Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reading Pack Elementary
Reading Pack Elementary
STUDENTS
2021-2022
Table of Contents
10
MAKING PREDICTIONS
15INTRODUCTION
When you read in English, do you think of what will come next?
For example, what one word do you think will come next in the blank below?
Linda loves working in her garden. In the spring, it’s full of ________.
Explanation:
20 You probably thought of the word flowers.
The word is a noun -only a noun can follow “full of”.
From the sentences you know that it’s something in a garden in the spring. What is a
garden full of in spring? Flowers.
This is how good readers think while they are reading. They think ahead. This way, they get an
25idea about words before they see them. When they see the words, they don’t have to look at
them for long. They recognize them quickly and move on.
EXAMPLES: 1. Look! There is an airplane from Ireland. It’s coming down to the airport.
Now it’s at the airport and all the people are________.
a) getting out c) sleeping
30 b) learning English d) buying clothes
Explanation: What do people do when the plane lands? They get out.
2. When we arrived at the house, there was a big dog in the yard. When he saw us, he looked
angry. We ran away because we were ________.
Explanation: How do you feel when you see a big, angry dog? You feel afraid.
III
c) in their cars 65d) in restaurants
6. When you have to cross a street, you must remember to look both ways. Look to the right
and look to ______________.
a) up and down 70c) for a policeman
b) at the people d) the left
EXERCISE II Circle the correct answer.
1. A big black cat lives in that house. It sits by the window all day. It likes to look at people
__________ .
75 a) in the house c) on the street
b) on television d) in boats
2. Today young American women don’t wear skirts very often. Most of the time they wear
80 __________ .
a) hats c) shirts
b) coats d) pants
853. Leo has a very old car. It’s twenty years old. It’s not very beautiful and it’s not very fast. But
it always ___________.
a) goes c) stays
b) stops 90 d) breaks
4. On an airplane, you can’t lie down. You can’t put your feet up. There is always noise and
there is always light. It’s not easy to__________ .
a) wake up c) get out
95
b) take off d) fall asleep
5. The Call of the Wild is a famous book by Jack London. It tells the story of a dog-named
Buck. This is a good book for people who love__________.
a) animals c) science
100 b) movies d) telephones
EXERCISE III Circle the correct answer.
1. Monica had a very big suitcase. It was also heavy. But she could walk far with her suitcase
105 because it had _______.
a) books c) pictures
b) wheels d) nothing
1102. The Perez family likes to go to a Cuban restaurant. They go every Saturday evening. They
meet friends at the restaurant, and they have a good ________ .
a) restaurant b) meal
c) family d) lunch
115
3. Arya’s favorite color is blue. She has lots of blue clothes, a blue car, and a blue house. But
she doesn’t have blue eyes! Her eyes are ___________ .
a) big c) open
120
b) brown d) blue
4. The city of Edinburgh, Scotland, is full of history. It has a beautiful castle, a beautiful church
and many other _______.
a) new movie theatres c) parks and gardens
125 b) good restaurants d) nice old buildings
5. Long airplane rides are not fun. You have to stay in your seat for a long time. You can’t
stand up for long and you can’t ______.
a) sit down c) eat any food
130
b) read books d) walk very far
6. Today many young people don’t know how to cook. They buy food that is ready to eat, or
they go to ___________.
a) restaurants c) the movies
135 b) the supermarket d) work late
5 V
c) there again d) far away
5. Did you listen to the radio this morning? They said there was a terrible storm in Florida.
Many people left their homes, and two people ______.
165 a) died c) stayed
b) went d) lived
6. Some children are afraid of the dark. They don’t like it because they can’t see in the dark.
170 At night, they always want the _______.
a) lights on c) door closed
b) lights off d) music on
175EXERCISE V Circle the correct answer.
1. Do you want to be a taxi driver? First, you have to pass a test. They will ask you questions
about a car. They will also ask you questions about the ________.
a) restaurants c) buses
180
b) roads d) weather
2. Susanna is a teacher. She often has meetings. Sometimes she meets with the students and
sometimes with other teachers. She also has meetings with the ________.
a) brothers and sisters c) men and women
185 b) mothers and fathers d) pencils and papers
3. Ron Winston lives in Canada. He likes doing sports a lot. His favorite sports are winter
sports. He loves skiing and ice-skating. In fact, Ron loves the winter and ___________.
a) the summer 190c) travelling
b) cold weather d) warm weather
4. Stella can’t find her cell phone. It was in her room yesterday but today it’s not there. She
thinks Luis has taken it and now she is very __________.
a) sick with a cold c) happy with her phone
195 b) ready for class d) angry with Luis
5. Potatoes are usually very good to eat. But they’re not good when they’re green. When you
see a green potato, you should not eat it. Green potatoes can make you ________.
a) well c) sick
200
b) better d) afraid
6. Rob is very busy. He doesn’t have time to do sports or go to the gym. He wants to get
exercise, so he never uses the elevator in his building. He lives on the 30 th floor so he
climbs _________________.
205 a) a lot of stairs b) a few stairs
c) downstairs d) far away
7. Shelly is a terrible student this year. She doesn’t go to classes, and she doesn’t do any
210 homework. Her parents are _________.
a) happy with her c) not happy with her
b) good students d) terrible parents
8. Yesterday the children found a cat. It was very small and young, and it was all-alone. The
poor thing was very hungry, so they gave it _________.
215 a) something to eat c) lots of love
b) a nice warm bed d) a fun toy
9. Jin often doesn’t have time to eat lunch at work. She only has time for coffee. When she
220 comes home from work, she’s very hungry. She usually _________.
a) doesn’t eat c) reads a book
b) has a snack d) has no breakfast
225 10. Stephen King is a famous American writer. His books and stories are often best sellers.
Millions of people buy his books and ________.
a) see movies c) read them
b) sell them d) write them
230
11. Sookie didn’t know any other students at first, but now she knows many of them. After
class, she often meets them in the café. She says they _____________.
a) are very friendly c) never talk to her
235
b) usually go home d) read the newspaper
12. Every night a cat comes into Sam’s yard. It cries and cries and wakes Sam up. He gets
angry and goes out to the yard but he can never______________.
a) hear the cat c) change the cat
240 b) talk to the cat d) find the cat
VII
What is xxx? ____________________
250 2. Can you see the xxx in that tree? There are four baby birds in it. They are calling for
their mother. Look! Now the mother is coming. She has some food for her babies.
What is xxx? ____________________
3. Quick! Call the police! There is a man near my house. He has a xxx on his face. You
can see only his eyes and his clothes are black.
255 What is xxx? ____________________
4. I live in a tall building in Chicago. My home is on the 6th floor but I don’t use the xxx
often. It is too small! It is too slow! I like to walk up to the 6th floor.
What is xxx? ____________________
5. The new store was often very empty. This morning there was only one xxx. She was a
260 young woman. She wanted to buy some Levis jeans. She didn’t like the jeans in the
store. So, she went away.
What is xxx?____________________
6. There is terrible xxx on the road to London. All the cars are stopped. You can’t go left
or right. You have to wait for a long time!
265 What is xxx? ____________________
1) The (referee, soldier, caretaker) blew his (balloon, whistle, candle) to end the (match,
battle, lesson).
2) Sally (phoned, decided, cycled) to have a (check – up, wedding, party) on her (weekend,
295 birthday, flat).
3) The (bird, dog, cow) was (grazing, sitting, swimming) on the (pavement, nest, lamp –
post).
