ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)

Grade 10 - TLE-ELX

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS

Current: The flow of electrons. ● Semiconductor Performance

Voltage: The force pushing electrons ○ Transistors
through a wire. ○ Diodes
- Pressure is force pushing water through ● Capacitance
a hose.
Resistance: The force that slows the flow of Measuring Electricity
electrons. - Measuring Voltage
- Friction against the hole walls slows the ➢ Voltage type
flow of water. ➢ Scaling
➢ Safety
Types of Current - Physical (Personal)
Can be determined by the direction - Equipment
the current flows through a conductor
- Direct Current: Flows only in - Measuring Current
one direction; (-) to (+) pole of ➢ Scaling
source ➢ Voltage Type
- Alternating Current: Flows back ➢ Safety
and forth because the poles - Physical (Personal)
alternate from positive and - Equipment
negative
- Measuring Resistance
Circuits - Scaling
A path for currents to flow, it has 3
basic types: Measuring Voltage
- Open: Path is broken and 1. Set-up VOM on 600V, 200V, 20V, or
interrupts current flow 2000mV DC Scale.
- Close: Path is complete and 2. Red Probe (+); Black Probe (-).
currents can flow where it is 3. Read the voltage to the nearest 1V, 0.1V,
intended 0.01V, or 0.001V respectfully.
- Short: Path is corrupted in some 4. Note that a minus sign (-) signifies a
way and current flows negative voltage.
somewhere it is not intended.
Safety:
Vol-Ohm-Meter Basics ➔ Be cautious and attentive, watch
● Voltage where you touch.
○ AC/DC ➔ Use protective shields when
○ Ranges probes are not in use.
● Current ➔ Observe the maximum limits for
○ AC/DC voltage and currents.
○ Ranges
● Resistance
○ Ranges Measuring Current
○ Continuity ➔ Has a great potential for meter damage
when measuring currents.
➔ Can only measure DC.
➔ To measure a current, the VOM must be
inserted into the circuit
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, & SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRONICS

Soldering Materials 6. Etching Solution: Used to cut into the

1. Solder: low-melting alloy, especially one unprotected parts of a metal surface to
based on lead and tin. Used for joining create a design.
less fusible materials 7. Electrical Tape: A type of
pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate
Types of Solder
materials that conduct electricity.
Lead-base Lead-free Solder 8. Desoldering Braid / Solder wick: Used
d Solder solders Paste to remove solder, allowing components
to be replaced and excess solder to be
The most Generally Is a removed.
common has a combinatio 9. Electronic Components: Basic discrete
mixture is a higher n of a devices in any electronic system and
60/40 melting powder have unique uses.
(tin/lead) point than made up of
blend with convention metal
a melting al solder solder Tools
point particles - A hand-held device that aids us to
around and sticky accomplish a certain task.
180-190°C. flux that - It is an object used to extend the ability
has the of an individual to modify features of the
consistenc surrounding environment.
y of putty. Equipment
- Any set of articles or physical resources
2. Wires: A flexible metallic conductor serving to equip a person or thing.
(especially one made from copper) that - It usually denotes a set of tools that are
is usually insulated and used to carry used to achieve a specific objective.
electric currents in a circuit. Driving Tools
3. Alligator Clips & Jumper Wires: Their - Screw Drivers: A hand-held tool used for
unique connection points (Alligator clips) tightening and loosening screws with
allow them to be used in a variety of slotted heads
situations that a simple traditional jumper - Slotted Screwdriver (-): Used to
wire cannot do. drive or fasten negative slotted
4. Copper Clad Laminate (CCL): The screws.
basic material for printed circuits and has - Phillips Screwdriver (+): Used to
many different forms and functions. drive or fasten positive slotted
5. Printed Circuit Board: The foundational screws.
building block of most modern devices - Jeweler’s Screwdriver Set: Is a
and is used to mechanically and set of small screwdrivers
electrically support electronic composed of slotted and phillips
components. and screwdrivers
- Stubby Screwdriver: Is a tool
used to facilitate access to
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX
screws located in areas that
cannot be reached easily by a
regular screwdriver.
Splicing Tools
- Pliers: Hand-held tool used for holding,
cutting, bending, and twisting of wires
and/or cables in electronic works.
- Types of Pliers
- Lineman’s Pliers
“Combinational Plier”
- Side-Cutting Pliers
- Needle Nose Pliers or
“Long-nose Plier”
- Wire Stripper
Holding Tools
- Used to hold small components
especially when soldering and
desoldering or electronic components.
Pocket Knife
- It is used to cut wires, remove excess
lead or copper in the printed circuit
board.
Soldering Iron
- A hand-held tool used for supplying heat
to melt the solder so that the piece/s of
electronics component/s can be joined
together.
Soldering Gun
- Used for soldering metals using
tin-based solder to achieve a strong
mechanical bond with good electrical
intact.
Desoldering Pump/Solder Sucker
- Used to remove/suck the remnants of
the solder in a printed circuit board.
Measuring Tools
- Ohm-meter: Used to measure electrical
resistance.
- Volt-meter: A device used to measure
voltage or electric potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit.
- Ammeter: A measuring instrument which
is used to measure the electric current in
a circuit.
- Multi-meter: Also known as a multi-tester,
an electronic measuring instrument that
is used to measure several
measurements in electronic components.
It may come in analog or digital.
Boring Tools
- Mini Electric Drill: Used to bore hole/s
printed circuit board.
- Portable Electric Drill: Used for boring
holes in plastic or metal chassis.
Electronic Tools/Equipment
- Power Supply: Used to convert electric
currents into voltage, current and
frequency to power the load.
- Oscilloscope: Used to display and
analyze the waveform of an electronics
signal.
- Signal Generator: Used for generating
electronic signals either in the analog or
digital domains.
- LCR Meter: Measures inductance,
capacitance and resistance.
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX

OWNER’S MANUAL

Is an instructional booklet that is supplied with

almost all technologically advanced consumer
products such as home appliances, electronic
equipment and others.

