gives off energy to the Earth in the form of solar radiation. 55% of the radiation received by the earth and its
atmosphere is reflected while the remaining 45% is absorbed. The radiation that is absorbed is converted into heat.
The amount of heat gained from solar radiation is about equal to the amount of heat lost through terrestrial radiation.
This unique balance keeps the Earth from getting progressively warmer or cooler.
Q5. Explain Air pressure.
Ans. Air pressure refers to the force that is exerted on the Earth’s surface. In fact, air is constantly rushing in all
directions. Air pressure is great at sea level. Air pressure changes with temperature, when the temperature is high, the
air heats up, expands and rises. When the temperature is low air cools, contracts and sinks. Differences in air pressure
drive the global wind system. Local differences in air pressure create local winds. Regional differences in air pressure
create planetary winds.
Q6. Describe the characteristics of atmospheric moisture.
Ans. Atmospheric moisture refers to the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. Although we can see rain but not
the moisture. Water become water vapour when evaporation takes place. Water vapour also released by plants with
their leaves during the process called transpiration. The amount of water vapour in the air can hold depends on its
temperature. If the amount of evaporation is below the maximum, we say the air is saturated.
Temperature (0C) Maximum amount of water vapour
2 6
10 9.3
16 13
20 18.2
28 25
Maximum amount of water vapour the air can hold at a specific temperature.
 Q7. Explain the Global Wind System.
Ans. The global wind system refers to all types of air movement from high pressure to low pressure areas. On a
large-scale their planetary winds and seasonal winds on a smaller scale there are local winds.
Planetary wind;
It blows throughout the year from high pressure belt to low pressure. It includes trade winds,
Westerlies and polar easterlies. The circulation of air is ‘’Hadley cell’’. The air that blows across the surface towards
the equator is known as a trade wind. Winds reflected by the force of Earth’s rotation from west to east is known as
Coriolis effect.
Some cool air in the Hadley cell move towards the Ferrel cell rises at 60 0N and 600S as is known as
Westerlies. Extremely cold air, known as polar easterlies, flows from the poles towards the earth equator through
circulation in the polar cell.
Seasonal winds:
Seasonal winds are movements of air that are repetitively and predictably driven by changes in large
scale weather pattern. Monsoon is a common example. A low pressure area forms over land while the high-pressure
area forms over the oceans in summer from June to August.
A high pressure area forms over land while a low pressure area forms over the oceans in winter season
from December to February.
Local winds:
Local winds are movements of air that occur over a small area, ranging from tens to a few 100km.
Sea breeze and land breeze are its its common examples.
During the day, a low-pressure sea area forms over land while the high pressure area forms over the sea, its sea
breeze.
During the night, a high pressure area form overland while a low pressure area form over the sea, its land breeze.
Q8. How is moisture present in the Atmosphere? Explain.
Ans. atmospheric moisture can exist in many forms, including clouds, rain, hail, snowfall and fog.
Clouds: Clouds are visible masses of small water droplets or ice particles which are suspended in the sky. They appear
in different size and shapes.
There are four types of clouds:
1-Cumulus clouds 2- Cumulonimbus clouds
3-Cirrus clouds 4- Stratus clouds
1-Cumulus clouds:
These clouds are fluffy and white. They form low in the sky and bring short but heavy rains.
2-Cumulonimbus clouds:
These clouds grow very tall and heavy rain accompanies them. It comes with thunder and
lightning.
3-Cirrus clouds:
It usually forms at high altitude where the air is cold and strong wind blow. They are thin wispy and
high.
4- Stratus clouds:
They are vast, shapeless layer clouds. It gives often rain. They are formed at low altitude in calm
weather.
Fog is a low cloud that is close to ground. It usually forms when temperature is less than 2.5 0C and when the air is
saturated.
 Q9. Write a note on precipitation.
Ans. Precipitation is a process whereby water falls back onto earth surface.
The type of precipitation that falls depends on the air temperature. If the temperature is below the freezing point, the
droplets fall as snow. If the temperature is above the freezing point of water they fall as rain.
Q10. How did the trade winds get their name? Explain.
Ans. winds were named after sailors observed wind pattern in the tropic. They used to rely on the wind to create trade
routes. These winds were first discovered in the late 1400s when the Christopher Columbus went on an exploration