4) The (cooker, man, sheep) put his (bicycle, comb, brother) in his (floor, drawer, pocket).
5) James (borrowed, caught, made) six (teeth, eggs, books) from the (library, station, post
300 office).
6) We bought a new (sofa, shower, lawn) for the (kitchen, living-room, garden) in the
January (month, sales, shop).
7) The (artist, shop assistant, chef) placed the (motorbike, casserole, guitar) in the
(drawer, garage, oven).
305 8) That (man, shop, woman) drove her (car, flat, father) into a (carpet, tree, circus).
9) The (plane, boat, train) now standing at (station, platform, lane) seven has just arrived
(to, for, from) Brighton.
10) After listening to the (weather forecast, CD, wind) they decided to (try on, cancel,
post) their (order, newspaper, picnic).
310 11) The (opera, blackbird, choir) sang a (song, music, performance) at the Christmas
(shopping, concert, Eve).
12) The (planets, groups, flowers) Mars and Jupiter are clearly (marked, visible, placed) in
the (east, clear, night) sky.
IX
REFERENCE EXERCISES
315Reference words are used to refer back to words and phrases that are mentioned earlier in a
passage or to refer forward to words and phrases that will be introduced.
Examples: Wild animals are groups in Alaska. Some large animals, like the caribou, live in
everywhere and you can see hundreds of them. This can be very exciting.
There are also bears and wolves in Alaska. These animals are not as dangerous
320 as people think. If you stay away from them, they will usually stay away from
you.
1. Tourists in New York may think it’s one big city, but it’s not all the same everywhere. Each
325neighborhood is very different. Some neighborhoods are full of people from one country. These
are often good places to find interesting restaurants.
2. In Chinatown, the shop signs are all written in Chinese. The shops all sell Chinese products,
and the shopkeepers all speak Chinese. This is one of the most crowded and colorful
neighborhoods of the city.
3303. Many Italians moved to New York in the early 1900s. In those days, it was a very poor
neighborhood. Now it is called ‘Little Italy’. There aren’t many Italians left, but tourists come
to the Italian cafés and restaurants.
4. Greenwich Village is another kind of neighborhood. It is one of the oldest parts of the city.
For many years, this was where writers and students lived. Famous books were written about
335the neighborhood and in the neighborhood.
5. Soho is an area that used to have a lot of factories. Then, the factories closed, and people
began to live in the factory buildings. These buildings became popular places for artists
because they were large and cheap.
6. Harlem was known as the center of African – American cultural life in the 20th century.
340People from all over the city went to hear jazz musicians play in the nightclubs. Many of those
musicians became famous around the world.
7. Later in the 20th century, Harlem became a very poor neighborhood with many problems.
There was a lot of crime and violence. Because of this, many people moved out of the
neighborhood and buildings were left empty.
345
10
EXERCISE 2 What do the underlined words refer to?
360CONTEXT CLUES
Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to
understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.
Learning the meaning of a word through its use in a sentence or a paragraph is the most
practical way to build vocabulary since a dictionary is not always available when a reader
365encounters an unknown word.
1. Definition / Description Clues
A new term may be formally defined, or sufficient explanation may be given within the
sentence or in the following sentence.
Definition clues:“that is”, “i.e.”, commas ,…,, dashes -…-, parentheses (…).
370Examples: a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see.
“Skeleton-like appearance” is the definition of “emaciation.”
b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common practice.
The commas before and after “examination with a fluoroscope” point out the definition of
“fluoroscopy.”
375 c. The dudeen – a short-stemmed clay pipe – is found in Irish folk tales.
The dashes setting off “a short-stemmed clay pipe” point out the definition of “dudeen”.
d. Polaris (the North Star) is almost directly above the North Pole.
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“Polaris” is the North Star.
2. Example Clues
380Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to
explain its meaning. Words like including, such as, and for example, point out example.
Examples: a. Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and trout, live in the coldest parts
of the ocean.
“Piscatorial” obviously refers to fish.
385 b. Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated man
through the centuries.
“Celestial” objects are those in the sky or heavens.
c. In the course of man’s evolution, certain organs have atrophied. The appendix,
for example, has wasted away from disuse.
390 “Atrophied” means “wasted away.”
3. Synonym Restatement Clue
The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it repeats an idea expressed
in familiar words nearby. Synonyms are words with the same meaning. The word, or …
usually helps us.
395Examples: a. The mountain pass was a tortuous road, winding and twisting like a snake around
the trees of the mountainside.
“Tortuous” means “winding and twisting.”
b. There is an examination, or test, tomorrow.
c. This volume contains ten texts, or passages.
400 d. A scientist has to collect, or gather, a sufficient number for his hypothesis.
4. Contrast / Antonym Clue
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. An opposite meaning context clue contrasts the
meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term. Words like “although,”
“however,” and “but” may signal contrast clues.
405Examples: a. When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it
grows darker, they dilate.
“Dilate” means the opposite of “contract.”
b. The children were as different as day and night. He was a lively
conversationalist, but she was reserved and taciturn.
410“Taciturn” means the opposite of a “lively conversationalist.”
Exercise 1: Use the context clues to find the meaning of the given words.
1. The deluge, a flood of rain, threatened to drown the little town. A deluge is
___________________________________________
4152. Sleet (half rain and half snow) can be very difficult to drive in due to poor visibility. Sleet is
______________________________________________
3. Freezing rain – rain which freezes when it hits the earth – also causes many accidents.
Freezing rain is ________________________________________
4. People have gotten lost 10 meters from their homes in blizzards – snowfalls that come down
420very thickly. A blizzard is __________________________________________
5. Another dangerous form of weather is hail (falling balls of ice) which has been known to get
so big that it can break a car’s windshield. Hail is
_____________________________________________
Exercise 2: Use definition clues to guess the meanings of the given words.
4251. Breaking even involves making enough money to pay for business costs but no more.
Breaking even is ___________________________________________
2. Many new businesses go bankrupt, which means they lose everything. To go bankrupt is
__________________________________________
3. It takes a special kind of person to give up a regular job security, i.e. the safety of a weekly
430pay cheque, to go into business on her own. Job security is
________________________________________________
4. Small enterprises are usually defined as businesses with fewer than 50 employees and less
than $2 million in annual (yearly) revenues. An enterprise is
____________________________________________
4355. Entrepreneurs are people who start their own businesses. An entrepreneur is
_____________________________
Exercise 3: Which words in the sentences help you understand the meaning of the words in
bold?
1. A great part of Canada’s economy is based on its natural resources, for instance coal, oil
440and wood. _______________________________________
2. Despite the risks, new businesses are expanding everywhere, from natural resources,
manufacturing, construction, real estate, retail trade and – especially – service industries such
as consulting and tourism. ________________________________________
3. The reporter talked to many auto-industry executives, e.g. company presidents and vice-
445presidents. _____________________________________
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4. Rodents such as mice, rats and beavers, can often do a lot of damage.
______________________________________________
5. Many restaurants serve molluscs – for example, snails, oysters and clams.
______________________________________________
4506. Cetaceans, including whales and dolphins, are thought to have high intelligence.
______________________________________________
8. Many people are afraid of reptiles like lizards, snakes and turtles.
______________________________________________
455 ORANGES
Everybody loves oranges. They are sweet and juicy. They are in sections, that is,
separate parts, so it is easy to eat them. Some oranges do not have any seeds, i.e. parts that
grow into a new part. Some have a thick skin but others have a thin skin. The orange tree is
beautiful. It has a lot of shiny green leaves. The small white flowers smell very sweet. An
460orange tree has flowers and fruit at the same time.
