Xijvhrsjege  

OOgylr  eeh  R
Rgi  R
Rjoòi  
Fgbu`tge  e
eh  B
Bjhibjgs  y
y UUhbil`laïg  
Ehpgrtgohitl e eh  H
H`hbtrjbjege  

[rábtjbg 3
H` Uhoplrjzgelr
888
Lcjhtjvls
Hi hstg prÁbtjbg ejsh÷grg h jop`hohitgrÁ bjrbujtls eh thoplrjzgbjòi hop`hgiel h`
bjrbujtl jithargel 888 (UJOHS= thoplrjzgelr) ýtj`hs hi gp`jbgbjlihs eh h`hbtròijbg
ejajtg`, gehoÁs hxp`lrgrÁ g`auigs eh sus oý`tjp`hs gp`jbgbjlihs.

Jitrleubbjòi
  Fuibjlihs eh `gs throjig`hs eh` thoplrjzgelr 888.
  Olel eh fuibjligojhitl olilhstgc`h.
  Olel eh fuibjligojhitl gstgc`h.
  Lphrgbjlihs eh ejsh÷l bli h` thoplrjzgelr 888.

H` thoplrjzgelr 888 hs uil eh `ls oÁs plpu`grhs y vhrsÁtj`hs bjrbujtls

jithargels fgcrjbgels. Hi su hibgpsu`gel jib`uyh 32 trgisjstlrhs, 3 ejlels y 76 rhsjstlrhs hi uig
lc`hg (bnjp) eh sj`jbjl. H` 886 blocjig els 888 hi ui sl`l bnjp. H` thoplrjzgelr 888 tjhih
els olels eh lphrgbjòi= olilhstgc`h y gstgc`h (ghstgc`h).

Olel Olilhstgc`h
Hs h` olel hi h` bug` h` 888 lphrg blol ui bjrbujtl eh ui sl`l ejspgrl, hs ehbjr quh
su rhspuhstg hs ui pu`sl G@UL eurgith ui bjhrtl phrjlel eh tjhopl. Hitrh sus gp`jbgbjlihs
thihols thoplrjzgelrhs, ehthbtlrhs eh pu`sl fg`tgith, bjrbujtls gitjrhclths pgrg jithrruptlrhs,
jithrruptlrhs eh blitgbtl, htb.

Xi pu`sl eh ejspgrl hi h` throjig` 3, ohilr g 7 /2  eh VBB, prlvlbg quh h` bgpgbjtlr

B 7 (quh hstgcg ehsbgragel) sh bgrauh g trgvês eh `g rhsjsthibjg S74 ojhitrgs quh `g sg`jeg,
throjig` 2,
3
BB 7 22
jijbjg
trgvêsh`eh
pu`sl G@UL ( ≎1Vy `g
`g throjig` ). Bugiel h` vl`tgjh
sg`jeg rhtlrig eh bgrag
g CGML hi BH` hs
(AIE).  /  eh
tjhopl VBBeurgbjòi
eh , h` 888 ehsbgrag B7 g
eh` pu`slg(U) hs
jiehphiejhith eh VBB, y ehphieh eh `g blistgith eh tjhopl S 7B7.

Fjaurg 3.7. Bjrbujtl olilhstgc`h y flrogs eh lieg eh sg`jeg.

  7:
 OgthoÁtjbgohith sh puheh lcshrvgr quh ohejgith `g fjaurg 3.7, `g hbugbjòi eh bgrag eh`
bgpgbjtlr B7 hs=
t
    ∓  
v(t) ? V  h7 ∓ S7B7  
BB
 
   

Urgisburrjel h` tjhopl U, h` vl`tgjh v(t) g`bgizg su oÁxjol 3 /2 2VBB. Hitlibhs plehols

hiblitrgr h` tjhopl eh eurgbjòi U= U
    ∓  
3V ? V 7 h∓ S7B7 

2
BB BB
  
   

U ? S7B7 `i (2) ? 7.7 S7B7 

Olel Gstgc`h

H` 888 tgocjêi puheh lphrgr blol ui lsbj`gelr eh sh÷g` bugergeg4 eh

frhbuhibjg gjustgc`h. Rus gp`jbgbjlihs sli= @HE l clocj``gs pgrpgehgiths, ahihrgelr eh
pu`sls, rh`ljhs (b`lbds) `òajbls ejajtg`hs, ahihrgelrhs eh tlils, g`grogs eh shaurjege, htb.

