ZOO100 – Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny

Name/s: Bashier Jailani, Abigail Aglobo, Rey Tristan Dely, Date Oct. 12,2021
Jaynald Postrado, Perry Eucare

Section AB328 Instructor Thucydides Salunga,

PhD

Exercise 2 – External Anatomy and Taxonomy of Vertebrates

I. Objectives:
For this exercise, the student shall:
1) describe the external features of some representative vertebrate organisms
2) distinguish major taxonomic classes of vertebrates based on their morphology

II. Methodology:
Refer to Chapter 2 of Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (3 rd ed.) when examining
various preserved specimens of selected vertebrates. These selected specimens include the
following:

1) male and female dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

2) teleost (any ray-finned bony fish)
3) cane toad (Rhinella marina)
4) monitor lizard (Varanus sp.)
5) bird (any carinate)
5) cat (Felis catus)

For illustrating the external anatomy of the listed specimens, kindly refer to the guidelines
listed below (Based on Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, 2nd ed., with some revisions).

Guidelines for Drawing in the Anatomy Laboratory

1. Illustrations of observed specimens should be drawn in the boxes provided in the next
section. All drawings and labels must be made with pencil on good quality paper. Colors,
shading, crosshatching, etc., are undesirable and should be avoided. Drawings made
otherwise as specified here will not be accepted.

2. Drawing are to be line drawings only. Every line must represent a structure actually present
on the specimen. Correct proportions are of utmost importance. Lines must be smooth and
clean. It is best to outline the drawing first with very light lines, correcting these until
accurate appearance and proportions are obtained. Erase the light lines and go over them
with a well-sharpened pencil, making the final lines firm and clear.

3. Drawings are not to be diagrammatized. To differentiate between a diagram and a drawing,

examine the example below. These two figures are illustration of the same structures, with
Figure 1A being a diagram and Figure 1B being a line drawing of the same structure (Figure
1B represents the upper part of Figure 1A).

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 Figure 1. A schematic diagram (A) and a line drawing (B) of the neural tube formation in
chordates.Source: Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, 2nd ed.

4. All drawings must be made directly from the object with the object before the student and
completed in the laboratory. The making of rough sketches in the laboratory to be
“improved” elsewhere is unscientific, inaccurate, and absolutely not permitted.

5. Remember that the prime requisite of a drawing is accuracy. A drawing is for the instructor a
record of what you have actually seen upon your specimen. If you have not observed the
structures called for, then it is obvious that you cannot draw them accurately. Poor
laboratory work invariably reflects itself in the quality of the drawings.

6. All drawings must be thoroughly labeled. Every drawing must be completely labeled
regardless of whether the same structures have already been labeled in some preceding
drawing. Labels are to be written in pencil parallel to the top and bottom edges of the paper,
and lines drawn with a ruler from the labels to the parts indicated. Labels for some sizable
regions of the body may require the use of brackets. Labels should also be as descriptive as
possible. For example, the caudal fin of a lungfish should be labeled as “Diphycercal caudal
fin.”

7. Taxonomic labels needed for each specimen should also be supplied. Be sure to refer to
credible, up-to-date sources for the taxonomic classification of the specimens.

8. The drawings will be submitted at the end of the laboratory session. Submissions made
beyond class hours will not be accepted.

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III. Laboratory Output
Draw the specimens on the space provided and label the parts indicated. Take note of the
best aspect in which to draw the specimens (dorsal view, ventral view, lateral view, etc.) where
you will be able to label all the structures required. You may make additional drawings of
different aspects if you deem it necessary.

1) Male and female dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Structures: trunk region, tail region, rostrum, nostrils, spiracle, gill slits, lateral line, eyes,
pectoral fins, pelvic fins, dorsal fin, caudal fin, claspers (in males), cloacal aperture

2) Any teleost (modern bony fish)

Structures: trunk region, tail region, operculum, branchiostegal membrane, pectoral fin,
pelvic fin, anal fin, dorsal fin, caudal fin, eyes, nostrils

3)Cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Structures: snout, external nares, eyes, tympanum, forelimb (including upper arm, forearm,
and manus), hindlimb (including thigh, shank/crus, and pes), digits, cloacal aperture

4) Monitor lizard (Varanus sp.)

Structures: snout, external nares, eyes, tympanum, forelimb (including upper arm, forearm,
and manus), hindlimb (including thigh, shank/crus, and pes), digits, cloacal aperture,
epidermal scales, head shields, ventral shields

5) Any carinate
Structures: head, neck, trunk, uropygium, beak, eyes, external nares, rectrices, remiges
(including primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries), hindlimb, digits

6) Cat (Felis catus)

Structures: head, trunk, tail, eyes, nostrils, vibrissae, canine, claw, pinna, forelimb (upper
arm, forearm, and manus), hindlimb (thigh, shank/crus, pes), mammaries (in
females), inguinal space, anus, urogenital opening

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 ZOO100 – Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny
Name/s: Bashier Jailani, Abigail Aglobo, Rey Tristan Dely, Date Oct. 12, 2021
Jaynald Postrado, Perry Eucare

Section AB328 Instructor Thucydides Salunga,

PhD

Exercise 2 – External Anatomy and Taxonomy of Vertebrates

1) Male and female dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Chondrichthyes
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Squaliformes
Family: Squalidae
Genus: Squalus
Species: S. acanthias

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2) Any teleost (modern bony fish)

Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Actinopterygii
Class: Teleostei
Subclass: Neopterygii
Division: Teleostei
Order: Scorpaeniformes

3) Cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Rinella
Species: R. marina

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4) Monitor lizard (Varanus sp.)

Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Reptilia
Subclass: Eureptilla
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Autarchoglossa
Family: Varanidae
Genus: Varanus

5) Any carinate

Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes

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6) Cat (Felis catus)

Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Felis
Species: F. catus

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