There were orange trees twenty million years ago. The oranges were very small, not like
the ones today. The orange tree probably came from China. Many different kinds of wild
oranges grow there today. In other words, these oranges grow in nature. The Chinese started to
raise, or grow, orange trees around 2400 B.C. Chinese art has lovely old pictures of oranges
465and orange trees. Farmers in other parts of Asia, such as India and Pakistan, and the Middle
East, learned to raise oranges from the Chinese. Then they taught the Europeans. The Spanish
planted orange trees in North and South America, called the New World. They took them to
Florida first. Oranges are a very important crop (farm product) in Florida today.
"Orange" is both a fruit and a color. The color of oranges is very beautiful. Therefore, in
470English we use the name of the fruit for the color.
A. Guess the meanings of the underlined words in the text. Write the clues that help you
find the meaning.
1. 'sections'
475 a) Clue: __________________________________________
b) Sections are _____________________________________
2. 'seeds'
a) Clue: __________________________________________
b) Seeds are ________________________________________
480 3. ‘wild'
a) Clue: ___________________________________________
b) Where do wild oranges grow? _______________________
4. ‘raise’
a) Clue: ___________________________________________
485 b) To raise means to _________________________________
5. other parts of Asia
a) Clue: ____________________________________________
b) India and Pakistan are ______________________________
6. the New World
490 a) Clue: ____________________________________________
b) The New World is __________________________________
7. crop
a) Clue: _____________________________________________
b) The word 'crop' means _______________________________
495B. What do these words in bold in the text refer to?
1. 'them' refers to a) skins b) seeds c) oranges
2. 'It' refers to _____________________________
3. 'ones' refers to ___________________________
4. 'there' refers to ___________________________
500C. Answer these questions.
1. Write down three characteristics of an orange.
a)__________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________
505 2. How did the United States get orange trees?
3. Why do the English-speaking people use the name of the fruit 'orange' for the color?
15 XV
b) Its flowers come after its fruit.
c) Its flowers are small.
d) You can find paintings of orange trees in China.
515
A SMALL TOUR ON THE CAMPUS
Ege University is a lively institution with a large campus. It has got nearly everything a
student wants. There are many facilities on the campus, so students can do many things in their
free time.
520 First, there is a library. It’s next to the School of Foreign Languages and it has got a lot
of books, many desks, and a very fast internet connection, so you can do some research easily,
comfortably, and quickly. If you are a student or a teacher, you can borrow books. But don’t
forget! You need to return them in 2 to 4 weeks.
Second, there are many places to do sports. There is a sports center opposite the library.
525It’s a big building with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, a gym, and a fitness center.
There is also a “track and field stadium” next to it and there is an Olympic swimming pool near
the sports center, but you need to have a dermal examination before you start swimming there.
You can play volleyball, basketball, football, do exercise or bodybuilding in the center, and
swim in the pool after a long day of studying.
530 Also, there are many cafés on the campus. They are great places to sit and socialize
between and after lessons. You can eat different sandwiches or pastries and drink tea or coffee
while you are chatting with friends. Students usually choose the café near their faculties or
schools, but some have favorite places and they always go there. The prices are economical,
too. I always have the morning tea in a café if I’m not late for class.
535 As you can see, life here is never boring for a student because there are lots of things to
do. Hope you enjoyed your short tour. Now go and do some exploring yourself.
XVII
D Not everything is good, though. The winters are freezing, and the wind blows right
through you. I understand why they call it the ‘Windy City’. Most people are very
575 friendly, but I don’t feel as safe as I do in Spain, especially at night. Young people drink
a lot of alcohol, and they can get quite aggressive.
E You can buy all types of exotic food in the shops in Chicago, but it isn’t easy to
find good jamón serrano, a type of Spanish ham. In Granada, I eat it all the time.
Whenever family or friends come from Spain to visit me, I ask them to bring some
580 jamón serrano with them.
F I’m pleased that I have enough clothes with me. American men are generally taller
than I am, so it’s quite difficult to find trousers in Chicago that fit me.
A. Match the questions (1-6) to the paragraphs (A-F).
1. Is there anything you are not so happy about? ___
585 2. What was the most important thing you brought with you from Spain? ___
3. What do you like about life in the USA? ___
4. How long do you plan to stay? ___
5. Why did you come to the USA? ___
6. What do you miss most about Spain? ___
590 B. Read the text again and choose the correct answer.
C. These adjectives from the text go with a lot of other nouns. Underline the word
that is NOT correct.
630 1. good weather / sky / luck / little boy
2. large garden / house / noise / pieces
3. fantastic weather / holiday / news / pain
4. live football match / party / concert / interview
5. freezing light / night / water / hands
635 6. friendly holiday / neighbors / dog / smile
7. aggressive behavior / chat / argument / attitude
8. exotic island / drink / animals / new
XIX
USING ELECTRICITY
640 Our homes are full of devices - machines - that run on electricity, but we don't use
electricity only in our homes. We need it in schools, hospitals, banks, factories, etc. Electricity
brings us health and comfort. For example, at home we use it for heating electric fires, irons
and toasters.
We also use electricity to produce shaft power, i.e., power that we use to run electric
645motors. For example, washing machines, refrigerators and mixers use this kind of power. Also
vehicles such as subway trains, trolley buses and electric locomotives have motors that run on
electricity.
There are also some special lamps that produce ultraviolet rays and infrared rays. We
use both rays in medical treatments. One of the most valuable uses of electricity is in producing
650X-rays. When we look at an X-ray, we can see the inside of the human body, and in this way
the physicians, or doctors, can give a more accurate; that is, correct, diagnosis of an illness. In
other words, when a doctor looks at an X-ray he can tell you what kind of an illness you have.
20
D. Complete the sentences.
(1) _____________, (2) ______________ and (3) ____________ are devices, which we
use at our homes.
675 A physician can look at an X-ray and diagnose an illness because an X-ray shows (4)
_________________________.
ADDICTED
WE JUST CAN’T STOP
Jenny – the shopaholic
680 Since I was a little girl I have always loved shopping. I walked around shops with my
mum, begging her to buy me everything I wanted.
Last year I finished university and started earning money for the first time. I have a lot
of spare cash now, and I spend it all on clothes. I spend about $ 500 a week on clothes,
handbags, and shoes. Walking out of a shop with bags of new clothes is the best feeling in the
685world.
I need to shop every day. If I can’t go out to shop, I shop online. Entering my credit
card details and waiting for a parcel to arrive is very exciting.
Sometimes I wear what I buy only once, but I never feel guilty. My dad tells me to stop
spending. He says that I’ve already got a lot more clothes than I need, but I love shopping and
690I’m not going to stop yet.
Tracey –the colaholic
I drink around 18 cans of cola every day. If I don’t drink it for more than an hour, I feel
terrible and I start shaking. It all started 6 years ago when I was on a diet and I drank cola
instead of eating. After a few weeks, I couldn’t live without it.
I have a bottle of cola beside my bed and I sometimes wake up at night to drink it. The
15first thing I do when I open my eyes in the morning is go to the fridge for a can of cola. I
always carry a can or two in my handbag. I spend about a 300 £ a month on cola.
I don’t know if it’s the taste of the caffeine or the sugar, but I know I’m addicted.
Friends and people I work with tell me that drinking cola isn’t good for me. They say it’s bad
for my stomach, but I like it so much that I can’t stop.