sh ejspHgrig rhÁs tg sbjl oifjsaourlg bjgòeig ` gpsh trhjlreolji egh`h stj h3o yp l6, heshtÁ
oi gj ithrgb lqiuhb tlgpehlrsg, eblho olg uiih rgl sqbuj`hg ehl` rb. jBrb7u sjthl bgrag g
trgvês eh S7 y S3, phrl sh ehsbgragrÁ sl`l g trgvês eh S 3. H` bjb`l eh bgrag eh B7 lburrh hi h`
jithrvg`l ehseh 7 /2 VBB ngstg 3 /2 VBB. @g frhbuhibjg (f) eh lsbj`gbjòi hs jiehphiejhith eh VBB.

Fjaurg 3.3. Bjrbujtl gstgc`h y flrogs eh lieg eh sg`jeg.

OgthoÁtjbgohith sh puheh lcshrvgr quh ohejgith `g fjaurg 3.3, quh `g blistgith eh

tjhopl pgrg h` bjb`l eh bgrag eh` bgpgbjtlr B 7 hs=

υ7 ? (S7 + S3)

B7  @g vgrjgbjòi eh` vl`tgjh eh bgrag hi B7 hs egel plr=

t
    ∓  
v (t) ? V   
 3
7∓ h 7
υ
 
7 BB 2
 
  37
  

  3;
Blisjehrgiel quh v7(t) g`bgizg hi t7 su vg`lr oÁxjol eh 3 /2 2VBB, sh puheh ehthrojigr t7=
t
    ∓ 7  
3     3 υ 
VBB 7
? VBB 7 ∓ 2 h  
2 
   

t7 ? υ7 `i(3) ? (S7 + S3)B7 `i(3) 

Bugiel h` vl`tgjh eh bgrag eh` bgpgbjtlr g`bgizg h` oÁxjol eh 3 /2  eh VBB, h` 888
ehsbgrag h` bgpgbjtlr g trgvês sl`l eh `g rhsjsthibjg S3  y h` throjig` 1. Eurgith hsth bjb`l eh
ehsbgrag eh`
bgpgbjtlr sh hstgc`hbh uig blistgith eh tjhopl υ3 ? S3B7. @g vgrjgbjòi eh` vl`tgjh eh ehsbgrag
hi B7 hs egel plr=
t
  
∓υ

v 3 (t) ? VBB h 3
 

Hitlibhs `g ehsbgrag eh` bgpgbjtlr sh eg eurgith h` tjhopl t 3, g`bgizgiel su vg`lr oïijol

7
hi  /2 VBB. Rh puheh ehthrojigr t3=
t3
3 — 7
VBB h ? VBB  
υ
3
2 2

t3 ? υ3 `i(3) ? S3B7 `i(3) 

Ngy quh iltgr quh uig vhz quh h` bgpgbjtlr g`bgizg h` vl`tgjh eh bgrag ohilr g 7 /2 2 eh
VBB, h` 888 sh ejspgrg rhjijbjgiel h` bjb`l iuhvgohith.

H` phrjlel hstg egel plr=

U ? t7 + t3 ? (S7+S3)B7 `i(3) + S3B7 `i(3) ? (S7+3S3)B7 `i(3) ? ;.6:(S7+3S3)B7 

@g frhbuhibjg hs 7 /U  . Z h` bjb`l eh trgcgjl sh ehfjih blol `g eurgbjòi eh` pu`sl t7  hi
ui phrjlel U=
t7
 EB ? (S7 + S 3 )B7 `i(3) S7 + S3
? (S + 3S ) B `i(3 ? S + 3S  
7) 7 3
U 7 3

Blisjehrgbjlihs eh Ejsh÷l
Hxjsthi els oêtlels eh hibgrgr h` ejsh÷l eh bjrbujtls bli h` thoplrjzgelr 888, h`
gig`ïtjbl y h` argfjbl, quh hi su hjhbubjòi sli sjoj`grhs. [lr hjhop`l, pgrg ui bjrbujtl gstgc`h,
hi h` oêtlel gig`ïtjbl sh ehch pgrtjr plr vg`lrhs blilbjels y quh sli rhquhrjojhitl eh
ejsh÷l, blol `g frhbuhibjg eh lsbj`gbjòi eh rh`lj  f  y h` bjb`l eh trgcgjl  EB.  Blilbjels hstls
pgrÁohtrls sh puheh ehthrojigr h` tjhopl G@UL t7  T ? UX EB _  blisjehrgiel  EB   y U (h`
jivhrsl eh  f)  yg blilbjels4 eh hstg ogihrg sh bg`bu`g tgocjêi t 3 T ? U ‒ t 7 _.

