Calculate the vapor pressure at 25C of an aqueous solution that is 5.35% NaCl by mass.

and it wants the final answer in

torr Psoln = (Xsolvent)(Pvap of pure solvent) is the equation i believe im suppose to use i think the Pvap of water is
760 torr

Benzene, C6H6, has a boiling point of 80 degrees Celsius. The density of benzene vapor in equilibrium with liquid
benzene at 50 degrees Celsius is 1.153 g/L. What is the vapor pressure of benzene in mmHg at 50 degrees
Celsius?

the vapor pressure of a glucose (C6H12O6) solution is 17.01 mm Hg at 20 degrees Celcius, while that of pure
H2O is 17.25 mm Hg at the same temperature. Calculate the molality of the solution.
Colligative Properties of Solutions
17.4) Vapor Pressure Lowering - Raoult’s Law
17.5) Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
17.6) Osmotic Pressure

We’ll start by focusing on nonvolatile nonelectrolitic solutes(e.g. sucrose in H2O)

Later: volatile solutes, electrolytic solutes
Raoult’s Law:
Psolvent = Xsolvent P°solvent
X is the mole fraction

Figure 17.8, Zumdahl

Example: Vapor Pressure Lowering
Problem:
Calculate the vapor pressure lowering (∆P) when 175g ofsucrose is dissolved into 350.00 ml of water at 75°C. The
vapor pressure of pure water at 75°C is 289.1 mm Hg, and it’s density is 0.97489 g/ml.

Plan: Calculate the change in pressure from Raoult’s law using the vapor pressure of pure water at 75°C. We calculate
the mole fraction of sugar in solution using the molecular formula of sucrose and density of water at 75°C.

Solution:
molar mass of sucrose ( C12H22O11) = 342.30 g/mol
175g sucrose___
342.30g sucrose/mol = 0.51125 mol sucrose

350.00 ml H2O x 0.97489g H2O = 341.21g H2O

ml H2O

341.21 g H2O_
18.02g H2O/mol = 18.935 mol H2OVapor Pressure Lowering (cont)

Xsucrose = mole sucrose________

moles of water + moles of sucrose

= 0.51125 mole sucrose = 0.2629

18.935 mol H2O + 0.51125 mol sucrose

∆P = Xsucrose * PoH2O = 0.2629 x 289.1 mm Hg = 7.600 mm Hg

Vapor Pressure lowering:

∆P = Xsolute P°solvent

Boiling Point Elevation

Recall: The normal boiling point (Tb) of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals atmospheric
pressure. Nonvolatile solutes lower the vapor pressure of a liquid Æ greater temperature required to reach boiling point

Boiling Point Elevation:

∆Tb = Kbmsolute

Kb = Molal boiling point constant for given liquid

msolute = molal solute concentration
Kb = Molal boiling point constant for given liquid

Freezing Point Depression:

∆Tf = KfmsoluteKf
= Molal freezing point constant for given liquid

Example: Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression in an aqueous solution

Problem: We add 475g of sucrose (sugar) to 600g of water. What will be the Freezing and Boiling points of the
solution?

Plan: Find the molality of the sucrose solution, and apply the equations for FP depression and BP elevation using the
constants from table 17.5.

Solution:
Sucrose (C12H22O11) has molar mass = 342.30 g/mol
475g sucrose___
342.30gsucrose/mol = 1.388 mole sucrose

molality =
1.388 mole sucrose
0.600 kg H2O = 2.313 m

∆Tb
= Kb . m = (2.313m)= 1.18oC

BP = 100.00oC + 1.18oC
= 101.18oC
0.512oC
m
∆Tf
= Kf
.
m= (2.313 m) = 4.30
o
C
FP = 0.00oC -4.30oC= -4.30oC
1.86oC
m
Example: Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point
Depression in a Non-Aqueous Solution
Problem: Calculate the Boiling Point and Freezing Point of a
solution having 257g of napthalene (C10
H8
) dissolved into 500.00g of
chloroform (CHCl3
.(
Plan: Just like the first example.
Solution: napthalene = 128.16g/mol chloroform = 119.37g/mol
molesnap
 = =2.0053 mol nap
257g nap
128.16g/mol
molality = = = 4.01 m
moles nap
kg(CHCl3
(
2.0053 mol
0.500 kg
∆Tb
= Kb
.
m= (4.01m) = 14.56
o
C normal BP = 61.7
o
C
new BP = 76.3
o
C
3.63
o
C
m
∆Tf
= Kf
.
m= (4.01m) =18.85
o
C normal FP = - 63.5
o
C
new FP = - 82.4
o
C
4.70
o
C
mOsmosis: The flow of solvent through a
semipermeable membrane into a solution
The semipermeable membrane allows solvent
molecules to pass, but not solute molecules
See Figures
17.15, 17.16
Osmotic Pressure, Π = MRT
(similar to ideal gas law!)
R = gas constant
M = molar concentration of solute
Determining Molar Mass from
Osmotic Pressure
Problem: A physician studying hemoglobin dissolves 21.5mg of the
protein in water at 5.0
o
C to make 1.5 ml of solution in order to
measure its osmotic pressure. At equilibrium, the solution has an
osmotic pressure of 3.61 torr. What is the molar mass (M) of the
hemoglobin?
Plan: We know Π, R, and T. We convert Π from torr to atm, and T
from
o
C to K, and then use the osmotic pressure equation to solve for
molarity (M). Then we calculate the number of moles of hemoglobin
from the known volume and use the known mass to find M.
Solution:
P = 3.61 torr
.
= 0.00475 atm
1 atm
760 torr
Temp = 5.0
0
C + 273.15 = 278.15 K
Molar Mass from Osmotic Pressure
M= = = 2.08 x10
-4
M
Π
RT
0.00475 atm
0.082 L atm (278.2 K)
mol K
Finding # moles of solute:
n=M.
V=
.
0.00150 L soln = 3.12 x10
-7
mol
2.08 x10
-4
mol
L soln
Calculating molar mass of Hemoglobin (after changing mg to g):
M = = 6.89 x10
4
g/mol
0.0215 g
3.12 x10
-7
mol
Concentration from osmotic pressure:We started with nonvolatile nonelectrolytes (e.g. sucrose/H2O)
Now let’s look at volatile solutes and electrolytes
Colligative Properties of Solutions
17.4) Vapor Pressure Lowering - Raoult’s Law
17.5) Boiling Point Elevation
and Freezing Point Depression
17.6) Osmotic Pressure
Colligative Properties of Volatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions
From Raoult’s law: Psolvent
= Xsolvent
.
P
0
solvent
and Psolute
= Xsolute
.
P
0
solute
Consider a solution having equal molar quantities of acetone and
chloroform, Xacetone
= XCHCl3
= 0.500. At 35
0
C, the vapor pressure of
pure acetone = 345 torr and pure chloroform = 293 torr.
¾ Determine the vapor pressure of the solution and the partial
pressure of each component. What are the mole fractions, X, of each
component in the vapor phase?
Pacetone
= Xacetone
.
P
0
acetone
= 0.500
.
345 torr = 172.5 torr
PCHCl3
= XCHCl3
.
P
0
CHCl3
= 0.500
.
293 torr = 146.5 torr
From Dalton’s law of partial pressures we know that XA
=
PA
PTotal
Xacetone
= = = 0.541
Pacetone
PTotal
172.5 torr
172.5 + 146.5 torr
XCHCl3
= = = 0.459
PCHCl3
PTotal
 146.5 torr
172.5 + 146.5 torr
Total Pressure = 319.0 torr
Vapor is enriched in acetone!
Non-ideal solutions
ƒ Ideal behavior is approached when solute and solvent are
involved in similar intermolecular interactions (∆Hsoln
= 0)
ƒ When weaker solvent-solute interactions occur, heat is removed
upon dissolving (∆Hsoln
> 0)
Æ the observed vapor pressure is higher than ideal
ƒ When stronger solute-solvent interactions occur, heat is released
upon dissolving (∆Hsoln
< 0)
Æ the observed vapor pressure is lower than ideal
Figure 17.11Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions
For ionic solutions we must take into account the number of ions present!
i = van’t Hoff factor = “ionic strength”, or the number of ions present
For Electrolyte Solutions:
vapor pressure lowering: P = i Xsolute
P
0
solvent
boiling point elevation: Tb
= i Kb
m
freezing point depression: Tf
= i Kf
m
osmotic pressure: π = i MRT
Non-ideal Behavior
of Electrolyte
Solutions
(0.05m aqueous)
See Table 17.6