mission to investigate movement in the sea.
Unit#8 The Mapping Skills
Short Questions
Q1. What are maps?
Ans. Maps are visual representation of the Earth’s surface as seen vertically from above. Maps show how things on
the earth surface are related to one another in terms of distance direction and size.
Q2. When the world first map was came?
Ans. The world first map came about in the 16th century following the voyages of Christopher, Columbus and other
explorers.
Q3. Enlist some uses of maps.
 Maps are valuable sources of information.
 They are bases for planning and decision making.
Q4. How maps are valuable sources of information?
Ans. A map provides information such as your place is in relation to another for example, the city you live is in north
or south of a river.
Q5. Name some types of maps.
Ans. Political maps thematic maps Economic and resource maps
Physical maps Road maps Topographical maps
Q6. Define the following:
Ans. Political maps:
These maps show the individual countries each separated by a national boundary.
Thematic maps:
Thematic map have a specific themes for example climatic maps give information about the
temperature, rainfall and atmospheric pressure of a place, country a region or the world.
Economic or resource maps:
Resource map shows different types of natural resources of economic activities that are found in an
area.
Physical maps:
A physical map shows physical features such as mountains plains and rivers. Different colours are used
to show the land of different heights .
Road maps:
Road maps show the roads, highways, railroad tracks and points of interest of a place. These maps are used
by people to find their way around a town, a city or a country.
Topographical Maps:
Topographical Maps show the physical features of a place. Physical features are shown in greater
detail than in physical maps.
Q7. What are the elements of a map?
Ans. Title Scale North arrow
Name of features A key or legend Grid lines
Q8. What are the uses of symbols in a map?
Ans. Symbols are used to represent the different physical and human features found on the earth’s surface.
Q9. Name some different types of symbols.
 Line symbols
 Point symbols
 Area symbols
 Height symbols
Q10. What are contour lines?
Ans. the height of places on a map is shown by contour lines.
Q11. Define scale.
Ans. the scale shows us how much the physical features or the area mapped have been reduced. Using the scale, we
are able to calculate what distance on the map will be on the actual ground.
Long Questions
Q1. Define Map. Write different types of maps in detail.
Ans. Maps are visual representation of the Earth’s surface as seen vertically from above. Maps show how things on
the earth surface are related to one another in terms of distance direction and size.
There are different types of maps.
Political maps thematic maps Economic and resource maps
Physical maps Road maps Topographical maps
Political maps:
These maps show the individual countries each separated by a national boundary.
Thematic maps:
Thematic map have a specific themes for example climatic maps give information about the temperature,
rainfall and atmospheric pressure of a place, country a region or the world.
Economic or resource maps:
Resource map shows different types of natural resources of economic activities that are found in an
area.
Physical maps:
A physical map shows physical features such as mountains plains and rivers. Different colours are used
to show the land of different heights .
Road maps:
Road maps show the roads, highways, railroad tracks and points of interest of a place. These maps are used
by people to find their way around a town, a city or a country.
Topographical Maps:
Topographical Maps show the physical features of a place. Physical features are shown in greater
detail than in physical maps.
Q2. Discuss in detail the symbols used in maps.
Ans. Symbols represent the physical and human features in the legend of a map. Map makers use symbols so that
they are able to fit more information on a map.
Line symbols:
Line symbols represent line features such as roads, rivers, paths or railway tracks on a map. They look
like the features that they represent.
Road Stream
Path ----------- River
Point symbols:
Point symbols feature specific points on the map such as schools, buildings and hospitals. They
would show similar shapes as the actual features.
Building Monument 
Area symbols:
Area symbols show features that cover a certain area, such as lakes and farms. Different colours are
used to show different area symbols. The colours are kept similar to the actual colour of the feature.
Cultivation Lake
Height symbols:
The heights of features are shown by contour lines. Contour lines are imaginary lines that join
places of the same height. A Trigonometrical station shows the exact height of a spot on the map.

Trigonometric station

100

50 Contour lines