1.

30:

7.8 km, 38 north of  east



1.32:

a) 11.1 m @ 77.6
 b) 28.5 m @ 202
c) 11.1 m @ 258
d) 28.5 m @ 22
1.33:

144 m, 41 south of  west.



1.34:


A; A x  12.0 msin 37.0  7.2 m, A y  12.0 m cos 37.0  9.6 m.
 
1.35:

B ; B x  15.0 m  cos 40.0  11 .5 m,  B y  15 .0 m  sin 40.0  9.6 m.
 


C ; C  x  6.0 m  cos 60.0  3.0 m, C  y  6.0 m  sin 60.0  5.2 m.
 

 A y  1.00 m
1.36: (a)  tan θ     0.500
 A X  2.00 m
 θ   tan 1  0.500  360 
 26.6

 333 

 A y 1.00 m
(b)  tan θ     0.500
 A x 2.00 m
θ   tan 1 0.500  26.6 

 A y 1.00 m
(c )  tan θ     0.500
 A x  2.00 m

θ   tan 1  0.500  180 

 26.6

 153


 A y  1.00 m
(d)   tan θ     0.500
 A x  2.00 m

tan 1 0.500  180  26.6  207

θ  
  

1.37: Take the + x-direction to be forward and the + y-direction to be upward. Then the
second force has components  F 2 x   F 2 cos 32.4  433 N and  F 2 y   F 2 sin32.4  275 N.
 

The first force has components  F 1 x  725 N and F 1 y  0.

 F  x   F 1 x  F 2 x  1158  N  and  F  y   F 1 y  F 2 y  275 N

The resultant force is 1190 N in the direction 13.4 above the forward direction. 

1.38: (The figure is given with the solution to Exercise 1.31).

o
The net northward displacement is (2.6 km) + (3.1 km) sin 45  = 4.8 km, and the net
o
eastward displacement is (4.0 km) + (3.1 km) cos 45  = 6.2 km. The magnitude of
the resultant displacement is (4.8 km)2  (6.2 km)2  = 7.8 km, and the direction is
arctan  64..28  = 38o north of east.


1.39: Using components as a check for any graphical method, the components of B  are

 B x  14.4 m and  B y  10.8 m, A has one component,  A x  12 m .
a) The  x -  and  y - components of the sum are 2.4 m and 10.8 m, for a magnitude of

2.4 m2  10.8 m2  11.1 m, , and an angle of   10.8    77.6 . 

  2.4  
  b) The magnitude and direction of A + B are the same as B + A.
c) The x- and y-components of the vector difference are –  26.4 m and  10.8 m, for a
magnitude of 28.5 m and a direction arctan  1026..84   202 .  Note that 180
 
must be added to
arctan  10.8
26.4
  arctan1026..84   22  in order to give an angle in the third quadrant.


 
d) B   A  14.4 mi   10.8 m j   12.0 mi   26.4 mi   10.8 mj .
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ

26.4 m2  10 .8 m2  28 .5 m at and angle of  arctan 

10.8  
Magnitude    22 .2 .


 26.4  

1.40: Using Equations (1.8) and (1.9), the magnitude and direction of each of the given
vectors is:

a) (8.6 cm) 2  (5.20 cm) 2  = 10.0 cm, arctan  58.20.60   = 148.8o (which is 180o
 –  31.2o).

 b) (9.7 m) 2  (2.45 m) 2 = 10.0 m, arctan  29.45.7   = 14o + 180o = 194o.

c) (7.75 km) 2  (2.70 km) 2 = 8.21 km, arctan  7.275.7   = 340.8o (which is



o o
360  –  19.2 ).

1.41:

The total northward displacement is 3.25 km  1.50 km  1.75 km, , and the total
westward displacement is 4.75 km . The magnitude of the net displacement is
1.75 km2  4.75 km2  5.06 km. The south and west displacements are the same, so
The direction of the net displacement is 69.80 West of North.


1.42: a) The x- and y-components of the sum are 1.30 cm + 4.10 cm = 5.40 cm,
2.25 cm + ( – 3.75 cm) =  – 1.50 cm.
  b) Using Equations (1-8) and (1-9),

(5.4 0 cm) 2 (1.50 cm) 2 = 5.60 cm, arctan  15..5040   = 344.5o ccw.

c) Similarly, 4.10 cm  –  (1.30 cm) = 2.80 cm, – 3.75 cm –  (2.25 cm) =  – 6.00 cm.

d) (2.80 cm) 2  (6.0 cm) 2  = 6.62 cm, arctan  26.80.00   = 295o (which is 360o  –  65o).
 
