A.

Martha Rogers’ Theory “Science of Unitary Human Beings”

1. Person

• an open system continuously connected to the environment

• whole in the truest sense and non-reducible, comprised of patterns and pan-
dimensional energy fields

2. Health

• passive means without illness

• relates to a person’s value system and personal cultural interpretation; consisting of

both high and low values

• “life process” is filled with dynamic and creative unity with one’s environment

3. Environment

• irreducible, pan-dimensional sharing of energy and patterns with humans through

synchronous interactions

4. Nursing

• considered as a profession that requires specific learning

• both an empirical science and art

• exists for the care of people and life process of humans

B. Rosemarie Parse’s Human Becoming Theory

1. Person

• Referred to as “man”- an open being who is more than different from the sum of the
parts

2. Health

• Is the open process of being and becoming, and involves the synthesis of values

3. Environment

• Is everything in the person and his or her experiences

• Inseparable from the person, as well as complementary to evolving with the person

4. Nursing

• Described as a human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to
help people

C. Margaret Newman’s Model of Health

1. Person

• “The human is unitary, that cannot be divided into parts, and is inseparable from the
larger unitary fields”.

• “Persons as individuals, and human beings as a species are identified by their

patterns of consciousness”

• The person does not possess consciousness-the person is consciousness”.

• Persons are “centers of consciousness” “within an overall patter of expanding

consciousness”

2. Health

• “Health and illness are synthesized as health - the fusion on one state of being
(disease) with its opposite (non-disease) results in what can be regarded as health.

3. Environment

• Described as a “universe of open systems”

4. Nursing

• “caring is the human health experience” and seen as a partnership between nurse
and client, both grow in the “sense of higher levels of consciousness”