11

Servo Plant Compensation

Techniques

Servo compensation usually implies that some type of filter network such as
lead/lag circuits or proportional, integral, or differential (PID) algorithms
will be used to stabilize the servo drive. However, there are other types of
compensation that can be used external to the servo drive to compensate for
other things in the servo plant (machine) that can, for example, be structural
resonances or nonlinearities such as lost motion or stiction. These machine
compensation techniques are shown in Figure 1 and are valid for either
hydraulic or electric servo drives.

11.1 DEAD-ZONE NONLINEARITY

Stiction, sometimes referred to as stick-slip, occurring inside a positioning
servo, can result in a servo drive that will null hunt. The definition of a null
hunt is an unstable position loop that has a very low periodic frequency such
as 1 Hz or less with a small (a few thousandths) peak-to-peak amplitude
(limit cycle). The most successful way to avoid stiction problems is to use
antifriction machine way (rollers or hydrostatics) or use a way linear
material that has minimal stiction properties. If stiction-free machine slide
ways cannot be provided, the use of a small dead-zone nonlinearity placed
inside the position loop, preferably at the input to the velocity servo, has

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 1 Servo plant compensation techniques.

had some success in overcoming a null hunt problem. However the dead
zone must be very small (e.g., 0.001 in.); otherwise, the servo drive will have
an instability from too much lost motion. A simple analog dead-zone
nonlinear circuit is shown in Figure 2. The same function can be provided
with a digital algorithm in computer control of machines.

11.2 CHANGE-IN-GAIN NONLINEARITY

In some industrial servo drives it is a requirement to position to a very low
feed rate to obtain a smooth surface finish. This requirement usually occurs

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 2 Dead-zone nonlinearity.

in a turning machine application. At feed rates below 0.01 ipm, the

requirement for a smooth surface may not be easily attainable because the
servo drive may have a cogging problem at these low federates. Increasing
the forward loop gain to the velocity drive can overcome the lowfeed
cogging problem but will result in an unstable servo drive. As a compromise,
a change in gain nonlinear circuit can be used to improve the low-feed-rate
smoothness and still have a stable servo drive. The object is to have a high
forward-loop gain in the velocity servo (which is inside a position loop). For
normal operation, the high servo loop gain is reduced by the change-in-gain
circuit at a low velocity to its normal gain, thus maintaining a stable servo
drive. This type of nonlinear circuit has been used successfully for smooth

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 3 Change-in-gain nonlinearity.

feed rates down to 0.001 ipm. The analog version of a change-in-gain

nonlinearity is shown in Figure 3. With digital controls a digital algorithm
can be used.

11.3 STRUCTURAL RESONANCES

Structural resonances or machine dynamics, as it often referred to, is
certainly not a new subject. However, on the morning of November 7, 1940,
the nation awoke to the destruction of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. A
42 mile-per-hour gale caused the bridge to oscillate thus exciting the
structural resonances of the bridge to a final destruction frequency of about
14 Hz and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 28 ft. The destruction of the bridge
was a wake-up call to the importance of dynamic analysis in structural

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 design in addition to static analysis and design. Some sixty years later the
technology of dynamic analysis is now well known.
To further investigate machine resonances, a typical linear industrial
servo drive can be represented as in Figure 4. The mechanical components
of this servo drive are referred to as the servo system plant. The servo plant
may have a multiplicity of resonant frequencies resulting from a number of
degrees of freedom. In actual practice there will be some resonant
frequencies that are high in frequency and far enough above the servo
drive bandwidth so that they can be ignored. In general there will be a
predominant low resonant frequency that could possibly be close enough to
the servo drive bandwidth to cause a stability problem. Therefore a single
degree of freedom model as shown in Figure 5 can represent the
predominant low-resonant frequency, where:

BL ¼ viscous friction coefficient (lb-in.-min/rad)

T ¼ driving torque, developed by the servo motor (lb-in.)
K ¼ mechanical stiffness of the spring mass model (lb-in./rad)
JM ¼ inertia of the motor (lb-in.-sec2)
JL ¼ inertia of the load (lb-in.-sec2)
S ¼ laplace operator

From Newton’s second law of motion, the classical equations for this servo
plant (industrial machine system) can be written. In most industrial
machines it can be assumed that the damping BL is zero. Therefore the

Fig. 4 Block diagram of a machine feed drive.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 5 Machine slide free-body diagram.

motor equation is:

T M ¼ J M s2 yM þ KðyM
yL Þ (11.3-1)

Also the load equation is:

0 ¼ J L s yL þ KðyL
yM Þ (11.3-2)

Solving for the motor position yM and the load position yL :

ðJ M s2 þ KÞyM ¼ T M þ yL (11.3-3)
TM þ KyL
yM ¼ (11.3-4)
JM s 2 þ K

and

ðJ L s2 þ KÞyM ¼ KyM (11.3-5)

KyM
yL ¼ (11.3-6)
JL s 2 þ K

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Further solving for yM and yL by combining Eq. (11.3-4) and (11.3-6):

TM þ KðKyM =JL s2 þ KÞ
yM ¼ (11.3-7)
JM s 2 þ K
TM ðJL s þ KÞ þ K 2 yM
2
yM ¼ (11.3-8)
ðJM s2 þ KÞðJL s2 þ KÞ
TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ K 2 yM
yM ¼ þ (11.3-9)
ðJM s þ KÞðJL s þ KÞ ðJM s þ KÞðJL s2 þ KÞ
2 2 2

K 2 yM TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ
yM
¼ (11.3-10)
ðJM s þ KÞðJL s þ KÞ ðJM s2 þ KÞðJL s2 þ KÞ
2 2

ððJM s2 þ KÞðJL s2 þ KÞ
K 2 ÞyM ¼ T M ðJ L s2 þ KÞ (11.3-11)

2
TM ðJL s þ KÞ
yM ¼ (11.3-12)
ðJM s2 þ KÞðJL s2 þ KÞ
K 2
TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ
yM ¼ (11.3-13)
JM JL s4 þ KðJM þ JL Þs2
TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ
yM ¼ 2 (11.3-14)
s ðJM JL s2 þ ðJM þ JL ÞK
TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ
yM ¼ 2 (11.3-15)
s ðJM þ JL ÞððJM JL =JM þ JL Þs2 þ KÞ

Let:

J ¼ JM þ JL
J P ¼ J M J L =ðJ M þ J L Þ
TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ
yM ¼ (11.3-16)
s2 Jðs2 JP þ 1Þ

Also:

KyM
yL ¼ (11.3-17)
JL s 2 þ K

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 K TM ðJL s2 þ KÞ
yL ¼ 6 (11.3-18)
ðJL s2 þ KÞ s2 Jðs2 JP þ KÞ
TM K
yL ¼ 2 2 (11.3-19)
s Jðs Jp þ KÞ
yL 1
¼ (11.3-20)
TM ðJ=KÞs2 ðs2 ðJp =KÞ þ 1Þ
yL 1
¼ (11.3-21)
TM ðJ=KÞs ððs2 =o2r Þ þ 1Þ
2
sffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
K KðJM þ JL Þ
or ¼ load resonant frequency ¼ ¼ (11.3-22)
Jp JM JL

From a practical point of view industrial machines and their servo drives
(hydraulic and electric) are to this day still subject to resonant frequency
stability problems. Most industrial servo drives use an inner velocity servo
inside a position servo loop. Hydraulic servo drives have the added variable
of hydraulic fluid resonance, which can be a limiting factor of stability. The
hydraulic resonance or can be observed as a typical second order response
in the Bode frequency response of Figure 6. For hydraulic drives having a
low damping factor dh , the resonant peak may be higher than 0 dB gain,
which will result in a resonant oscillation. There are a number of methods to
compensate for this resonant oscillation. First, a small cross-port damping
hole of about 0.002 in. can be used across the motor ports. Secondly, the
velocity loop differential compensation can be varied, which quite often
eliminates the oscillation. Lastly, the velocity loop gain could be lowered,
which can also lower the velocity servo bandwidth. As an index of
performance (I.P.) the hydraulic resonance should by proper sizing be above
200 Hz, and the separation between the velocity servo loop bandwidth oc
and the hydraulic resonance oh should be three to one or greater. Brushless
DC electric drives do not usually have velocity loop resonance problems
unless a more compliant coupling is used internally in the motor to couple a
position transducer to the motor shaft.
Both hydraulic and brushless DC electric drives can have resonance
(stability) problems if the machine is included in the position servo loop.
This is an ongoing problem with industrial machines, in spite of all the
available technology to minimize stability problems. A typical position
servo Bode frequency response is shown in Figure 7. As a figure of merit the
separation between the velocity loop bandwidth oc and the position-loop
velocity constant K v (gain) should be two to one or greater. The machine

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 6 Hydraulic velocity servo.

resonance or should be at least three times greater than the velocity servo
bandwidth oc . However in actual practice the machine resonance inside the
position loop is often quite low (such as 15 Hz). The resonant peak in this
case should be above 0 dB gain, resulting in a resonant oscillation. There are
a number of control techniques that can be applied to compensate for
machine structural resonances that are both low in frequency and inside the
position servo loop. The first control technique is to lower the position-loop
gain Kv (velocity constant). Depending on how low the machine resonance
is, the position-loop gain may have to be lowered to about 0.5 ipm/mil (8.33/
sec). This solution has been used in numerous industrial positioning servo
drives. However, such a solution degrades servo performance. For very
large machines this may not be acceptable. The I.P. that the servo loop gain
(velocity constant) should be lower than the velocity servo bandwidth by a
factor of two, will be compromised in these circumstances.
A very useful control technique to compensate for a machine
resonance is the use of notch filters. These notch filters are most effective

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 7 Position loop frequency response.

when placed in cascade with the input to the velocity servo drive. These
notch filters should have a tunable range from approximately 5 Hz to a
couple of decades higher in frequency. The notch filters are effective to
compensate for fixed structural resonances. If the resonance varies due to
such things as load changes, the notch filter will not be effective. Since most
of these unwanted resonant frequencies are analog sinusoidal voltages, a
notch filter can effectively remove these frequencies.
In digital control the algorithm for the notch filter can be used. A
simple analog notch filter is shown in Figure 8 as it appeared in Electronics
Magazine, December 7, 1978. This filter is equivalent to a twin T-notch filter
but it is an active filter versus passive networks, so there are no signal losses.
The frequency of the notch is set by the selection of resistor R. For a
1-microfarad (mF) capacitor (C), the values for R versus the notch frequency
are shown in Figure 9.
The depth of the notch is adjusted by varying the potentiometer P1 .
Frequency responses of the notch filter for values of R ranging from 40 K
ohms to 200 ohms are shown in Figure 10. A 40-Hz notch filter frequency
response is shown in Figure 11 with a number of potentiometer settings to

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 8 Notch filter circuit. (Reprinted with permission from Penton Publishing.)

show the change in the depth of the notch filter as the potentiometer is
varied.
A few case histories are of interest. In a hydraulic servo valve feed
drive, pump pulsations of 500 Hz traveled through the machine piping to the
servo valve, the hydraulic motor, and finally the feedback tachometer of the
velocity loop. The high sensitivity of the tachometer (100 V/1000 rpm)
sensed the 500-Hz vibration and generated this voltage into the servo drive
electronics, where it was amplified through the entire drive, causing an
undesirable vibration. A 500-Hz notch filter at the tachometer output feed
to the servo amplifier eliminated the vibration problem.
In another case, the switching frequency of a numerical control
(125 Hz) beat with the single-phase, full-wave DC SCR drive frequency
(120 Hz) producing a 5-Hz signal that appeared in the machine servo drive,
causing what appeared to be a 5-Hz instability. Using a notch filter
frequency of the control switching frequency, the 5-Hz beat frequency signal
was eliminated.
In another case history a 45-Hz resonance existed in an air bearing of a
rotary position feedback transducer. Once this resonance was excited it was
amplified through the electronics drive and the machine slide vibrated at
45 Hz.
A 45-Hz notch filter applied at the input to the velocity drive
eliminated the problem. There are numerous possibilities where unwanted

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 9 Notch filter resistance nomogram.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 10 Notch filter characteristics.

Fig. 11 Depth of notch filter characteristics.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 signal frequencies appear in industrial servo drives. This simple notch filter
can readily be used to eliminate all kinds of undesirable signals.

11.4 FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FEEDBACK

Another technique that has been very successful with industrial machines
having low-frequency machine resonances, is known as ‘‘frequency selective
feedback’’. In abbreviated form it requires that the position feedback be
located at the servo motor eliminating the mechanical resonance from the
position servo loop, resulting in a stable servo drive but with significant
position errors. These position errors are compensated for by measuring the
slide position through a low-pass filter; taking the position difference
between the servo motor position and the machine slide position; and
making a correction to the position loop, which is primarily closed at the
servo motor.

Compensator Operation
The complete control circuit has more complexity than comparing two
position transducer outputs. Figure 12 can be used to discuss the actual
operation of the compensating system. This particular compensating scheme
used an instrument servo to perform the compensating function. A software
based frequency selective feedback system will also be discussed. For this
compensating system, the machine-feed servo drive uses a position
measuring feedback resolver (1) connected electrically in series with a
correction resolver (5). Any correction required during positioning is
introduced into the numerical control feedback circuit with the correction
resolver (5).
The compensator circuit includes the positioning servo-motor position
measuring resolver called a compensator feedback resolver (2), a machine
slide linear position measuring transducer (3), and an instrument type
correction servo drive. The difference between the feed servo-drive motor
position and the machine slide position is measured with the compensator
feedback resolver (2) and the linear resolver (3). However, an additional
correction resolver (4) is included in the circuit. Therefore, the instrument
correction servo error is a function of three resolver positions. This is shown
in the block diagram of Figure 13. The resolver positions are shown as angle
y. The total correction error is shown as a function of the three resolver
positions
yc ¼ ym
y c
y s : (11.4-1)

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 12 Analog block diagram for frequency selected feedback.

Fig. 13 Simplified block diagram for frequency selective feedback.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 As a position error is developed between the feed servo-drive motor
position ym and machine slide position ys , an error is developed at the
instrument servo drive (Figure 13). The error is also a function of yc .

ye ¼ ym
yc
ys ¼ ðym
ys Þ
yc (11.4-2)

It is significant to note that the bandwidth of the instrument correction

servo must be a low frequency such as 1.5 Hz. This is required to eliminate
the machine structural dynamics from the machine slide feedback position
ðys Þ and is the key to the frequency selective feedback control function.
A correction yc is developed at the output of the instrument servo
drive, which is a function of:

yc ¼ G1 ½ðym
ys Þ
yc  (11.4-3)

The correction yc is added to the main-feed servo drive by means of resolver

(5). The correction yc causes the feed servo drive to move by the amount of
the correction. Therefore both ym (at the motor) and ys (at the machine slide)
move by the amount of the correction yc . The correction can be shown
mathematically to be approximately a function of ðym
ys Þ as follows:

Since: yc ¼ Gl ½ðym
ys Þ
yc  from Eq: (11.4-3)

yc þ yc Gl ¼ ðym
ys ÞGl (11.4-4)
ðym
ys ÞG1
yc ¼ (11.4-5)
ð1 þ G1 Þ
1
yc ¼ ðym
yc Þ (11.4-6)
1=G1 þ 1
1=G1 5 much smaller than 1
Therefore: yc %ðym
ys Þ (11.4-7)

The correction can also be shown graphically in Figure 14. For

illustration the relation of the feed servo-drive position ym to the machine
slide position ys will remain constant during the correction. Figure 14 shows
that the machine slide position ys moves by the amount of the correction.
The feed servo-drive motor position moves by the same amount.
From another point of view the instrument servo-drive error must be
reduced to zero after the correction is made. From Eq. (11.4-2) the error is:

ye ¼ ðym
ys Þ
yc (11.4-2)

Assuming the initial condition at the start of the correction is such that the

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 14 Correction diagram for frequency selective feedback.

machine slide position ys is short of the correct position (assume 10 in.) by

0.01 in. and that the location of ym and ys are as follows:

ym ¼ a related distance of 10 in.

ys ¼ a related distance of 9:99 in:

After correction the related positions will be—

ym ¼ a related distance of 10:01 in:

ys ¼ a related distance of 10 in:

The relation between ym and ys is the same but the machine position ys has
moved to the correct position.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Meanwhile the correction yc (which was equivalent to 0.01 in.) had to
be included in the error of the instrument servo. Since the relation of ðym

ys Þ remains constant, a correction must be made in the instrument servo
loop to reduce the error to zero:
yc ¼ 0 ¼ ðym
ys Þ
yc (11.4-8)

The compensator correction resolver (4) serves the purpose to reduce the
instrument servo error to zero.
As the correction process becomes a continual process, as in normal
machine operation, the resolver (4) will continually be in motion to reduce
the error to zero in the correction loop of the instrument servo. At machine
traverse feeds the correction will not be effective, but this is not important
since there will not be any machining operations at the traverse feeds.

Software version of frequency selective feedback

The software version for the correction is shown in Figure 15. This version
can be added to a machine axis that exhibits a structural resonance problem.
The drive is assumed to be a typical commercial electric servo drive with a
current loop and a velocity loop inside a position servo loop.
The difference between the motor position and the machine slide
position is used as an input to a low-pass digital filter. This filter has a very
low bandwidth of about 1.5 Hz. The reason for this is to remove structural
dynamic frequencies from the correction process.

Fig. 15 Software version of frequency selective feedback.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 The machine axis prior to adding frequency selective feedback, is
assumed to have a position transducer on the machine slide. To add
frequency selective feedback, an instrument gearbox must be added to the
rear of the servo motor. A position transducer such as a resolver will be
geared to the motor shaft with a ratio determined by the resolution of the
machine slide feedback transducer.

11.5 FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

The problem of developing an industrial servo drive with high-performance
capabilities for accurate positioning is a subject of much importance. On
multiaxis industrial machine servos using classical type 1 servo control, it is
a requirement that each machine axis have matched position-loop gains to
maintain accuracy in positioning. Quite often this means that all machine
axis servo drives must have their position-loop gains K v adjusted to the
poorest performing axis. Consider the basic approach to the design of a
poisoning servo drive illustrated in Figure 16.
This is the classical type 1 servo, which exhibits characteristic errors e
in position that are well known for various inputs yi .
Consider a simplified block diagram of the system where GðsÞ is the
servo drive and inner-loop transfer function typically of the following form:
Kv
GðsÞ ¼ (11.5-1)
sFðsÞ

F ðsÞ is a polynomial that represents the dynamics of the servo drive and
servo plant. What is really desired of the servo of Figure 17 is that yi ¼ y0
under all conditions. That is, for any yi ; e ¼ 0. Clearly, this is not possible
for a type 1 servo described by Figure 17.

Fig. 16 Type 1 servo block diagram.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 17 Simplified position-loop block diagram.

Consider, then, a compensator Gc that could possibly produce a

system response as desired, placed cascade with the system as shown in
Figure 18.

yoðsÞ GðsÞ
Since ¼ GcðsÞ ¼1 (11.5-2)
yiðsÞ 1 þ GðsÞ
1 þ GðsÞ 1
Thus : GcðsÞ ¼ ¼ þ1 (11.5-3)
GðsÞ GðsÞ

Thus, the desired system may be represented in block diagram form as

Figure 19.
It is convenient to rearrange the diagram of Figure 19 so that the
actual error term e ¼ yi
yo appears, as Figure 20.
As pointed out by Eq. (11.5-1)

Kv
GðsÞ ¼ for a practical position servo: (11.5-4)
sFðsÞ

Thus the block diagram of Figure 20 becomes Figure 21.

sFðsÞ FðsÞ
Note that yiðsÞ ¼ oiðsÞ (11.5-5)
Kv Kv
dyiðtÞ
Where oiðtÞ ¼ (11.5-6)
dt
Furthermore, a well-designed, high-performance servo GðsÞ should have
dynamics described by F ðsÞ sufficiently negligible with respect to the
integration crossover that F ðsÞ need not be synthesized in the forward
compensating path. This assumption is important to the simplicity of the
concept, but it is possible to check if it is valid in any specific application.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 18 Compensator with position servo.

Fig. 19 Block diagram with feedforward.

Fig. 20 Zero-error feedforward block diagram.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Fig. 21 Complete feedforward block diagram.

