Developmental theories

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
❖provide a framework for
examining, describing, and
appreciating human
development.
 AREAS OF DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
Psychoanalytic & Moral
Biophysical Psychosocial Cognitive
development development development development

The development of the The reasoning and

The way our physical The description of moral
human personality, thinking processes
bodies grow and change reasoning
behavior and emotions
Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Jean Piaget
Psychosexual Development Theory Psychosocial Development Theory Cognitive Development Theory
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY.
❖Sigmund Freud
❖1856–1939
❖Austrian neurologist
❖ Founder of psychoanalysis
 • Pleasure
ID Principle

• Reality Principle
EGO

• Moral Principle
SUPEREGO
 • process during
which
Psychosexual personality and
Development sexual behavior
mature through a
series of stages.
• Represents
maturational
Psychosexual processes by which a
child’s innate
Stages biological drives
interact with different
erogenous zones to
influence personality
STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage Psychosexual stage

Infancy (Birth-1 y/o) Oral Stage

Toddler(1-3y/o) Anal Stage
Preschooler(3-5y/o) Phallic Stage
School-age (6-12y/o) Latency Stage
Adolescent (12-20 y/o) Genital Stage
THE ORAL STAGE (Birth – 1 y/o )

Gains pleasure through

sucking and eating
 If the child does not Example: If the child sucks
suck enough, being too much or
underfed or deprived thumb-sucking, being overfed,
of Breastfeeding/ smoking,drinking pleasure seeking
bottlefeeding at an fingernail biting personality may
early age and overeating. develop

Conflict: WEANING PROCESS

Nursing implications
Feed the infant as needed.
Provide oral stimulation by giving pacifiers

Attend to infant’s needs immediately

Do not discourage thumb-sucking

Promote Breastfeeding
The Anal Stage (1 – 3 y/o)
Child learns to control
Bladder(urination)
and Bowel
movements(defecation)
 Conflict: TOILET TRAINING

The major conflict at

this stage is toilet Leads to a sense of
training where the child Develops Control accomplishment and
has to learn to control independence
his or her bodily needs

Too much Result to

control or too ANAL FIXATION problems during
little control adulthood
 Messy, disorganized,
wasteful or
If parents are destructive
Anal-expulsive
personality, limited
too lenient personality levels of self-control,
disobedient,
unfriendly, aggressive

Orderly, rigid,
If parents are too obsessively organized,
Anal-retentive
strict or begin toilet and overly submissive,
personality obedient, compliant
training too early
to authority
 • Help children
achieve bowel and
Nursing
implication:
bladder control with
proper approach
and timing.
THE PHALLIC STAGE (3-5 y/o)
Child learns sexual
identity through
awareness of
genital area.
 • Boys are sexually intrigued by their
mothers
• Boys’ feelings of wanting to possess the
mother and the desire to replace the
father.

OEDIPUS • Castration Anxiety= fear of injury or loss

of the genital organ, often as the
reaction to a repressed feeling of
COMPLEX punishment for forbidden sexual desire
 BOY Repress his love for his
mother and attempt to
Resolved through become like his father
IDENTIFICATION
(Involves the child adopting
the characteristics of the
Repress her feelings and
same sex parent.)
identifies with the mother to
GIRL take on the female gender
role
 • Accept child’s sexual interest such as
curiosity in his or her own genitals,
Nursing as a normal area of exploration.
implications: • Help parents answer child’s
questions about birth or sexual
differences.
THE LATENCY STAGE (6-12 y/o)
Child put energy
into acquiring
educational,
cultural and social
skills
 •Help the child have positive
experiences as his/her self-
Nursing
esteem continues to grow
implications: and prepares for the
conflicts of adolescence
THE GENITAL STAGE (Adolescence)
 •Provide appropriate
opportunities to relate with
Nursing the opposite sex
implications: •Allow verbalization of
feelings.
 HAVE FUN IN
LEARNING!
KEEP SAFE &
GODBLESS
Jeanette Paris-Lim RM,RN,MAN
Faculty-CNAHS