Gnlrg cjhi, pgrg blitjiugr `ls bÁ`bu`ls sh pueh gsuojr h` vg`lr eh` bgpgbjtlr B 7 blol egtl
blilbjel, hop`hgiel h` blijuitl eh vg`lrhs blohrbjg`hs bjtgels hi `g fjaurg 1 eh `g prgbtjbg
;.
Hstg blisjehrgbjòi sh ehch g quh hs oÁs ejfïbj` y blstlsl rhg`jzgr ui hqujvg`hith eh bgpgbjtlrhs
quh eh rhsjstlrhs.
 Bli h` vg`lr eh` bgpgbjtlr B7, sh ehthrojig h` vg`lr eh` rhsjstlr S3, T ? t3  / (;.6:2B7)
_ y shaujegohith hop`hgiel B7  y S3  sh bg`bu`g h` vg`lr eh` rhsjstlr S 7. T ? t7  /(;.6:2B7) ‒
S3) _. H` ejsh÷l hstgrÁ blop`htl, sl`l sj h` bg`bu`jstg vhrjfjbg quh `ls vg`lrhs eh `ls rhsjstlrhs sli
pròxjols g vg`lrhs blohrbjg`hs y rhbg`bu`g `ls pgrÁohtrls jijbjg`hs tgitl eh frhbuhibjg eh
lsbj`gbjòi eh rh`lj
 f   y bjb`l eh trgcgjl  EB   rhquhrjels jijbjg`ohith. Hi bgsl eh il lcthihr rhsu`tgels
sgtjsfgbtlrjls, rhg`jzgrg iuhvgohith h` bÁ`bu`l pgrg ltrl vg`lr eh bgpgbjtlr B7.

7;; 7;;

 77.55
 f  ?? S G
7; U (S G + 3SC)B 7;

   )    )
   F    F
   (    (
   jg
gj 7.; 7;   O      7  
7O      ; ;     7 ; D D      7D D        g 7.;
  j
  b DD      b
  i
  i
   gtgt   g
    j
t
  j
  b    7 D      ; D     ;  D    7 O    ; O
  b   g 7   7;   7
  g   p
  g
  p ;.7   g
  b
;.7
  b
  =   =
   B
   B

;.;7 S G + 3SC ;.;7

;.;;7 ;.;;7
;.7 7.; 7; 7;; 7.;D 7;D 7;;D 7; 7;; 7.;o 7;o 7;;o 7.; 7; 7;;

 f = frhbuhibjg eh lsbj`gbjòi (Nz) U G@UG ? 7.7 S GB (s)

 
(g) (c)
Fjaurg 3.2. Ugc`gs pgrg ejsh÷l plr h` oêtlel argfjbl= (g) gstgc`h4 (c) olilhstgc`h.

Hi h` oêtlel argfjbl `g flrog eh bg`bu`gr h` vg`lr eh `gs rhsjsthibjgs hs sjoj`gr g`

gig`ïtjbl. [lr hjhop`l, pgrg ui bjrbujtl gstgc`h sh hop`hg `g tgc`g 3.2(g) hi `g bug` sh
ehthrojig hi `gs gcsbjsgs h` vg`lr eh frhbuhibjg eh lsbj`gbjòi eh` rh`lj  f4  y sh such
vhrtjbg`ohith ngstg jithrshbtgr bli `gs `ïihgs lc`jbugs eh rhsjsthibjgs trgtgiel eh gjustgr g`
vg`lr eh bgpgbjtlr ejsplijc`h quh h` ojsol ejsh÷gelr ehthrojig, il sh l`vjeh hop`hgr vg`lrhs eh
bgpgbjtgrhs blohrbjg`hs.

@gs `ïihgs lc`jbugs rhprhshitgi `g suog eh rhsjsthibjgs eh S7 (SG) y S3 (SC) T ? SG + 3SC _4
y pgrg ehthrojigr `gs rhsjsthibjgs puheh hop`hgr gejbjlig`ohith `g hbugbjòi eh` bjb`l eh trgcgjl=

t7 S G + SC
 EB ? ?  
U S G + 3SC

bli `l quh sh ahihrg ui sjsthog eh els hbugbjlihs bli els jibòaijtgs S G y SC.

Cjc`jlargfïg
  SLCHSU BLXAN@JI & FSHEHSJBD ESJRBL@@.
‐Gop`jfjbgelrhs Lphrgbjlig`hs y Bjrbujtls Jithargels @jihg`hs‟.
  SLIG@E M. ULBBJ.
‐Rjsthogs Ejajtg`hs= [rjibjpjls y Gp`jbgbjlihs‟.
  UNLOGR @. F@LZE.
‐Fuiegohitls eh Rjsthogs Ejajtg`hs‟.

  33
Ogthrjg`hs
  (7) Fuhith eh vl`tgjh EB*.
  (7) Lsbj`lsblpjl bli gbbhslrjls*.
  (7) [rltlclgre.
  (3) Uhoplrjzgelrhs 888, l hqujvg`hiths.
 (3) @HE.
  Muhal eh rhsjsthibjgs (h` hstuejgith ehthrojig bgitjege y vg`lrhs).
  Muhal eh bgpgbjtlrhs (h` hstuejgith ehthrojig bgitjege y vg`lrhs).

* Ejsplijc`hs hi h` @gclrgtlrjl eh H`hbtròijbg Ejajtg`

@gclrgtlrjl
[grg h` ejsh÷l h jop`hohitgbjòi eh `ls bjrbujtls sh ehchi gjustgr `ls vg`lrhs
eh rhsjsthibjgs y bgpgbjtlrhs g vg`lrhs blohrbjg`hs.

Hjhrbjbjl 3.7. Olel eh Lphrgbjòi Olilhstgc`h

Ejsh÷h y blistruyg ui bjrbujtl olilhstgc`h bli ui tjhopl eh eurgbjòi eh pu`sl U

gsjaigel g su arupl shaýi `g tgc`g 3.7.

Hjhrbjbjl 3.3. Olel eh Lphrgbjòi Gstgc`h eh Cgjg Frhbuhibjg

Ejsh÷h y blistruyg ui bjrbujtl gstgc`h quh prleuzbg uig sh÷g` eh rh`lj bli frhbuhibjg Ɠ7 
jiejbgels hi `g tgc`g 3.7.

Hjhrbjbjl 3.2. Olel eh Lphrgbjòi Gstgc`h eh G`tg Frhbuhibjg

Ejsh÷h y blistruyg ui bjrbujtl gstgc`h quh prleuzbg uig sh÷g` eh rh`lj bli frhbuhibjg Ɠ3 
jiejbgels hi `g tgc`g 3.7.

Hjhrbjbjl 3.5. Gp`jbgbjlihs eh` Uhoplrjzgelr 888

Jop`hohith ui bjrbujtl quh g uig sh÷g` eh blitgbtl olohitÁihgohith
(pu`sgelr)
pgrpgehh g Ɠ7  eh frhbuhibjg eurgith h` tjhopl U (hop`hh `ls vg`lrhs gsjaigels g su
arupl eh trgcgjl hi `ls hjhrbjbjls 3.7 y 3.3) y ehspuês sh gpgauh gutloÁtjbgohith, y sh
ogithiag gpgagel ngstg uig iuhvg sh÷g` eh blitgbtl bli h` pu`sgelr.
 HMHSBJBJL 3.7 HMHSBJBJL 3.3 HMHSJBJBJL 3.2
#ASX[L
U* Ts_ Ɠ7* TNz_ EB7  T%_ Ɠ3* TDNz_ EB3  T
7 78 ;,38 018 %_
;,8; 91;
3 7; ;,8; 91; ;,1; 068
2 8 ;,18 068 7,;; 96;
5 73 7,;; 96; 7,8; 088
8 1 7,8; 088 3,;; 918
6 8 ;,38 918 ;,8; 01;
1 7; ;,8; 01; ;,1; 968
> 78 ;,18 968 7,;; 06;
: 1 7,;; 06; 7,8; 988
7; 73 7,8; 988 3,;; 018
*Ul`hrgibjg eh vgrjgbjòi hi ui 8% 
Ugc`g 3.7. Gsjaigbjòi eh hjhrbjbjls plr arupl.

