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Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 883–888
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The
The 12th
12th International
International Conference
Conference Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity in
in Engineering
Engineering

Heat
Heat treatment
treatment effect
effect onon mechanical
mechanical properties
properties ofof AISI
AISI 304
304
austenitic
austenitic
Manufacturing Engineering Society stainless
stainless steel
International steel
Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a a a b
Hamza
Hamza ESSOUSSI
ESSOUSSIa*,*, Saoussan
Saoussan ELMOUHRI
ELMOUHRIa,, Said
Said ETTAQI
ETTAQIa,, Elhachmi
Elhachmi ESSADIQI
ESSADIQIb
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off
Laboratory of Materials, Metallurgy and Process Engineering, ENSAM, Meknes, Morocco
a
Laboratory of Materials, Metallurgy and Process Engineering, ENSAM, Meknes, Morocco
a

between used capacity and operational efficiency

Université Internatonale de Rabat (UIR), Aerospace Engineering School, Rabat Salé, Morocco
b
Université Internatonale
b
de Rabat (UIR), Aerospace Engineering School, Rabat Salé, Morocco

A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb

Abstract
Abstract a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Mechanical properties of metallic b
materials
Unochapecó, usually
89809-000 varySC,under
Chapecó, Brazil different conditions, so choosing the
Mechanical properties of metallic materials usually vary under different conditions, so choosing the
appropriate heat treatment is necessary to obtain acceptable comprehensive properties. The effect of quenching
appropriate heat treatment is necessary to obtain acceptable comprehensive properties. The effect of quenching
without tempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an AISI 304 austenitic
without tempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an AISI 304 austenitic
stainless steel was determined using optical microscopy, tensile tests, and hardness measurements. The obtained
stainless steel was determined using optical microscopy, tensile tests, and hardness measurements. The obtained
Abstract
results show that the strength and elongation of samples were improved after this heat treatment, while the hardness
results show that the strength and elongation of samples were improved after this heat treatment, while the hardness
decreases.
decreases.
Under the concept of "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected,
information
©
© 2018 based on
The Authors.
Authors. a real time
Published basis and,
by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd. necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization
© 2019
2018 The
The Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
goes beyond
This is an openthe traditional
access aim ofthecapacity
article under maximization,
BY-NC-ND
CC BY-NC-ND contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Indeed,
Selectionlean management
and peer-review underand continuous
responsibility improvement
of the approaches
12th International suggest
Conference capacity optimization
Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves
Keywords: Austenitic
contributions fromstainless
both the steels; Heat treatment;
practical Tensile test;perspectives.
and theoretical Microhardness
Keywords: Austenitic stainless steels; Heat treatment; Tensile test; Microhardness This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
1. Introduction
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
1. Introduction
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
In the automotive applications especially in the body in white (BIW) the use of steels including the
© 2017 The InAuthors.
the automotive
Published by applications
Elsevier B.V. especially in the body in white (BIW) the use of steels including the
martensitic
Peer-review
phaseresponsibility
which is considered as thecommittee
complex and hardest phase in steels becomes necessary forConference
responding
martensiticunder of the scientific
phase which is considered as the complexofand thehardest
Manufacturing Engineering
phase in Societynecessary
steels becomes International
for responding
to various economic, environmental and safety requirements [1-2]. On the other hand, mechanical behavior of
2017.
to various economic, environmental and safety requirements [1-2]. On the other hand, mechanical behavior of
austenitic stainless steel –hardness and tensile strength- after heat treatment – quenching without tempering- seems
austenitic stainless steel –hardness and tensile strength- after heat treatment – quenching without tempering- seems
to be mainly
Keywords: controlled
Cost Models; ABC;by microstructure
TDABC; features such
Capacity Management; as type, Operational
Idle Capacity; size, amount of carbides and phases.
Efficiency
to be mainly controlled by microstructure features such as type, size, amount of carbides and phases.

1. Introduction
* Hamza ESSOUSSI. Tel.:+212 06 71 85 09 02.
*The
Hamza ESSOUSSI.
cost Tel.:+212 is
of idle capacity 06a71fundamental
85 09 02. information for companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail :hamza.essoussi1@gmail.com
E-mail :hamza.essoussi1@gmail.com
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is anAfonso.
* Paulo open access
Tel.: article
+351 253under
510the761;
CC BY-NC-ND
+351 253license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CCfax:
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail and peer-review
address: under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.298
884 Hamza Essoussi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 883–888
2 Hamza ESSOUSSI/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Many studies found in the literature [3] [4-6] reported that, the different secondary phases precipitating
during tempering depend on the effective chemical composition of the material, whereas M23C6 and/or MX carbo-
nitrides are considered as the main strength determining precipitates present in the material. M23C6 are generally
located at grain and subgrain boundaries [6-7]. After tempering, M23C6 can reach sizes of about 50-100nm, and
during service at elevated temperatures these precipitates generally show a clear tendency for coarsening.

Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of tempered martensitic microstructure of 9-12% Cr steels [3]

In the other hand MA Dang-Shen et al [8] reported that the properties obtained in martensitic 12-18wt% Cr
stainless steels are significantly influenced by matrix chemical composition after heat treatment. Meanwhile, the
amount and type of carbide particles exert an important effect on hardness, resistance to corrosion, and wear. In
addition, as is shown in Fig.1 tempering temperature plays a major role in influencing the mechanical properties
particularly the hardness that decreases with increasing tempering temperature. Therefore the current study will
focus on the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of 304 austenitic stainless steel after different
quenching without tempering.