1.43: a) The magnitude of A  B  is
 2.80 cm cos 60.0  1.90 cm cos 60.0 2    

   2.48 cm
  2.80 cm sin 60.0  1.90 cm sin 60.0  
2  

   
and the angle is
  2.80 cm sin 60.0  1.90 cmsin 60.0    

arctan    18 

  2.80 cm cos 60.0  1.90 cm cos 60.0  

 

 
 b) The magnitude of  A  B  is
 2.80 cm cos 60.0  1.90 cm cos 60.0 2    

   4.10 cm
  2.80 cm sin 60.0  1.90 cm sin 60.0  
2  

   
and the angle is
  2.80 cm sin 60.0  1.90 cmsin 60.0    

arctan    84 

  2.80 cm cos 60.0  1.90 cm cos 60.0  

 

   
c) B   A  A  B ; the magnitude is 4.10 cm and the angle is 84  180  264 .   

1.44: A = ( – 12.0 m) i ̂ . More precisely,

  

A  12.0 m  cos 180 i   12.0 m  sin 180

  
 j .

 

B   18.0 m  cos 37 i   18.0 m  sin 37  j   14.4 m i 
ˆ
 
 ˆ ˆ
 10.8 m  j 
ˆ
 
1.45: A  12.0 m sin 37.0 i   12.0 m cos 37.0  j   7.2 m i   9.6 m j 

ˆ

ˆ ˆ ˆ


B   15.0 m cos 40.0 i   15.0 m  sin 40.0  j   11.5 m i   9.6 m  j 
 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ


C   6.0 m cos 60.0 i   6.0 m  sin 60.0  j   3.0 m i   5.2 m  j 
 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ


1.46: a) A  3.60 m  cos 70.0 i   3.60 msin 70.0  j   1.23 mi   3.38 m j 

ˆ

ˆ ˆ ˆ


B   2.40 m  cos 30.0 i   2.40 m sin 30.0  j    2.08 mi     1.20 m j 
 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ

 b)
  
C   3.00  A  4.00B 
 3.001.23 m i   3.003.38 m  j   4.00  2.08 m i   4.00  1.20 m  j 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ

 12.01 m i   14.94  j 

ˆ ˆ

(Note that in adding components, the fourth figure becomes significant.)

c) From Equations (1.8) and (1.9),
 14.94 m 
C   12.01 m   14.94 m   19.17 m, arctan    51.2
2 2 

 12.01 m 

1.47: a)  A  4.002  3.002  5.00, B 5.002  2.002  5.39

 
 b) A  B   4.00  3.00i   5.00   2.00 j    1.00i   5.00 j 
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ

  5.00  
c) 1.00 2  5.002  5.10, arctan   101 .3


 - 1.00  

d)

1.48: a) i    j   k   12  12  12  3  1  so it is not a unit vector

ˆ ˆ ˆ


A   A x   A y  A z 
2 2 2
 b)


If any component is greater than + 1 or less than – 1, A  1, so it cannot be a unit

vector. A can have negative components since the minus sign goes away when the
component is squared.
 c)

A 1

a 3.0   a 4.0   1
2 2 2 2

25  1
2
a

1
a  0.20
5.0

 
1.49: a) Let A   A x i   A y  j ,
ˆ ˆ
B    B x i   B y  j .
ˆ ˆ

 
A  B    A x   B x i    A y   B y  j 
ˆ ˆ

 
B   A   B x   A x i    B y   A y  j 
ˆ ˆ

   
Scalar addition is commutative, so A  B   B   A
 
A  B    A x B x   A y B y
 
B   A   B x A x   B y A y

   
Scalar multiplication is commutative, so A  B   B   A
 
 b)   
A  B    A y B z    A z  B y i    A z  B x   A x B z   j    A x B y   A y B x k 
ˆ ˆ
 ˆ

 
B  A   B  A  y  z   B  A i    B  A
 z   y
ˆ

 z   x  B  A  j    B  A

 x  z 
ˆ

 x  y  B A k 
 y  x
ˆ

Comparison of each component in each vector product shows that one is the negative of
the other.

1.50: Method 1: Pr oduct of  magnitudes  cos θ 

AB cos θ   12 m  15 m  cos 93  9.4 m 2


BC cos θ   15 m  6 m  cos 80  15.6 m 2 

AC cos θ   12 m  6 m  cos 187  71.5 m 2 

Method 2: (Sum of products of components)

A  B  7.22  (11.49)  (9.58)( 9.64)  9.4 m
2

BC  (11.49)( 3.0)  (9.64)( 5.20)  15.6 m 2

AC  (7.22)(3.0)  (9.58)( 5.20)  71.5 m 2
1.51: a) From Eq.(1.21),
 
A  B   4.005.00  3.00 2.00  14.00.

 b) AB  AB cos θ , so θ   arccos 14 .00  5.00  5.39   arccos.5195   58 .7 . 

1.52: For all of these pairs of vectors, the angle is found from combining Equations
(1.18) and (1.21), to give the angle  as

 
  A  B     A  B   A y B y  
   arccos    arccos  x  x
 .
   AB      AB  

In the intermediate calculations given here, the significant figures in the dot
 products and in the magnitudes of the vectors are suppressed.

 
a) A  B    22,  A  40, B  13, and so

   22  
   arccos    165 
.
  40 13 

    60  
 b) A  B   60,  A  34, B  136,    arccos   28 
.
  34 136 
 
c) A  B   0,    90.