SERVICE INFORMATION
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX
It is the system of keeping records, information
of a particular institution and it also includes
statistics and data needed for its services.
It can also be a great help in monitoring your
client’s feedback, resources, services available,
workers’ performance, etc.
Types of Service Information Forms
➔ Job Report Sheet
➔ Job Order
➔ Bill of Materials
➔ Customer Index
➔ Service Flow Chart
➔ Stock and Inventory record
➔ Requisition slips
➔ Supplier Index
Job Report Sheet
- Helps workers to complete their jobs and
provides information on how much time
was spent to complete the given job.
- Also provides the bill of materials
needed/used in the job.
Job Order Form
- It is a written document in which a
provided job is scheduled or assigned to
some individuals or contractors is also
called “Work Order”
- It includes an agreed-upon hourly billing
rate, cost allocation, length of
assignment, and other elements used to
track that specific combination of person
and position.
Bills of Materials
- It is a comprehensive form which
includes all of the inventory of materials
description, cost of the materials, and
quantity of the materials needed to
perform a specific job.
Customer Index
- It’s a type of form in which a customer
indicates their satisfaction with a product
or service.
- It displays the customer satisfaction
score and customer satisfaction indices
which attempt to measure how satisfied
customers are with the performance of
the company.
Service Flow Chart
- A visual representation of the services
being offered.
- Provides the steps and procedures
needed to complete the process of the
services being provided to its clients or
customers.
Stock and Inventory
- A manual or computer based record
usually used for the record keeping of
the quantity and kind of inventory at
hand and an ongoing order.
- Also includes the history of the latest
transactions in each item.
Requisition Slip
- It is a document used to request for
goods or services made by an employee
to the person or department in a
company that is responsible for
purchasing.
- If the request is approved, that entity will
submit a purchase order (PO) to a
supplier for the goods or services.
Supplier Index
- Evaluation forms for the supplier’s
performance based on their delivery,
quality and responsiveness.
- A supplier is labelled “full-partner” if it
meets all expectations.
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX

PCB LAY-OUT, DESIGNING & ETCHING

Steps in Lay-Out and Designing PCB

1. Study the Schematic Diagram of the Circuit.
2. Look for the connections of each component on the circuit in the diagram.
3. Take a look at it’s pictorial diagram to plot its connections on a scratch paper.
4. After studying the schematic diagrams, begin to measure the allotted size for the PCB
components.
5. Download Express Softwares used to facilitate PCB Lay-outing and designing.

Note: You can use softwares in creating the schematic diagram of the PCB (ex. ExpressPCB)

Steps in PCB Etching

Materials:
- Cutter/Scissors
- Etching Solution (ex. Ferric Chloride)
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Masking Tape
- Copper Clad
- Proper PPE

1. Prepare all the necessary tools.

2. Clean the copper clad using sand paper.
3. Cover the copper side with masking tape
4. Draw the PCB layout pattern on the masking tape.
5. Remove all portions of masking tape not covered by the drawing using a cutter.
6. Submerge the whole PCB board in Ferric chloride solution in a non-metallic container.
7. When uncovered areas of PCB are removed, wash it thoroughly with water to remove copper
residuals. Wipe with a clean cloth.
8. Check the PCB short and cuts.
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX

MULTIMETER (PARTS & READING)

Parts of a Multimeter

- Scale: This is how you read the value being measured.

- Needle Pointer: This is the needle-shaped rod that moves over the scale of a meter.
- Adjustment Screw: This part which is also known as the dial or infinity knob allows you to adjust
the pointer to the zero position of the scale.
- Zero-Ohm Adjustment Knob: The zero-ohm adjustment knob is used to calibrate the multimeter
when you want to measure the resistance of an object.
- Range Selector Knob: This part is also known as a selector switch. A range selector knob
allows you to adjust the settings of the multimeter (range selector knobs are also present on the
best insulation resistance testers).
- Ports: Measures the parameter that you’re interested in.
- Test Probes: A test probe or a test lead is an instrument used to connect a multimeter to a
Device Under Test which is known as DUT. Test probes are flexible, insulated wires. They are
able to establish an electrical connection between a multimeter and the DUT without exposing
electrical workers to live conductive parts.

Steps on How to Read a Multimeter

1. Learn about the different voltages (AC &DC)

2. Learn about the varying voltages in the Multimeter
a. 0-10, the division is equivalent to 0.2
b. 0-50 it is equivalent to 1
c. 0-250 is equivalent to 5
d. 1kv is equivalent to 20
3. Connect the probes to their corresponding use (Black (-); Red(+)
4. Look at where the pointer is and count 0 from wherever the pointer is.

Note: Since 1kv is not in the given multimeter, we can find it by multiplying 0.2 to 1kv, giving us 20.
 ELECTRONICS (1ST QUARTER)
Grade 10 - TLE-ELX

RESISTOR COLOR CODING

Steps in Determining the Value of Resistor Using the Color Coding Chart
1. Write down the colors you see in the resistor.
2. Using the chart, write down the corresponding number for the first 2 numbers.
3. Using the third color, write down the multiplier.
4. Using the last color, write down the tolerance (It can only be from Gold, Silver, or No color)
5. Multiply the given numbers to the multiplier. (The answer should be converted into Kilo ohms

Better explanation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1mZutobxDU