TUGAS MENDELEY

1. SUMBER BUKU
1) Buku 1

The elbow joint is a complex joint which combines a stable fl

exion and extension mechanism with a wide range of rotation and
provides a stable position for a functional hand. To fulfi ll all these
tasks, the elbow consists of three joints formed by the distal humerus,
the proximal ulna, and the radial head: the radiohumeral joint (RHJ),
the ulnohumeral joint (UHJ), and the proximal radioulnar joint
(PRUJ). Knowledge of osteology and surrounding tissues such as
ligaments, muscles, and neurovascular structures is crucial to
understand the function of the elbow and the pathophysiology of
elbow diseases.

The elbow plays a major role in the fl exion- extension of the arm
and supination-pronation of the forearm. There is also a slight medial
and lateral mobility (abduction and adduction in frontal plane) and
medial and lateral rotation (around the ulna in the transverse plane)
[ 1 ]. The elbow is composed of three bones: the humerus, the ulna,
and the radius. (Pederzini et al., 2016)

2) Buku 2

Approximation, also called compression, occurs when an

external force is exerted on a joint causing the joint surfaces to be
pushed closer together (Fig. 4-9). Doing a chair or floor push-up
causes the joint surfaces of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist to be
approximated. As a general rule, traction can assist the mobility of a
joint, and approximation can assist the stability of a joint.

Shearforces occur parallel to the surface (Fig. 4-10). Shear

force results in a glide motion at the joint. Using the positions
described with distraction, place your thumbs on the dorsal surfaces
 and your index fingers on the palmar surfaces of the person’s finger.
With the PIP joint slightly flexed, gently move your two hands in an
up-and-down motion. This motion describes anterior/posterior glide
of the PIP joint. (“CLINICAL Anatomy.,” 1953)

3) Buku 3

The biomechanics of human movement is one of the

subdisciplines of kinesiology, the study of human movement.
Although some biomechanists study topics such as ostrich
locomotion, blood fl ow through constricted arteries, or
micromapping of dental cavities, this book focuses primarily on the
biomechanics of human movement from the perspective of the
movement analyst.

Biomechanics is also a scientifi c branch of sports medicine.

Sports medicine is an umbrella term that encompasses both clinical
and scientifi c aspects of exercise and sport. The American College of
Sports Medicine is an example of an organization that promotes
interaction between scientists and clinicians with interests in sports
medicine–related topics. (Numbers et al., 2008)

2. SUMBER ARTIKEL ILMIAH

4) Artikel ilmiah 1

The humeroradial joint, like the humeroulnar joint, is a

diarthrodial uniaxial joint. However, the joint performs a dual role in
that it glides around a coronal axis to perform flexion/extension
movements with the humeroulnar joint and pivots around a
longitudinal axis to per- form rotational movements in associ- ation
with the superior radioulnar joint. Thus, this joint is often re- ferred
to as a hingelpivot joint.

The humeroradial joint's articu- lar surfaces include the

proximal ra- dius and distal lateral aspect of the humerus. With
respect to the distal humerus, the almost spheroidal prominence
called the capitellum lies lateral to the trochlea. The capitel- lurn is
not a complete sphere but, actually, an anterior half of a sphere (1 6).
Unlike the trochlea. the capitel- luni does not extend posteriorly but
stops short of the posterodistal end of the humerus. A groove called
the capitotrochlear groove separates the capitellum from the trochlea.
The rini of the radial head is guided by this groove as it moves in
flexion and extension. (Stroyan & Wilk, 1993)

5) Artikel ilmiah 2

A Physiotherapist is the most qualified person in exercise

physiology and can advise well in strengthening exercises and
rehabilitation exercises.The muscle strength is lower in patients
with low back pain than in healthy people. Spinal exercises under
the supervision of a trained physiotherapist improves posture,
strengthens trunk muscles, and increases aerobic capacity,
leading to reduced pain and improved functional status in cases
of chronic low backache. Inactivity leads to undesirable
behaviour such as kinesophobia, anxiety, and difficulty in coping
with pain, and exercise therapy reduces this behaviour which can
be another reason of beneficial effects of lumbar exercises in low
backache.

Similarly, the patients with neck pain have an underlying

neuromuscular problem that requires simple strengthening and
high-load endurance by retraining of neck muscles. Evidence of
altered coordination between the deep and superficial neck
muscles, greater neck muscle fatigue under sustained low loads,
and deficits in kinaesthetic sense have been identified in patients
with chronic neck pain. Studies suggest that addressing these
muscle control problems, with specific gentle exercise strategies,
 results in a reduction in neck pain and associated symptoms.
(SARLA, 2020)

6) Artikel ilmiah 3

Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease with a multi factorial

aetiology involving Changes in the bone alignment, cartilage and
structures necessary to joint stability. The word ‘osteoarthritis’ is
originated from the Greek word “osteo”, meaning “of the bone”,
“arthro”, meaning “joint”, and “it is”, meaning inflammation. The
most commonly affected is the knee joint. This condition is
characterized by joint pain, with or without swelling, reduced range
of motion, reduction in strength of knee muscles and in more
advanced stages stiffness, contractures, and muscle atrophy lead to
severe disability of the joint and soft tissue deformation. Radiological
findings remain the main stay of diagnosis of OA knee. X-ray
findings shows more commonly the reduction in the medial joint
space and osteophytes formation. Poor bone alignment, ligament
injuries, and meniscal tears and internal derangement of knee lead to
cartilage wear due to excessive impact and joint instability seem to
be correlated with origin of this condition. It is among the most
prevalent and disabling chronic conditions in the United States.

The prevalence increases with age, and by the age of 65,

approximately 80 percent of the US population is affected. More than
half of those with arthritis are under 65 years of age. Nearly 60% of
Americans with arthritis are women. In India the crude prevalence of
clinically diagnosed knee OA was higher in the urban (5.5%) than
those in the rural community (3.3%). After adjusting for age and sex
distribution, the prevalence was higher in rural communities.
According to WHO osteoarthritis is the 4th most common cause of
disability in women and 8th most common disability in men. Risk
factors increases with age (older than 50 years), especially in women.
According to a number of published reports, anywhere from 6% to
over 13% of men, but between 7% and 19% of women, over 45 years
of age are affected, resulting in a 45% less risk of incidence in men.
Kellagren-Lawrence Classification: Knee Osteoarthritis. (Archana et
al., 2017)
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Archana, P., Veena, J., & Kumar, S. (2017). A study on assessing the effectiveness of
cold laser Therapy and exercise with short wave diathermy and exercise in patients
with chronic osteoarthritis knee – A comparative study. International Journal of
Physical Education, Sports and Helath, 4(3), 327–331.

CLINICAL anatomy. (1953). In American journal of proctology (Vol. 4, Issue 3).

Numbers, M. E., Numbers, B. U. P., & Numbers, M. E. (2008). Biomechanics, Hall

(Issue January 2015).

Pederzini, L. A., Eygendaal, D., & Denti, M. (2016). Elbow and Sport. In Elbow and
Sport. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48742-6

SARLA, G. (2020). Physiotherapy: Modalities and patient profile. Narayana Medical

Journal, 0, 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/nmj/00000180

Stroyan, M., & Wilk, K. E. (1993). The functional anatomy of the elbow complex.
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 17(6), 279–288.
https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1993.17.6.279