20A. Write J for Jenny and T for TRACEY or B for BOTH in each space.
1. Who talks about being a child? ______
2. Who talks about the cost of being addicted? _____
3. Who talks about her health? _____
XXI
4. Who talks about what other people think? ______
25B. Read the text again and answer the questions.
1. In line 2, when Jenny was begging she means that she was
a) giving her mother something.
b) talking quietly.
c) asking for something in a strong way.
30 2. In line 3, earning money means
a) working for money
b) finding money
c) looking for money
3. In line 4, spare cash means
35 a) extra money
b) more time
c) more clothes
4. In line 7, entering means
a) sending something in the post
40 b) putting words or numbers into a computer
c) trying to open a door
5. In line 9, feel guilty means
a) to feel bad about something after you do it
b) to feel good about something before you do it
45 c) to feel good about something while you’re doing it
6. In line 13, if you feel terrible, you
a) feel very good
b) feel very bad
c) feel happy
50 7. In line 13, if you are shaking, you are
a) drinking
b) asking for something
c) moving without control
8. In line 16, open my eyes means
55 a) wake up
b) look carefully
c) get out of bed
9. In line 18, caffeine is
a) the price of the cola
60 b) the color of the cola
c) an ingredient in the cola
75 VISIT MEXICO!
Why not relax on some of the best beaches in the world? Cancun and Acapulco offer
beautiful tropical beaches, which are visited by thousands of tourists every year. Foreign
visitors love the warm, sunny weather and brilliant blue skies.
Maybe you prefer a more active holiday, for example, walking in the mountains of
80Sierra Madre. The weather there is cooler, and the views are spectacular. You can also visit
Indian villages, which have not changed much since the Spanish arrived in the 16 th century. If
you feel really energetic, you can climb a big snow-capped volcano. At 5.452 meters above the
sea level, Popocatepetl is the highest mountain in Mexico. It also forms part of the Izta-Popo
National Park.
85 Are you tired of cities and traffic? There are almost one hundred national parks in
Mexico, from hot deserts in the north, to cool rainforests in the mountains, and tropical forests
in the east. You can see hundreds of amazing plants and animals in their natural habitats.
XXIII
Do you like learning when you’re on holiday? Mexico is well known for its rich Aztec
and Maya history. Teotihuacán and Chichen Itza are two examples of many important ancient
90ruins with their impressive temples where people go to pray. There are also many national and
regional museums to visit.
Sport is full of wonderful moments, but perhaps nothing is as exciting as the finish of
115the marathon. It is the longest and hardest race of all. The name “marathon” comes from a
village in Greece. A famous war was fought there in the year 490 BC. When the Greeks won
the war, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens (more than 40 km.) to tell the
people the good news. The organizers of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 decided to
include the marathon in the games so that this event would not be forgotten. The marathon has
120been a race since then.
At first, the Olympic Games were part of a festival. The Greeks had this festival once in
every four years in Olympia. Athletes from Greece, Cyprus, Sicily, etc. went there to
participate in the games. These games were very important to Greeks. They even stopped their
wars for them.
125 When the modern Olympic Games were started in 1896 in Athens, only 300 athletes
from 12 countries went there to participate in the games. Since then, of course, the games have
become much more popular. Only male athletes participated in the early Olympic Games. In
the 1923 Olympics, in Amsterdam, an important change took place. Female athletes
participated for the first time.
130 We all know that amateur athletes can participate in the Olympic Games. An amateur is
someone who doesn’t earn any money from sports. But today, it is difficult to say who is an
amateur and who is not. It is true that Olympic athletes never earn as much money as
professional sportsmen. But they are often students or teachers of a sport and have to spend a
lot of time training. Their governments pay for their training, travel and pocket money, because
135they want them to win. Some people think that this changes the Olympics. They feel that the
games are a political marathon.
A. What do these words refer to?
1. (line 2) “it” _________________
2. (line 9) “there” _________________
140 3. (line 11) “them” _________________
4. (line 13) “there” _________________
5. (line 13) “then”_________________
6. (line 20) “they” _________________
B. Mark the correct choice.
145 1. The word “marathon” was first used for a ____________
a) war c) place
b) story d) race
2. The “marathon” race was introduced in the modern Olympic games to remember that
____________.
150a) the Greeks had a war in marathon.
b) the distance between marathon and Athens was run by a Greek soldier.
c) there was a race called “marathon” in the early Olympic games.
25 XXV
d) the Olympic games were started in Marathon.
3. Some people think that the games are now a political marathon because___
155a) Olympic athletes earn a lot of money.
b) the governments spend money on their athletes.
c) Olympic athletes spend a lot of time preparing for the games.
d) only amateurs can participate in the games.
C. Answer the questions.
1601. What was the good news?
2. How long has the marathon been a race in the Olympics?
3. How many countries participated in the first Olympics?
4. How long have there been female athletes in the Olympics?
LIGHTNING
1651 On a sunny afternoon in 2004, nine-year-old Geoff Baninger was walking to a park in
Colorado to see his sister play softball. But before he got to the park, Geoff was struck 1 by
lightning.
2 The lightning stopped Geoff’s heart and his breathing. It burnt his hair and left a burn
line from his head to his foot. It blew his glasses off, his face and melted 2 them. It even made a
170hole in the bottom of his shoe. “I woke up about a minute later,” says Geoff, “and my mum told
me I had been struck by lightning.”
3 What is lightning? A lightning strike is the result of a buildup of electrical charges 3
inside a cloud. We usually see lightning during stormy weather; however, as Geoff discovered,
it can happen even on a sunny day.
1754 Geoff’s legs felt strange after he was hit, but he hasn’t had any further problems since
then. “I’m a lucky guy,” he says. But being lucky is not the only way to ensure your safety
during a thunderstorm. You can also follow the 30/30 rule: If you see lightning, and then hear
thunder less than 30 seconds later, go inside the building. Then, wait 3 minutes after the last
thunder or lightning before you go back outside.
1805 So how likely is it you will be hit by lightning? Fortunately, 4 it’s not a common
problem. According to the US national weather service, your chance of being struck in your
lifetime is only one in 5,000.
1
If you are struck by something,, it means you have been hit by it
2
When something melts, it changes from solid to liquid, usually because it has been heated.
3
An electrical charge is an amount of electricity that is held in or carried by something.
4
If someone or something is fortunate, they are lucky
30
A. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Which sentence about Geoff Baninger is not true?
185 a) The lightning stopped his breathing.
b) The lightning burnt his hair.
c) The lightning left a line around his shoe.
d) The lightning stopped his heart.
2. Which of the following is probably true?
190 a) Geoff remembers being struck by lightning.
b) When Geoff was struck by lightning, his mother was nearby.
c) Geoff’s sister saw him get hit.
d) Geoff believes he has a very unlucky life.
3. What does “it” in line 10 refer to?
195 a) stormy weather
b) cloudy weather
c) a lightning strike
d) a sunny day
4. According to the 30/30 rule, when should you go inside a building?
200 a) when thunder and lightning are less than 30 seconds apart.
b) at least 30 minutes after the last thunder or lightning.
c) when you see lightning, but don’t hear thunder.
d) anytime you hear thunder and see lightning.
5. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
205 a) Most people are never struck by lightning.
b) It’s common to be struck by lightning.
c) It’s fortunate if you are struck by lightning.
d) Lightning usually strikes in the afternoon or early evening.
