SUMMATIVE

ASSESSMENT 3C
Laboratory Activity 31: Geometric Optics

MALABANAN, Matthew L.
June 24, 2021
Submitted to Engr. Jocelyn Caro
PHYLA1
1. Explain the ray diagram of rays 1,2 and 3.

PHOTO A. CONVEX PHOTO B. CONCAVE

Convex or converging lens is designed to enable all light rays that pass through
parallel to the axis ‘converge’ at a singular point on the opposite region of the lens. The
axis is the normal line directed towards the center of the lens. Physics Classroom
interactive simulates how the ray changes its direction as it enters and passes through
the lens media. The index of refraction, as a valuable tool, illustrates how ‘more
bending’ happens through the lens than open air as varying media. Thus, the three rays
behave in accordance with the laws of refraction as supported by LibreTexts (2019). To
mention, focal point is the area wherein the light rays cross whereas the focal length is
the distance of the center region of the lens with respect to the focal point. In drawing
ray diagrams, there are important principles of refraction to describe Ray 1, Ray 2, and
Ray 3 (from top to bottom). Ray 1 is the incident ray parallel to the axis of the convex
lens (see Photo A) refracting through the medium and directing towards the focal point
on the opposite region. Ray 2 is the incident ray that travels through the center area of
the medium and will observe no change in direction upon interacting with the lens. Ray
3 corresponds to the ray that passes through the focal point, refracted through the
medium, and travels on the opposite side parallel to the axis. Expounding on concave or
diverging lenses, Rays 1 to 3 (from top to bottom) are observed in terms of their
behavior. Ray 1 propagating parallel to the axis will be bent through the medium and
pass through aligned with the focal point (see-dashed lines traced). Ray 2 aimed
towards the focal point as it travels through the medium will be bent and pass through
whilst being parallel to the principal axis. Ray 3, enters the center region and will
propagate in a linear manner unaffected by the lens.

1
 (a) BEYOND 2f point (b) at the 2f point

(c) between the 2f point and focal point (d) at the focal point

(e) in front of the focal point

2
2. Explain the characteristics of the image produced by a converging lens when
the object is located beyond the 2f point, at the 2f point, between the 2f point and
the focal point (f), at the focal point (f) and in front of the focal point (f).

The Interactive presents five scenarios with variations in the object’s location and
correspondingly exhibits the characteristics of the image formed by convex lenses.
Tracing ray diagrams for the object’s location in the frontal area of the mirror is a
valuable toolkit in observance of the principles of refraction. (a) BEYOND 2f point, the
formed image will primarily be located in the region between the 2f and f point on the
opposite region. The image is real, inverted and smaller than the actual candle. (b) at
the 2f point, the candle-image will be located at 2f point on the opposite region of the
lens. The formed image is real, inverted, and equal to the dimensions of the actual
candle.(c) between the 2f point and focal point (f), the formed image will appear
beyond the 2f point on the opposite region. The image is real, inverted, and its
dimensions are larger than the candle itself. (d) at the focal point, no image formation
is perceived because after the refractive activity, the incident rays are travelling in
parallel to each other. (e) in front of the focal point, the respective image will appear
in the same region together with the candle. The virtual image is located at the rear of
the object, upright, and has enlarged dimensions with respect to the candle.

3
3. Explain the relationship of the location of the object and the characteristics of
the image produced by diverging lens.

The concave lens is divergent, because it exhibits ‘ a diverging power’, bending away
the light rays from the principal axis. On a brief note, the lens is designed to enable all
light rays parallel to its axis to appear originating from the focal point. At any
object-position (see photos above), the formed image follows a default pattern of being
located behind the lens as well as being virtual, upright, and smaller than the candle.
Another characteristic of the images of objects formed by diverging lenses pertains to
how a variation in object distance affects the image distance and size (Physics
Classroom, n.d.). When the object distance increases, image distance increases as well
whilst the height dimension decreases respectively (see photos above).

4
REFERENCES

Lenses and Ray Tracing. (2019, June 3). Retrieved June 24, 2021, from
https://phys.libretexts.org/@go/page/2231

The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Reflection and Mirrors Optics Bench. Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Reflection-and-Mirrors/Optic
s-Bench/Optics-Bench-Notes

The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Converging Lenses - Ray Diagrams. Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-5/Converging-Lenses-Ray-Dia
grams

The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Diverging Lenses - Ray Diagrams. Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-5/Diverging-Lenses-Ray-Diagr
ams

Urone, P., & Hinrichs, R. (2020, Mar 26). Physics. OpenStax. Houston Texas. Retrieved
from https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages