General Education Review – PROFED12: REVIEW SEMINAR 1

MATHEMATICS

1. Which of the following contains both radial and bilateral symmetry?

a. Honeycomb
b. Human body
c. Sunflower
d. Butterfly

Rationalization: (SIMPLE EXPLANATION)

- Non-Biodegradable Substances cannot be broken down by natural organisms, therefore
may act as a source of pollution. These types of wastes cannot be easily handled. It cannot
be broken down by the naturally occurring agents, and continue existing on the surface of the
earth for a large number of years. Most of the inorganic substances are non-biodegradable.
“Recyclable waste” is the waste materials that can be recycled.

2. These are defined to be regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs.

a. Patterns
b. Symmetry
c. Reflection
d. sequence

Rationalization:
- A pattern are regular or recurring forms or designs. Examples of these are lay out floor tiles,
designs of buildings, the way we tie our shoelaces, and etc.

3. Which of the following can be determined by drawing an imaginary line across an object and resulting
parts are mirror images of each other?
a. Patterns
b. Symmetry
c. Reflection
d. Sequence

Rationalization:
- Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting
parts are mirror images of each other. Examples are butterfly, Leonardo Da Vinci’s Vitruvian
Man, starfish.

4. Based on the Squid Game series, which of the following objects below does NOT show symmetry?
a. circle
b. triangle
c. star
d. umbrella

Rationalization:
 - Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting
parts are mirror images of each other. Examples are butterfly, Leonardo Da Vinci’s Vitruvian
Man, starfish.

5. If an object is rotated by a certain degree angle less than 3600 and achieved the same appearance
as the original position, then it is called ?
a. Angle of rotation
b. Symmetry
c. Order of rotation
d. Rotational symmetry

Rationalization:
- Rotational Symmetry is defined when an object is rotated, and the result is the same as
the original positional of the object. Example, an object STAR can be rotated while an
UMBRELLA has no rotational symmetry.

6. Which of the following objects has NO rotational symmetry?

a. Scalene triangle
b. Equilateral triangle
c. Isosceles triangle
d. Scalene and isosceles triangles

Rationalization:
- Equilateral triangle can be rotated by three times while an isosceles and scalene triangle has
no rotational symmetry. However, both equilateral and isosceles are symmetrical while only
scalene triangles are both asymmetrical and has no rotational symmetry.

7. It is the smallest measure of angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the original
position is called ?
a. Angle of rotation
b. Symmetry
c. Order of rotation
d. Rotational symmetry

Rationalization:
- The smallest measure of angle less than 3600 that a figure can be rotated while still preserving
the original position is called the angle of rotation.

8. The is the number of times the figure coincides with itself as it rotates
through 360°.
a. Angle of rotation
b. Symmetry
c. Order of rotation
d. Rotational symmetry

Rationalization:
 - Example: A regular hexagon has rotational symmetry. The angle of rotation is 60°  and the
order of the rotational symmetry is 6 .

9. What is the angle of rotation of a regular pentagon?

a. 360
b. 600
c. 720
d. 1200

Rationalization:
- Angle of rotation can be calculated by dividing 3600 by the order of rotation of the figure.
Since the order of rotation of a regular pentagon is 5, we can get the angle of rotation by
computing (3600/5) which is equal to 720.

10. Given the figure below. What is the order of rotation?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e.
Rationalization:
- The figure can be rotated up to 4 times to make it the same as the original position. Hence
order of rotation is 4.

11. Who is the founder of Fibonacci sequence?

a. Euclid
b. Euler
c. Leonardo of Pisa
d. Pythagoras

Rationalization:
 - Leonardo of Pisa introduced the Fibonacci numbers. The Fibonacci Sequence is the series
of numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...
- The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.

12. Who introduced the symbol e constant?

a. Euclid
b. Euler
c. Leonardo of Pisa
d. Pythagoras

Rationalization:
- The number e is one of the most important numbers in mathematics. It is often called Euler's
number after Leonhard Euler (pronounced "Oiler").

13. What is the estimated value of "φ"?

a. 2.718281…
b. 1.618034…
c. 3.141592…
d. 1.618304…

Rationalization:
- The e = 2.718281… is known as Euler number. The φ = 1.618034 is also known as golden
ratio and 𝜋 = 3.141592… known as pi.

14. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

a. e
b. φ
c. 𝜋
d. None of the above

Rationalization:
- All of these symbols are considered irrational numbers. Irrational numbers are numbers
which cannot be written as a fraction.

15. What type of sequence deals with common ratio?

a. Arithmetic
b. Geometric
c. Fibonacci
d. Harmonic

Rationalization:
- A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers in which the ratio between
consecutive terms is constant. We get the next term of the sequence by multiplying a
term to its preceding term. In the sequence, 2, 6, 18, 54, … we multiply each term by 3 to
get the next term. Thus, the next term after 54 can be obtained by getting the result of (54
x 3) which is equal to 162.

16. What type of sequence deals with common difference?

a. Arithmetic
 b. Geometric
c. Fibonacci
d. Harmonic

Rationalization:
- Arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which the difference between
consecutive terms is constant. We get the next term of the sequence by adding a term
to its preceding term. Example, 4, 8, 12, 16, …. . In this sequence, we add 4 to each term to
get the next term. Thus, the next term after 16 is 20.

17. Which of the following is an example harmonic sequence?

a. 1/2 , 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, …
b. 2, 4, 8, 16, …
c. 2, 4, 6, 8, …
d. 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, …

Rationalization:
- The terms of harmonic sequence are the reciprocal of the terms in an arithmetic sequence.
In the above, 2, 4, 6, 8, .. is an arithmetic sequence and the reciprocal of each term are ½,
¼, 1/6, 1/8, …

18. Find the 10th term in the sequence: 2, 3, 5, 7, …?

a. 29
b. 23
c. 19
d. 13

Rationalization:
- The above sequence is about prime numbers. So, by listing method the next terms after are
11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29. Hence, the 10th term is 29.

19. What is the next number in the series? 1,3,7,15,31,...

a. 39
b. 47
c. 63
d. 127

Rationalization:
- To pattern uses the formula an = 2n-1 + an-1. Thus, a6 = 26-1 + 31 = 32 + 31 = 63.

20. What number replaces the circle in the following sequence? 5,7,11,17,25,35,◯...
a. 45
b. 47
c. 49
d. 50

Rationalization:
 - Add 2 to the first number to get the second; each subsequent increment is increased by 2.
The pattern:
5+2=7
7+4=11
11+6=17
17+8=25
25+10=35

Add 12 to get the next element: 35+12=47, which is the correct choice.

21. What kind of sentence is a proposition?

a. Declarative
b. Interrogative
c. Exclamatory
d. Imperative

Rationalization:
- A proposition is a defines as a declarative statement that can true or false but not both at
the same time.

22. When is a conditional statement false?

a. If hypothesis is true and conclusion is false.
b. If hypothesis is false and conclusion is true.
c. If hypothesis and conclusion are both false.
d. if hypothesis and conclusion are both true.

Rationalization:
- A conditional statement (in symbol “→”has four possibilities of truth value. It is only false
when the hypothesis is true, and the conclusion is false. When the conclusion is true, the
conditional statement is automatically true and if both hypothesis and conclusion are false
then the conditional statement has a true truth value.

23. When is a disjunction statement true?

a. If at least one statement is true.
b. If both statements are false.
c. If only one statement is true.
d. if both statements are true.

Rationalization:
- A disjunction (in symbol “V”)is a compound statement connected by “or” where it is always
true if at least one of its statements is true. It is only false if both statements are false.

24. When is a conjunction statement true?

a. If at least one statement is true.

b. If both statements are false.
c. If only one statement is true.
d. if both statements are true.
Rationalization:
- A conjunction (in symbol “Ʌ”) is a compound statement connected by “and” where it is always
false if atleast one of its statements is false. It is only true if both statements are true.
25. Given: "p := 5 is even." and q := 4 is odd. Which of the following is equivalent to (p Ʌ ~q).
a. 5 is even if 5 is not odd.
b. 4 is even and 5 is odd.
c. 5 is even and 4 is odd.
d. Both 5 and 4 are even.

Rationalization:
o 4 is even if 5 is not odd. This is translated to (~p → ~q).
o 4 is even and 5 is odd. This is translated to (~p Ʌ ~q).
o 5 is even and 4 is odd. This is translated to (p Ʌ q)
o Both 5 and 4 are even. This is translated to (p Ʌ ~q).
- Note that the negation of even is odd and vice versa.

26. Which of the following is not a method for proof?

a. Deductive
b. Contradiction
c. Subjective
d. Indirect proof

Rationalization:
- In proving, we always avoid being subjective. We do not prove based on emotions. Usually,
we provide proof by means of deductive method, which approach starts from general to
particular. On the other hand, indirect proof starts from specific to going to general.

27. Which of the following can only be used in disproving the statements?
a. Direct proof
b. Contrapositive
c. Counter example
d. Mathematical induction

Rationalization:
- Counter examples cannot be used to prove results.

28. In proving √5 as irrational, we begin with assumption √5 is rational in which type of proof?
a. Direct proof
b. Proof by contradiction
c. Mathematical induction
d. Vacuous proof

Rationalization:
- Notice that the opposite of irrational is rational, and since these two words are contradicting,
hence, the above statements shows proof by contradiction.

29. A proof that p → q is true based on the fact that q is true, such proofs are known as ___________
a. Direct proof
b. Contrapositive
c. Trivial
 d. Proof by cases

Rationalization:
- Definition of trivial proof where the conclusion is always true.

30. When to proof P→Q true, we proof P false, that type of proof is known as ___________.
a. Direct proof
b. Contrapositive proof
c. Vacuous proof
d. Mathematical induction

Rationalization:
- Definition of vacuous proof where the hypothesis is always false.

31. Which of the following is defined as an ordered collection of objects?

a. Relation
b. Function
c. Set
d. Proposition

Rationalization:
- Definition of set.

32. The set O of odd positive integers less than 10 can be expressed by _____________.
a. {1, 2, 3}
b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
c. {1, 2, 5, 9}
d. {1, 5, 7, 9, 11}

Rationalization:
- Odd numbers less than 10 are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.

33. What is the Cartesian product of A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b}?

a. {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (b, b)}
b. {(1, 1), (2, 2), (a, a), (b, b)}
c. {(1, a), (2, a), (1, b), (2, b)}
d. {(1, 1), (a, a), (2, a), (1, b)}

Rationalization:
- A subset R of the Cartesian product A x B is a relation from the set A to the set B.

34. The set of positive integers is _____________

a. Infinite
b. Finite
c. Subset
d. Empty

Rationalization:
- The set of positive integers is not finite. Infinite set means, the elements of the given set has
no end to counting.
35. Write set {1, 5, 15, 25,…} in set-builder form.
a. {x: either x=1 or x=5n, where n is a real number}
b. {x: either x=1 or x=5n, where n is a integer}
c. {x: either x=1 or x=5n, where n is an odd natural number}
d. {x: x=5n, where n is a natural number}

Rationalization:
- We can also describe the set as {x|x is a multiple of 5 which is also odd number.}.

36. {x: x ∈ N and x is prime} then it is ________.

a. Infinite set
b. Finite set
c. Empty set
d. Not a set

Rationalization:
- There is no extreme prime, number of primes is infinite.

37. Convert set {x: x is a positive prime number which divides 72} in roster form.
a. {2, 3, 5}
b. {2, 3, 6}
c. {2, 3}
d. {∅}

Rationalization:
- The numbers that cand divide 72 are, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72 and only 2 and 3
are prime numbers.

38. Which of the following does NOT belong to the group?

a. {}
b. ∅
c. Null set
d. ∈

Rationalization:
- Letters A and B are known as the symbol for empty set or null set.

39. Which of the following is the correct order of Polya’s problem solving techniques?
I. Carry out the Plan
II. Devise a plan
III. Understand the problem
IV. Looking back
a. III, II, I, IV
b. III, I, II, IV
c. II, I, III, IV
d. II, I, IV, III
40. What is the second step in Polya’s Four step problem solving process?
a. Carry out the Plan
b. Devise a plan
c. Understand the problem
d. Looking back