210
B. What is the main idea of each paragraph in the reading? Match each heading with the
215correct paragraph.
a) How to stay safe during a thunderstorm? ______
XXVII
b) Will you be struck by lightning? ______
c) Why do we have lightning? ______
d) The day Geoff Baninger was struck by lightning ______
220 e) What happened when Geoff was struck? ______
1
If you dig up something (or dig something up), you take it out of the ground.
2
Arthritis is an illness that causes the hands, knees, or other joints to hurt.
3
A participant is a person who joins a certain activity
35
b) how Khufu’s great pyramid was constructed.
c) what life was like for Egyptian kings?
250 d) why Egyptian kings wanted to build pyramid.
2. Which statement about the pyramid builders is true?
a) They lived fairly long lives.
b) Both men and women built the pyramids.
c) Most came from other countries.
255d) They rarely had enough to eat or drink.
3. Which statement about building the pyramids is true?
a) It took over a century to complete.
b) Builders all did the same work.
c) More than 30.000 workers were involved.
260d) Builders worked in teams.
4. In line 15, what does “their” refer to?
a) Archeologists
b) Male workers
c) Female workers
265 d) Medical workers
5. In line 19, what does the word “laborers” mean?
a) kings
b) archeologists
c) workers
270 d) women
B. Match each heading (a-e) with a paragraph (1-4) One heading is extra.
a. A pyramid builder’s life _______
b. An important national project. _______
c. Female pyramid builders: The challenges. _______
275 d. Pyramid builders’ jobs. _______
e. Who built the pyramids? _______
AN APPLE A DAY
280 We hear a lot of good things about eyesight better. Spinach makes you
fruits and vegetables. Carrots make your stronger. Oranges keep away colds. “An
XXIX
apple a day keeps the doctor away.” But is 310vitamins, as well as some iron. In fact,
285there any truth in these sayings? Doctors all iron is important for your blood. If you
agree that fruits and vegetables in general aren’t getting enough iron, you will feel
are good for you. First of all, they help you weak and tired. In this case, eating
stay thinner. People who eat a lot of fruits spinach is a good idea. But you have to
and vegetables lose weight more easily. 315eat a lot of it to get much iron. If you
290And thinner people are less likely to have need iron, you should also eat other iron-
health problems. Another reason for eating rich foods, such as meat, eggs, and beans.
fruits and vegetables is that they have many As for oranges, they will not keep
vitamins and minerals. These are important away colds. This has been shown by
for your health in many ways. They help 320many studies. But the vitamin C in
295you have good teeth, clear skin, nice hair, oranges does help people with cold get
and strong bones. They also help prevent better more quickly. So keep eating
many kinds of diseases. oranges and other fruits with vitamin C,
But what about the special powers such as lemons, kiwis, tomatoes, spinach,
of some fruits and vegetables? Is it true, for 325and broccoli.
300example, that eating carrots will help you And finally, do apples really
see better? The answer is no, for most “keep the doctor away”? This time, the
people. It’s true that carrots have a lot of answer is yes. Apples do help prevent
vitamin A, and that vitamin A is necessary cancer and heart disease. Studies have
for your eyes. But most people get enough 330shown that people who eat several apples
305vitamin A already. Eating carrots only a day are less likely to get these diseases.
makes a difference if you are not getting This is because apples have natural
enough vitamin A. chemicals that protect the body.
There is also some truth in the
saying about spinach. It does have a lot of
TIME TO DANCE
Are you the kind of person who likes to move with the music? It’s a natural thing to do.
Even little children start moving when they hear music. In fact, dancing is part of the human
experience, like music and storytelling. These three arts were probably invented together. After
370all, dancing is a way to tell a story with music.
Scientists say that animals dance, too, but their dancing is different. The “dance” of
animals has a purpose. They send messages to other animals about important physical needs
such as hunger, danger or desire. But when people dance they express many different feelings –
XXXI
love, joy, anger, and sadness. They also tell stories about people, places, life, or death. By
375dancing, people can share these feelings or stories with others.
Dancing is also an important part of a country’s history and culture. In the past, each
country had its own dances. These days, the situation is very different. Over the past 200 years,
many people have moved from one country to another. When they moved, they brought along
their music and their dances. This means that in many places today, it’s possible to see and
380learn different kinds of dances. In the United States, for example, you can learn American
square dancing, or Greek, Scottish, or Egyptian dances. You can learn the Viennese waltz or
the Argentinean tango.
All of these dances are good for you. For one thing, they’re good for you physically.
Dancing is good exercise. It makes you use your arms and legs, and it makes your heart work.
385It’s an enjoyable way to keep healthy or to lose weight.
Another important point about dancing is that it makes you feel better about yourself. It
gives you a chance to express your feelings. If you are angry or upset about something, dancing
helps those feelings go away. You may feel very tired afterwards, but you’ll probably also be
relaxed and happy. And if you are a quiet or fearful kind of person, dancing can help you be
390more open. When you are dancing, you can forget yourself and your fears.
And finally, there’s another important point about dancing. It’s a social activity. Some
dances are for two people, and some are for groups. But all kinds of dances give you a chance
to meet new people or to do something enjoyable with friends.
40 XXXIII
phones by lying and getting money from a relative or other family member. They didn’t have to
440explain what they were doing with the money.
Governments all around the world are concerned about the way children use mobile
phones. The Japanese government has asked parents to limit the time children can use their
phones. In Britain, doctors have reported several cases of children with problems because of
mobile phones. In these cases, the young people become very unhappy when they don’t receive
445enough phone calls. Dr. Utges said that parents shouldn’t allow their children to have mobile
phones until they reach the age of 16.
B. Read each sentence and circle the correct meaning for the underlined word(s).
1. Two Spanish children got treatment for addiction to mobile phones.
455 a. extra schoolwork b. a lot of money c. medical care
2. These are the first cases like this in the country.
a. examples of b. centers for c. chances of
3. Dr. Maite Utgés, director of the center where the children were treated, said, “That was the
first time we had treated children for addiction to mobile phones.”
460 a. doctor b. manager c. owner
4.“Both children had difficulties getting along with other children and were failing at school,”
said Utgés, a child psychiatrist.
a. making phone calls b. being happy c. having fights
5. “Both children had difficulties getting along with other children and were failing at school,”
465 said Utgés, a child psychiatrist.
a. weren’t happy b. were successful c. had bad grades
6. Their parents did not restrict the time their children spent on the phone.
a. limit b. know about c. pay for
7. Governments in other countries are also concerned about mobile phone addiction among
470 children.
a. surprised b. worried c. confused
8. The Japanese government asked parents to limit phone use because of the negative effects on
children who use them too much.
a. fears b. influences c. changes
4759. In Britain, psychologists have reported at least two cases of young people who became very
unhappy when they didn’t get enough phone calls from friends.
a. written about b. asked about c. looked at
10. The young people became very unhappy when they didn’t receive enough phone calls from
friends.
480 a. make b. give c. get
XXXV
a. Dubai is becoming an increasingly difficult place to live.
b. Dubai is growing fast.
c. Dubai is now very similar to other cities in the world.
d. Dubai was a great city in the past but this has changed.
5102. Before the mid-1960s, many people in Dubai lived
a. in skyscrapers c. as fishermen and farmers
b. on small islands d. as oil workers
3. Which sentence about Dubai is NOT true?
a. Dubai now makes most of its money from selling oil.
515 b. There are a lot of foreigners working in Dubai.
c. Dubai gets many international visitors every year.
d. Dubai has created several man-made islands.
B. Summary: Complete the information about Dubai with words from the reading.
530Economy: Today the city earns most of its money from 1. ___________.
Growth: Dubai is one of the 2. ___________ -growing cities in the world.
Population: People from over 3. ____________ nations live in Dubai. For every one Dubai
native, there 4. _____________ foreigners.
Things to do and see: Relax on one of Dubai’s 5. ____________ or go 6.____________ in
535one of its many malls.
A. Write the number of the paragraph, which contains information about the following.
560 1. How aspirin works on the body. ______
2. The history of the development of aspirin. ______
3. How people should take aspirin. ______
B. Write the meaning of each word.
1. 'mild' (line 3): _________________________________
565 2. 'arthritis' (line 4): _______________________________
3. 'salicylates' (line 9): _____________________________
4. 'fever' (line 15): ________________________________
5. 'swallow' (line 19): ______________________________
6. 'crush' (line 20): ________________________________
570C. What do the following refer to?
XXXVII
1. 'it' (line 6): ________________________
2. 'these' (line 10): _____________________
3. 'It' (line 12): ________________________
4. 'their' (line 21): ______________________
575D. Answer the following questions.
1. Why is aspirin the most popular medicine in the world?
a) _________________________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
MAKING INFERENCES
Writers in English often do not explain everything to the reader. For example, sometimes they
585may not state the topic or tell the reader the time or place of a story. Often, the reader has to
guess these things. This is called making inferences.
Making inferences is a necessary reading skill. It helps you understand ideas, even when you
do not know all the words. Good readers make inferences all the time as they read.
Making inferences from conversations:
590In the following exercises, you will find part of a conversation. Read through the conversation
quickly and make some inferences about the people who are talking. What are they talking
about? Where are they? Work with another student.
Example:
Read the conversation and answer the questions below.
595 A: Look at the long line! Do you think we’ll get in?
B: I think so. Some of these people already have tickets.
A: How much are the tickets?
B: Only $ 4.50 for the first show. I’ll pay.
A: Thanks. I’ll buy some popcorn.
600 1. What are these people talking about? going to a movie
2. Where are they? in front of the movie theater
3. Which words helped you guess the topic? line, get in, tickets, show, popcorn
45
EXERCISE I
605A. Read the conversations and answer the questions below.
A: Do you think Mom and Dad will be late?
B: No. Swiss Air is usually on time.
A: But it’s raining so hard, and there is a lot of wind.
B: There’s no message on the announcement board, and they didn’t say anything to us at
610 the airline counter. They always make an announcement if the flight is late.
A: Well, I hope you’re right. I hate waiting around in these places!
A: Where to?
B: The airport.
A: Okay. How much time do you have?
630 B: About an hour.
A: I don’t know… there’s a lot of traffic now.
B: I can’t miss this flight!
A: Well, I’ll do my best.
B: Oh! Look out!
635 A: Listen, lady. Do you want to catch your flight?
XXXIX
B: I sure do.
A: Then close your eyes and keep quiet. And I’ll get you there on time.
640EXERCISE II:
A. Read the following short texts and choose the ideas that can be inferred.
1. Animals protect themselves from their enemies in interesting ways. Stronger ones fight,
some run away fast, others change color and ‘camouflage’ themselves. A species of
rabbit, the snowshoe hare, for example, is brown in summer and turns white in winter.
e) If an animal has the same color as its environment, it can stay alive more
650 easily.
2. ‘We can stay young forever.’ The message Dr. Shen Ziyin wants to give the world is that
he has found an answer to the problems of aging.
e) He is a young man.
660B. Read the following short texts and choose the ideas that can be inferred.
Unfortunately, bats have always been a source of fear for humans. There have been
people who thought that bats are dirty and evil. There have also been many untrue stories of
bats turning into humans or vampires like Count Dracula. This is perhaps because bats live in
barns, attics, and caves. They like any place that is cold and dark, and most bats fly at night.
665Actually, bats are wonderful creatures, the only mammals that can truly fly. A bat’s body is
made for flight, with its large chest and thin but powerful wings. Bats listen to echoes to find
and hunt for their food, insects. Some species also eat fruit.
1. a. The writer agrees with people who think that bats are dirty and evil.
b.The writer thinks bats are interesting animals with special characteristics.
675 b. Bats are dirty and dangerous because of their hunting habits.
XLI
695MISSING SENTENCES
You are going to read a magazine article. Three sentences have been removed from the
article. Choose the sentence from A-D, which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence.
A. They don’t just show people how they eat and sleep.
B. Soon many other counties will have new zoos, too.
C. The new zoos still have cages but they are very big.
D. For the first few days, he just sat in one place.
1. Zoos in the United States today are different from zoos in the past. The old zoos had
700 lots of cages. Even large animals were kept in cages. Often the cages had nothing in
them except an animal, and the animal looked very sad and lonely. _________. Many
animals live together in these cages. In fact they are not like cages at all. They look like
real wild areas, with trees, flowers, rocks and water.
705 2. The new zoos teach people a lot about animals. They show people how the animals
really live. ________. They also show the way animals have families, and how the
mothers take care of the babies. These zoos even show how animals form groups and
live together. In addition, the animals in the new zoos don’t look sad. Are they really
happy? They can’t tell us, of course, but they look healthier.
710
3. Zoo workers say that some animals change after they come to the big new cages. For
example, a young gorilla named Timmy was born at the Cleveland Zoo. For years he
lived in a small cage in a dark building. Then he was moved to the Bronx Zoo in New
York, to a large cage outside. _________. He usually sat on some rocks because he
715 didn’t like the feeling of the grass on his feet. Then, he started to move around a lot.
Later, he became very friendly with the other gorillas in the cage. After only a few
months, he became a father.
COINCIDENCES
720Before you read:
1. What coincidences have happened to you or people that you know?
2. How do you explain these coincidences?
3. What changes did they make on your life?
4. Are they just luck or fate?
4) ………………………..
It seems like an uncanny prediction, but was it? First of all, if you are going to write a book
about a ship, isn’t it likely that you would choose the biggest ship in the world? And which
755would be more dramatic, its first voyage or 23rd, an ordinary ship or unsinkable ship, everyone
survives or there aren’t enough lifeboats? Secondly, some facts are the natural results of other
50 XLIII
choices. A huge liner would probably have a name that meant ‘huge’, wouldn’t it? And what
was a common danger in the North Atlantic? Icebergs, of course. Looking at things in terms of
probability, the strange coincidences don’t seem so strange after all.
7605) ………………………..
Another way of explaining coincidences is that we notice them simply because they are
unusual. So you remember meeting your neighbor when you are on holiday, and you think
that’s amazing, but you don’t remember all the times that you go on holiday without meeting
one of your neighbors.
7656) ………………………..
It must be said, however, that some coincidences are hard to explain in terms of probability or
selective memory. Take the case of the young architect who in 1971 tried to commit suicide by
jumping in front of a London Underground train. The train pulled up just in time and the
architect survived. But the train driver hadn’t stopped the train. A passenger who had no idea
770what was happening had pulled the emergency cord. Talking about the incident later, he said
that he had suddenly felt ‘driven’ to stop the train. Pure chance or mysterious force? Can we
really be certain?
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
c) What other explanation is suggested?