Buhstjligrjl
3.7. Hxp`jquh crhvhohith `g fuibjòi eh bgeg throjig` (pji) eh` UJOHS 888.

3.3. Hi `g cjc`jlargfïg, sh rhblojhieg pgrg h` olel eh fuibjligojhitl ghstgc`h

quh= SG ≨ 7 dΩ4 SC ≨ 7 dΩ4 SG + SC ≥ 6.6 OΩ4 y, B ≨ 8;; pF

Hxp`jquh h` plrquh eh hstgs rhblohiegbjlihs, y blol gfhbtgi hi h` fuibjligojhitl eh`

thoplrjzgelr.

3.2. Xi bjrbujtl olilhstgc`h bli h` Ujohr 888, ¼gfhbtg h` hstgel hi quh sh hibuhitrg h` pji
#3 eurgith h` pu`sl G@UL eh rhspuhstg<

3.5.   Hi ui bjrbujtl gstgc`h, ¼sh puheh blishaujr ui bjb`l eh trgcgjl (EB) ohilr g`
8;%< Mustjfjquh su rhspuhstg.


H i ` s n l jg s e h b g rg bth rï s t jb g s e h ` U jo h r 8 8
3.8. puh e h t rg c g jg r b l o l b l `h tl r g c jh r t l . ¼ B uÁ ` h s
8 s h j e jb g q u h `g s g `j e g (p ji # 2 ) tg o c jê
`g b l if ja u rg b jò i e h u i @ H E h i s h rj h b li
rhsjstlr pgrg quh `g sg`jeg eh` Ujohr 888 lphrh hi bl`hbtlr gcjhrtl<
 Xijvhrsjege Ogylr eh Rgi Rjoòi
Fgbu`tge eh Bjhibjgs y
Uhbil`laïg Ehpgrtgohitl eh
H`hbtrjbjege

NLMG EH HVG@XGBJÒI
@gclrgtlrjl eh H`hbtròijbg Ejajtg`
J [rábtjbg 3, H` Uhoplrjzgelr 888

Fhbng=   / / Nlrgrjl= =
ee / oo / gg    eïg nn=oo  

Arupl eh Urgcgjl #
Jithargith 7=
Jithargith 3=
Gph``jel(s) Ilocrh(s)

BSJUHSJL EH HVG@XGBJÒI HMHSBJBJL 3.7 HMHSBJBJL 3.3 HMHSBJBJL 3.2 HMHSBJBJL 3.5 [SLO
Grogel Bjrbujtl 823; 823;823;823;
   H                               
   R
   G
   @ Fuibjligojhitl Bjrbujtl 28 3; 7; ; 28 3; 7; ; 28 3; 7; ; 28 3; 7; ;
   B                                
   I
   H Blilbjojhitl eh` Uhog 7; 6 2 ; 7; 6 2 ; 7; 6 2 ; 7; 6 2 ;
                               
[rhshitgbjòi 7; 6 2 ;
       
   H Lphrgbjlihs eh Ejsh÷l 78 > 5 ;
   O        
   S
   L
   F Rjou`gbjòi 7; 6 2 ;
   JI        
  -
   H
   S Buhstjligrjl 7; 6 2 ;
   [        
Blib`usjlihs 8 2 7 ;
       

ULUG@= 

LCRHSVGBJLIHR=   …….…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

VlCl. Elbhith=
ILUG FJIG@=

  38
  36
 SHRXOHI EH VG@LSHR HO[@HGELR
Hstg nljg sh ``hig eurgith `g b`gsh eh `gclrgtlrjl

HMHSBJBJL
3.7. S7 ?
B7 ?

HMHSBJBJL
3.3. S7 ?

S3 ?
B7 ?

 f   ?

EB   ?

HMHSBJBJL

3.2. S7 ?

S3 ?
B7 ?

 f   ?

EB   ?