A+ BIOLOGY-IX

STD-9-BIOLOGY-FIRST BELL-CLASS-20
Chapter – 3
Simple Nutrients into cells
Transportation in plants
 Transportation in plants through vascular system which extends from the roots to the leaves. It
consists of xylem and phloem. Xylem consists of tubes called vessels and tracheids. Phloem contains
sieve tubes and companion cells.
 Vascular tissues in plants extend from roots to leaves in an interconnected manner.
Vascular tissue Function
Xylem The path through which water and salts absorbed by roots reach the leaves.
Phloem The path through which food prepared in the leaves reach the other parts of the
plant body.
Parts of xylem
 Tracheids
 vessels.
The structure of xylem
 Xylem consists of dead cells called Tracheids and vessels.
 The diameter of vessels is greater than that of tracheids.
 Vessels are arranged one above the other. As the cell walls between the vessels disintegrate they look
like long pipes.

Conduction – through xylem

 Conduction of water takes place through tracheids and vessels.
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Ø: What are the processes by which water absorbed by roots reach the leaves and other parts of the
plant body?
 Transpiration
 Root pressure
 Cohesion force (between water molecules themselves)
 Adhesion force (property of water molecules to stick to the wall of xylem vessels.

Experiment to show transpiration in plants Aim: To prove that plants transpire through leaves.

Materials needed
 Two potted plants of the same size and kind, Polythene covers, Rubber bands.
Procedure
 Remove the leaves from one plant. Keep both the plants within polythene covers, The portion of
the cover around the pot is bound airtight using rubber bands. Keep the pots in the open. Observe
after two hours.
Observation
 There are water drops on the inner side of the polythene bag covering the plant with leaves. There
are no water drops in the case of the plant without leaves.
Inference
 Plants expel excess water through the leaves. Transpiration takes place through leaves.
Transpiration is the expulsion of water in plants by evaporation from-leaves.

Ø: What is meant by the term transpiration?

 Water is expelled from leaves through the stomata by evaporation. This process is called
transpiration.
 By transpiration, water is lost from the inter cellular spaces in leaves.
 This reduces the pressure in leaf cells.
 In order to equalise the pressure, water from adjacent cells enter the cells with low pressure by
osmosis.
 Thus a suction force is formed upwards. This force makes water rise up.
Root pressure
 Root cells receive water from the outside. This develops a pressure in these cells. . This is called
root pressure. This acts as a pushing force upwards. This causes water to rise up.
Cohesion force
 Water molecules have the ability to stick to each other. This is called cohesion. Due to cohesion,
water molecules rise up, being attaches to one another.
Adhesion force
 This is the ability of water molecules to stick to the walls of the xylem vessels. Due to this force,
water molecules do not get detaches from the xylem vessel.

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 A+ BIOLOGY-IX

Transport through Phloem

Parts of the phloem
 Sieve tube
 Companion cell
The structure of phloem
 Among the phloem tubes, sieve tubes are seen as pipes arranged one above the other.
 They have pores on their cross walls. Through these pores the cytoplasm of sieve tubes are
interconnected.
 Through the sieve tubes transportation of food takes place in the form of sucrose. Companion cells
seen along with sieve tubes. They also help in the transportation of food.

Ø: How does transportation of food take place through the sieve tubes?
 The cytoplasm in sieve tubes is connected through the pores in the cross walls. So food molecules can
pass from one sieve tube to the adjacent one. Companion cells also help transport.
Comparison of xylem and phloem
Xylem Phloem
 Transports water and minerals.  Transports prepared food.
 Transports materials only in the upward  Transports materials in any direction.
direction.  From the leaf to any plant parts.
 From the root to the leaves.
 Xylem cells consist of tracheids and vessels  Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion
which are dead. cells which are living cells.
 The cell walls between the vessels disintegrate  They have pores on their cross walls.

Prepared by:
Riyas
PPMHSS Kottukkara
Kondotty-Malappuram
9747944422
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