______________________________________________________________________
790 ________________________________________
3. Match the underlined phrasal verbs from the text and the definitions
1) broke down a) stuck
3) pinned up c) happened
8) pulled up h) consider
4. Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as;
to repair: _________________________________________
XLV
to kill yourself: ________________________________________
MARKETING PERFUME
8151 “Perfume” says expert perfumer Sophia Grossman is “a promise in a bottle”. That
promise might be reflected in a perfume’s name: Joy, Pleasures, or Beautiful, for example.
Millions of dollars are spent on the marketing of a perfume, trying to get customers to connect
luxury, attraction, or attitude to a fragrance.
2 Even without all the marketing, fragrance has power over our thoughts and emotions.
820Some scientists insist that memory and smell are especially closely linked. Certain aromas
have the power to call up deep memories. Perfume makers are aware of this and use aromas
that can touch us deeply.
A. Match the words in bold in the text with the following meanings.
1. show, indicate (v) _____________________________
850 2. feeling (n) ___________________________________
3. connected ____________________________________
4. launch (v) ____________________________________
5. earn (v) ______________________________________
6. come or develop from sth. (v) _____________________
855 7. difficult to find (adj) _________________________________
8. get (v) _______________________________________
9. expert (n) ____________________________________
10. brightness (n) __________________________________
11. top (adj) ______________________________________
860 12. put in a place for people to see (v) __________________
13. stress (v) _____________________________________
14. come before (v) _________________________________
15. be successful (v) ___________________________________
16. an idea/feeling you get about sb./ sth. (n) _________________
865B. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
a. The perfume industry uses marketing to sell an idea.
b. Perfume provides joy, pleasure, and beauty to customers.
c. The perfume industry makes promises it can rarely keep.
8702. In paragraph 3, the phrase run through is closest in meaning to
a. use up
b. move into
c. produce
3. According to Harry Fremont, good fragrance is a balance between.
875 a) flower and wood essences
b) plant and man-made essences
XLVII
c) rare and difficult-to-obtain essences
d) natural and man-made essences
4. According to the author, in perfume sales, presentation is __________________ the product.
880 a) at least as important as
b) much more important than
c) nearly as important as
d) not as important as
5. What is probably the main reason that Sephora’s perfumes are so well guarded?
885 a) Each bottle is worth over 1,000 dollars.
b) The store has been robbed many times.
c) It is a way to impress customers.
d) French stores are normally well guarded.
C. Match the headings with the paragraph they describe.
890 1. Paragraph 2 ____ a. American-Style Marketing
2. Paragraph 3 ____ b. The Power of Fragrance
3. Paragraph 4 ____ c. Secret Ingredients
4. Paragraph 5 ____ d. High Risks, Great Rewards
5. Paragraph 6 ____ e. A Stylish Shop
895 CRIME
THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH
How can the truth be discovered? Is there a reliable and safe way to make sure others
are telling the truth?
1) ________ . According to the story, King Solomon, who was renowned for his
900wisdom, was once faced with two women both claiming to be the mother of the same baby. He
threatened to cut the baby in half in order to settle the disagreement. The truth was revealed
instantly when the real mother offered to give up her baby rather than see it die. Of course,
interrogators who lack Solomon’s legendary wisdom have to rely on other methods to discover
the truth.
905 2) ________ . In the past, the basic techniques used to get prisoners to reveal the truth
varied. They included physical torture; depriving prisoners of sleep, making them stand for
hours with their arms stretched above their heads, putting them in solitary confinement, a
practice which is still employed today.
55
In modern times the techniques commonly used cause psychological rather than
910physical suffering. These methods may be effective in making prisoners or suspects talk, but
when people are forced to confess, do they always tell the truth? 3) _______ . Obviously, the
problem of distinguishing between lies and truth remains.
4) ________ . Stress creates physical symptoms, which can be recorded when trying to
decide whether a person is telling the truth, or not. The device used to record these symptoms is
915called a lie detector or polygraph. It is widely used by police and other agencies. It indicates
whether the person is being honest as it records changes in the heart rate, blood pressure and
other physical factors during questioning.
Most polygraph experts now admit that the method is not perfect, as even an innocent
person will feel under stress when faced with a serious accusation. As a result, a more accurate
920technique has been developed. 5) _______ . Since most people would be guilty of this to some
extent, the polygraph will show some stress caused by the denial of the truth. For innocent
people, this will be the highest stress they show, while a murderer will become even more
stressed when denying a question about his or her involvement in the murder.
Recently, it has been shown that people can be trained to trick lie-detecting machines.
9256) _______ . The fact remains, however, that some people make better liars than others. 7)
_______ . The basic problem with all the methods is that if the person is in control, they can
easily mislead their questioners, while if the person is not in control due to pain or drugs, what
they say may not be true at all.
Exercise: Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from sentences a-h to fill
930in each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence.
a. Perhaps the best-known scientific method relies on the fact that lying causes stress.
b. The question remains: Is there really a foolproof way of finding the truth?
c. With this technique, the person being questioned is instructed to deny questions like
“Before 1990, did you ever do anything dishonest?”
935 d. Pain is no longer used to make people talk.
e. A good deceiver can control even clues like body language, tone of voice and eye
contact.
f. A king used one of the best-known and cleverest solutions in ancient times.
g. By biting their tongues or counting backwards, guilty people can make themselves
940 appear under stress when answering innocent questions, and this often makes the results
inaccurate.
XLIX
h. If a prisoner, for example, is made to suffer a lot, it seems obvious that false confessions
may be given just to satisfy the interrogator.
1. Women drivers are the safest people 7. Ealing’s Simon Welsh felt that the
on the road, says a government sex of the driver was irrelevant: ‘If
report. you’re a bad driver, you are a bad
driver’ he said. ‘It doesn’t matter
2. Researcher Dr. Jeremy Broughton
whether you are a man or a woman.
analyzed every road accident in
Then again, there’s been no trouble
Britain for one year and the results
with the female drivers I’ve known.’
contradict all men who ever said the
immortal phrase: ‘Women drivers 8. Ada Smith of Harrow reckons that
are terrible!!!’ the load a woman carries in the car
3. The report clearly shows that women makes a difference: ‘They have to
are safe drivers. But Dr. Broughton’s carry the children’ she explained.
findings have come under fire from And she added their drinking habits
local men. It seems tradition dies made them safer road users. ‘They
hard. don’t drink as much as men. Men are
always being stopped for drinking
4. ‘No way are women safer drivers.’ and driving.’
said Ealing Post Office worker Ian
Lewis. ‘I drive a van every day and 9. It seems that men feel they are in
they are terrible.’ control of any situation behind the
5. ‘They pull out in front of other cars wheel, whereas women feel that the
and slow down all the traffic’ said females’ cautious and less aggressive
fellow Ealing Post Office worker approach to driving is safer.
Paul Bedworth.
10. But perhaps Carol Williams from
6. However, the women thought Harrow best summed up the
differently; ‘Women are much safer situation: ‘They are both as bad as
because they’re much more each other’ she said.
cautious’ said Chiswick resident
Lynne Christian. ‘They are slower’
she added, ‘But that’s why they’re
better and safer.’
LI
985 c) say the same
d) criticize
8. The word “immortal” (paragraph 2) means
a) famous b) important c) dead d) funny
9. The phrase, “pull out” (paragraph 5) means
990 a) move in a direction c) pull another car
b) drive very fast d) carry heavy loads
10. The word “cautious” (paragraph 6) means
a) intelligent b) excited c) careful d) understanding
11 I in paragraph 4 refers to
995 a) Dr. Broughton c) the writer
b) Paul Bedworth d) Ian Lewis
12. their in paragraph 8 refers to
a) children’s b) women’s c) road user’s d) men’s
13. They in paragraph 10 refers to
1000 a) women drivers c) women and men drivers
b) men drivers d) drinking drivers
TATTOO ART
I Jack laid, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger stabbed him with
1005sharp needles, causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend
Tony had recently gotten a tattoo, and Jack was so impressed by Tony’s bravery and his tattoo
that he decided to get one too. Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just
one of the reasons why a lot of young people get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and
personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today.
1010II The desire to be a part of a group, to be accepted by one’s friends or peers, can have a
great influence on what a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you
belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular
group. For example, in one gang all the members may wear green army jackets and have large
‘Xs’ tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs that have this type of special ‘uniform’. Young
1015people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups wear only brand-name
clothes. Some wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person’s friends are all
doing something, such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and
get a tattoo too.
III The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos. A wide variety of
1020media images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling
expensive cars. Famous sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models are
often seen in magazines and on TV wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed
with detailed and colorful patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success,
and status. As a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and status value.
1025IV It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a person getting
a tattoo. Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their
beliefs, or their feelings – in other words to show their individuality. A musician in a rock band
may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of
endangered animals on their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each other’s names over their hearts.
1030A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person’s life.
V As you can see, there are many reasons why people get tattoos. A tattoo can be a part of
a group’s uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an expression of individuality. The
decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or desire to
express oneself. For Jack, it was a mixture of all three.
1035A. Are the following sentences TRUE or FALSE? Explain your answer.
1- Jack got a tattoo to show he was as brave as his friend Tony. ________
2- Some people wear special clothes to show they belong to a group. _______
3- Some musicians wear tattoos so that people know what instrument they play. _______
B. Choose the correct alternative
1040 1. As a result of media images of tattoos,
a. more and more people want to have expensive cars.
b. people are influenced by ideas of wealth, success and status.
c. fashion designers choose only models who wear tattoos.
d. sports stars get tattoos to appear in magazines.
1045 2. People get tattoos most often because
a. they want to be part of a group.
b. wearing a tattoo is fashionable.
c. they don’t mind the blood and the pain.
60 LIII
d. of their friends, the media or the need to express themselves.
1050 3. The purpose of the article is:
a. to explain why people decide to get a tattoo.
b. to describe Jack’s experience with his leg tattoo.
c. to persuade people not to get a tattoo.
d. to help people to express themselves.
A SOUND BODY
‘Early to bed and early to rise,
Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.’
1070 Those were the words of Benjamin Franklin, a famous eighteenth – century American
author and inventor. Today, few busy adults can follow Franklin’s advice, but most of them are
very concerned about their health. In 1982, people in this country spent about $287 billion on
health care, but all those doctors and pills aren’t the only evidence that Americans really try to
stay well. A public opinion poll showed that 81 percent of all Americans rated good health
1075almost as important as a happy family life. Another survey showed that the average American
expects to live to be 77, and that almost a quarter of the people expect to live to be 86. One
third of the people who participated in the second survey said that they do not eat sugar. One
half of them said that they take vitamin pills, and more than one half said that they take part in
a regular programme of physical fitness. In today’s crazy world, people feel that they have no
1080control over the major events that affect their lives, but they feel that they can control their own
bodies.
For many people, good health starts at the dinner table. Too much food means too many
kilos, so a health conscious person tries to limit the quantity of food he or she eats. However,
the quality of a diet also affects a person’s health. That’s why some people avoid fatty foods,
1085foods with caffeine, foods with sugar or salt in them and foods with added chemicals. Farmers
spray their plants with insecticides in order to kill insects, but do these chemicals kill people,
too? Cattle producers feed their cows certain drugs to make them fat, but are these drugs good
for human beings? Are the chemicals that keep the food fresh harmful to our bodies when we
eat so many of them? These questions trouble many people, and they refuse to eat anything but
1090‘natural’ foods. That’s why; when you shop for groceries in American supermarkets today, you
will often see labels that say ‘No preservatives’ or ‘No artificial ingredients’, or ‘All natural
flavors’.
But diet is not the only thing that health-conscious people want to control. They also
want to maintain their good health through regular exercise. The most popular activity for men
1095is walking, with weightlifting next. Women also rate walking most popular, but many women
also like yoga or aerobic dancing. Young people often play competitive sports such as softball,
baseball, basketball or football. Although most middle-aged people don’t play these sports very
often, they participate in sports like tennis, golf, or bowling. But, curiously, the group that tries
to get the most exercise (usually walking) is not the young or the middle-aged; it’s the elderly.
1100Old people take care of themselves more than people in their 40s or 50s, perhaps because old
people think more about dying.
At one time, people thought that only athletes should care a lot about sports, and that the
mind was more important than the body. But nowadays, many people realize that they must
keep a balance between the two. A Latin proverb recommends ‘a sound mind in a sound body.’
1105It’s old advice, but a lot of people take it seriously.
LV
b) pleased with d) bored with
2. ‘a public opinion poll’ probably means
1115 a) a political election c) a health campaign
b) gymnastic exercise d) a scientific survey
C. Are the following sentences TRUE or FALSE according to the information in the text?
Explain your answer.
____ 1. Most Americans are of the opinion that a happy family life is less important than
1120 good health.
___________________________________________________
____ 2. About one third of the Americans think that sugar is bad for health.
___________________________________________________
____ 3. Some people think that they can only control the major events that affect their
1125 lives by controlling their bodies.
____________________________________________________
____ 4. People over the age of sixty-five generally try to avoid exercise.
____________________________________________________
____ 5. Today people no longer believe that sports are important only for athletes.
1130 _____________________________________________________
D. Fill in the blanks with the help of the information in the text.
1. The (a) _____________ of food a person eats and the (b) ______________ of a diet are
two of the factors that have an effect on a person’s health.
2. Many people refuse to eat anything but ‘natural’ foods, thinking that the chemicals that
1135 keep foods fresh might be __________________.
3. In addition to a healthy diet, getting __________________ also helps people maintain
their good health.
1140
LVII
1180around the globe live on less than 1 dollar a day. Making genetically modified crops
available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population
cannot afford to buy them because they are expensive. Another difficulty is the problem of food
distribution. 7._______________________ Especially in countries with undeveloped means of
transport, geography restricts food availability and many biotech products won't even reach the
1185regions where they are most needed. To overcome this problem, there is a need for better
collaboration between governments and private biotech firms.
7 In brief, biotech is not a miracle but it promises to transform agriculture in many
developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who
could suffer for years.
1190A. Put the sentences into the correct places left in the text.
a. Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone but much of it is
simply in the wrong place.
b. Genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage.
c. In developing countries, crop loss is only one cause of hunger.
1195 d. The European corn boreri, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn
crops annually.
e. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries.
f. About 400 million young women are iron deficient, which means they don't have
enough iron in their bodies.
1200 g. In rich countries, there is a wide range of foods to choose from and a supply that easily
meets the needs of the population.
i
European corn borer which is also known as Ostrinia nubilalis, is a kind of insect of European
origin.
1205B. Find words in the text that mean the following. Write only ONE word on each line, and
do not change the form of the word.
1. be greater than (v) (paragraph 1) _________________________________
2. insufficiency (n) (paragraph 4) ___________________________________
3. limits (v) (paragraph 6) _________________________________________
1210 4. cooperation (n) (paragraph 6) ____________________________________
65
i