Fig. 2: Effect of tempering temperature on hardness of 6Crl5MoV martensitic stainless steel [8]
 Hamza Essoussi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 883–888 885
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

2. Experimental Procedure

From one commercialized austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) sheet, four samples with a gauge length of
100 mm, a thickness of 1 mm and a width of 20mm were cut according to the ISO 6892-1 and polished. Their
chemical compositions were measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer before and after heat treatment
described in Fig. 2. Table. 1 shows the average of the chemical analysis of the same area before and after different
quenching.

WQ : Water Quenching;
T (°C) OQ : Oil Quenching;
AQ : Air Quenching.
15 min
950 °C

AQ
WQ OQ

Time

Fig. 2: Heat treatment cycle

The microstructure of the samples with and without heat treatment was investigated using an optical
microscope, so-called Curran etching was used to reveal the microstructure. This etchant was prepared from the
following chemical compounds: 10g of ferric Chloride, 30 mL of Chlorhydric acid and 120mL of distilled water. It
is used to reveal different microstructure constituents and their boundaries, in our case it was used to reveal
martensitic microstructure. Fig. 3 shows the outcomes of this analysis. The volume fraction of phases was
determined from image analysis by using binary function. Hardness variations were measured with Vickers
hardness tester with different loads starting from 25gf to 1000gf. Tensile strength and elongation were carried out
with the Zwick50KN universal testing machine. Every hardness was measured 10 times and averaged, for the
tensile strength and elongation are measured three times and averaged.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Microstructural results

The microstructures of the steel quenched from 950°C after holding time of 15 min, show the presence of
martensitic laths, carbides as well as some retained austenite. With an increase of quenching cooling rate from air to
water it was found that there is a variation in grain size with cooling rate. On the other hand, according to the results
shown in Table 1, it appears from the chemical analysis that Air and Oil quenching gave rise to remarkable changes
particularly in chromium and nickel percentage compared to the samples that are water quenched or non treated
samples.

Table 1: Chemical composition

Al Si Cr Mn Fe Ni C
Non treated 0,2 0,33 18,15 1,45 71,34 8,12 0.04
Air Quenched 0 0,55 26,96 1,5 56,43 13,95 0.06
Oil Quenched 0 0,68 26,12 1,49 57,2 13,91 0.06
Water Quenched 0 0,12 18,97 1,57 70,35 8,58 0.04
4886 Hamza ESSOUSSI/
Hamza Procedia
Essoussi et al. / Manufacturing 00 (2018)32
Procedia Manufacturing 000–000
(2019) 883–888

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 4: Microstructure of samples: (a) non treated sample, (b) water quenched, (c) oil quenched and (d) Air
 Hamza Essoussi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 883–888 887
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 5

quenched

The microstructure of non treated samples, as well as those quenched, were shown in Fig. 4, all
microstructures consist of ferrite (bright) and martensitic laths (dark), in this scale of observation no notable
difference was found for all samples, martensitic grain length was measured by using toupview software, the
measured values of non treated and quenched samples were roughly in the interval of [20-80] um. This result can
be explained by the finely distributed M23C6 carbides that exist in the quenched microstructure and reduce the
growth of austenite grains.

3.2 Mechanical results

Fig.5 presents respectively the results of experimental tensile tests and microhardness measurements
performed in the present study, the true stress evolution as a function of true strain is shown in Fig. 5(a), meanwhile
Fig. 5(b) shows the evolution of microhardness as a function of applied load.

(a)
1 200,00 Not treated Air Q
Oil Q Water Q
1 000,00
True Stress [MPa]

800,00

600,00

400,00

200,00

0,00
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50
True Strain

(b) 350
Not treated Air Q
300
Water Q Oil Q
250

200
Hv

150

100

50

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Applied load (gf)
Fig. 5: Mechanical results of (a) tensile test, (b) hardness measurement

According to Fig. 5(a) yield stress tends to decrease for all treated samples, for the ultimate tensile strength
only the water quenched sample shows an improvement of 50MPa, for the elongation it is worth noticing that there
was an improvement for all quenched samples. In other hand form Fig. 5(b), we can deduce that the Vickers
microhardness measured in all samples shows a clear dependence on the magnitude of load (Indenter Size Effect). it
is remarkable that within the range of loads covered by the microhardness tester (P<1000gf) the hardness magnitude
converges to a constant value, for load more that 400gf. In addition, this result shows that the chosen holding
temperature before quenching for the holding time of 15 min. is not enough for dissolving all carbides that are
responsible for the size of austenite grains.
888 Hamza Essoussi et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 883–888
6 Hamza ESSOUSSI/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

4. Conclusion :

From this study some highlights can be stated:

- The mechanical properties and microstructure of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel have been investigated
in relation to quenching heat treatment. , The yield stress tends to decrease for all treated samples, for the
ultimate tensile strength only the water quenched sample shows an improvement of 50MPa, for the
elongation it is worth noticing an improvement for all quenched samples.
- When quenching temperature is lower than 1000°C, (in our case 950°C), insoluble carbides and other soft
phases may effectively prevent the growth of austenite grains, the reason why we found roughly the same
microstructure for all samples as well no significant improvement was observed in mechanical properties.

References

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(2017),http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/02670836.2017.1334310.
[3] I. Holzer, “Modelling and Simulation of Strengthening in Complex Martensitic 9-12 % Cr Steel and a Binary Fe-Cu Alloy,” PhD-Thesis, no.
May, p. 165, 2010.
[4] K.-H. Mayer, F. Masuyama, in: F. Abe, T.U. Kern, R. Viswanathan (Eds.), Creep resistant steels, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge (2008),
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[5] J. Hald, Steel Res. 67 (1996) 369-374.
[6] K. Maruyama, K. Sawada, J. Koike, ISIJInt. 41 (2001) 641-653.
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[8] C. Iron, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel 6CrlSMoV,” vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 56–61, 2012.