Because the inverse of a type 1 system differentiates rather than

integrates the compensating path is simply a velocity signal rather than
a position signal. Consider the final design of the system described in
Figure 22.
From Figure 22
 
oiðsÞ Kv
yoðsÞ ¼ yiðsÞ
yoðsÞ þ (11.5-7)
Kv sFðsÞ
   
Kv oiðsÞ Kv
yoðsÞ 1 þ ¼ yiðsÞ þ (11.5-8)
sFðsÞ Kv sFðsÞ
ðKv yiðsÞ þ oiðsÞ Þ
yoðsÞ ¼ (11.5-9)
ðsFðsÞ þ Kv Þ

Fig. 22 Zero-error position servo.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Equation (11.5-9) may be used to illustrate how in the ideal case (where
F ðsÞ ¼ 1) the system is zero error in position regardless of the input.
C
yi ¼ Ct therefore yiðsÞ ¼ (11.5-10)
s2
C
oi ¼ C oiðsÞ ¼ (11.5-11)
s
Therefore

Kv C=s2 þ C=s ðs þ Kv ÞC
yoðsÞ ¼ ¼ 2 (11.5-12)
sFðsÞ þ Kv s ðsFðsÞ þ Kv Þ

Or for F ðsÞ &1, the lag-lead cancel and

C
yoðsÞ ¼ ¼ yiðsÞ therefore zero error: (11.5-13)
s2
Consider next the steady-state error for the constant velocity case:
 
C C s þ Kv
eðsÞ ¼ yiðsÞ
yoðsÞ ¼ 2
2 (11.5-14)
s s sFðsÞ þ Kv
 
C s þ Kv
eðsÞ ¼ 2 1
(11.5-15)
s sFðsÞ þ Kv

Applying the final value theorem, the steady-state position error is:
 
lim C s þ Kv
eð?Þ ¼ lim seðsÞ ¼ 1
(11.5-16)
s?0 s sFðsÞ þ Kv
 
lim C s þ Kv 1
¼ 1
(11.5-17)
s?0 sFðsÞ þ Kv s
 
lim C sFðsÞ þ Kv
s
Kv 1
¼ (11.5-18)
s?0 sFðsÞ þ Kv s

 
lim C FðsÞ
1
¼ (11.5-19)
s?0 sFðsÞ þ Kv

However, for all possible forms of F ðsÞ

lim
F ðsÞ ¼ 1
s?0
Thus: eð?Þ ¼ 0

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 For constant acceleration input:
1 a
yiðtÞ ¼ at2 yiðsÞ ¼ (11.5-20)
2 s3
a
oiðtÞ ¼ at oiðsÞ ¼ 2 (11.5-21)
s
From Eq. 11.5-9

Kv a=s3 þ a=s2 a s þ Kv
yiðsÞ ¼ ¼ 3 (11.5-22)
sFðsÞ þ Kv s sFðsÞ þ Kv
 
limseðsÞ a sFðsÞ þ Kv
s
Kv
And eð?Þ ¼ ¼ 2 (11.5-23)
s?0 s sFðsÞ þ Kv
lim a ðFðsÞ
1Þ
eð?Þ ¼ (11.5-24)
s?0 s ðsFðsÞ þ Kv Þ
alim FðsÞ
1 alim dFðsÞ =ds
eð?Þ ¼ ¼ (11.5-25)
s?0 s2 FðsÞ þ Kv s s?0 ds2 FðsÞ =ds þ Kv
lim dFðsÞ
Then ?finite value (11.5-26)
s?0 ds
limit ds2 FðsÞ
While ?0 (11.5-27)
s?0 ds
1
Thus eð?Þ ¼ (11.5-28)
Kv
The magnitude of the finite position error will depend in this case on the
coefficient of the s term of F(s). If b is this coefficient, then
ab
eð?Þ ¼ (11.5-29)
Kv
The compensator technique described holds excellent potential for provid-
ing an outstanding servo drive for the industrial machine. When properly
executed in a well-designed position servo it should virtually eliminate
velocity lag errors and reduce acceleration lag errors to low levels. The
velocity feedforward approach will eliminate position errors for constant
velocity moves on a machine axis if the machine dynamics represented by
F ðsÞ in the feedforward term F ðsÞ =K v exactly respresents the G(s) term of the
forward position loop. Matching of position-loop gains K v on all axes will
not be required. For the case of acceleration and deceleration the velocity
feedforward approach will not be effective. For these situations commercial
servo-drive manufacturers will use an additional technique of acceleration
feedforward.

Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved