Lecture Note Week 04 - 2

Calculus 1 - Year 110 N. Sato & K.-W.
Tsoi 52
4.5 Logarithmic derivatives

The last standard function that we haven’t differentiated yet is the logarithm.
Table for standard derivatives (Part III)

f (x) f Õ (x)
Logarithm ln |x| 言
General Exponential ax ha.で、 _I mpartial
d 1
Theorem 4.5.1 (Logarithm). For x > 0, we have ln(x) = .
dx x
R I Let y=hx
So, e Y= e h " =x
Differentiating both sides w . n t . s c
が出= 1
噐=新た
d x
Theorem 4.5.2 (General Exponential). For a > 0, we have (a ) = ax ln(a).
dx
I e elnE_ex.lnaaxy_@ClnaY-
a =
exha.Cx.ha）'
=
e xh a . h a
= で . l na
d k
Theorem 4.5.3. For any real numbers k, we have (x ) = kxk≠1
dx
「凹 I = ehは、ek.mx
（は）（eたん）'= eklm.ge）'
=
が.たが
二 k.scた1
Calculus 1 - Year 110 N. Sato & K.-W. Tsoi 53
Example. Compute the derivatives of the following.
(a) f (x) = tan≠1 (2x + 3x ).
(b) f (x) = logx2 (1 + x3 ).
に）。諸，で（で+3''）'
f'（N=，
= 1、諸ド（ln2で+ln3が）
（b) First, f(x）=log、2（1+が）Ehf

だ
！鬱
Thus 、器らにしなこさ
ftp.に
等 "FGT"
4.5.1 Technique of logarithmic derivatives

For certain classes of complicated functions f (x), it is often more convenient to consider
the derivative of ln(f (x)) instead. Note that by the chain rule, we have
(ln(f (x)))Õ =
f Õ (x)
f (x)
. → ...
が
拗 =
(I) Differentiating p(x)q(x)
Example. Compute the derivative of f (x) = xx .
Taking h : hfx）=Int
→
hf(x）=寺等
Differentiating bothsides w.r.t.sc，
※ 二時！た
塗.it
f'（x）=_ ）.（lnx+ 1 ）
f'（n=が（ln+1）
(II) Differentiating giant products/powers/quotients

2
x2 · 2x
Example. Compute the derivative of f (x) = .
(3 + 5x)4
ln（な器）
Taking bn: hf(x）=
-entre)tree
う？楽な？ささい4た
Differentiating bothsides （3+5D.ee
前if'（a）=
金+ E e e - 4 - 壺
拗 = 産？・（だと92
が？
4.6 What is e - episode II

In Week 1, we have seen the following definition of the number e.
Definition 4.6.1. ‘e’ is the real number such that the slope of the tangent to y = ex
at (0, 1) equals to 1.
This can be rephrased in terms of the following important limit :
。 lim
hæ0
eh ≠ 1
h
= 1.
Using the derivative of logarithm, we can derive the following (perhaps more popular)
alternative definition of e.
3 4x
1
Theorem 4.6.1. e = lim 1+ .
xæŒ x
P ro f Let が）=ln(Ita ) Tn t : compute f'（o) i ntwo

ways
①
D i m e f Yo）= 1
② f'（0）= ln(gig(Hh）も）
Bye
Therefore, I=ln（想（1th）も）
無（けん）
も
⇐> e =
も ftp.（1+が DONE!
heた. A s た → 0 . x → o o rs o
ah ≠ 1
Theorem 4.6.2 (Useful limit). Let a > 0. Then lim = l na
hæ0 h
Prf Let f(x）=が Idea: compute f'（o) i n t w o

ways
①
D i r t y f'（か=ax.ha flo）= l n a
② B y 吠 - flo）竺想孔學
fake 感'た
Hence, l na =
無'気 DONE!
Example. Compute the following limits.

3
(a) lim 1 ≠
xæŒ
2
x
43x
i . i n
！が41592...
3 4[x] 2 41592...
.
1
(b) lim 1 + where [x] is the greatest integer function.
xæŒ x
（a) More generally, let's compute
fig(Itたが（int h e problem, a-_-2，b=3）
想が齡广想（1+が'= い孵=が

let になっ
As a-）の，y→の
I n this c a s e a - 2 ， b=3， s o limit=ピ
う、
（b）
に
_
Therefore, a t s T. D E に
（1+が's（1+がないが
・
想（1+が一e
•
（いたが一段気 = 寺。 = e
∼が Squeeze theorem implies figg（1+言ぽ=e

4.7 Higher derivatives

Definition 4.7.1. Let f (x) be a differentiable function. The second derivative (denoted
d2
by f ÕÕ (x) or dx 2 f (x)) is defined to be the derivative (if exists) of f (x). More generally,
Õ
the n-th derivative, denoted by either
(Notation) Ethel
f (n) (x) or
d
dx
n
f (x)-Leibniz notation
n
is defined to be the derivative (if exists) of the (n ≠ 1)-th derivative.
Example. Let n be a positive integer. Compute the n-th derivative of f (x) = sin(x).
f'"（x）=
Conventionally,
f(a)
f"'（x）= f'（x)
f'"（x）=f"（x)
etc.
（sinx）'= c o sa
(ix）' - _ - s i n
these astix）'=一cos x
：：：：：：
ii. - s i nx
：：：：：
t o s a
n=2，6，10，...
n=3.7，11，...
（n=4N+2）
（n=4N+3）
4.7.1 Continuity of higher derivatives

Let’s recall the exotic sine curve2 .
Example (Exotic sine curve2 revisited). Consider the function defined by
Y
]x2 sin 1 if x ”= 0
f (x) = x .
[0 if x = 0 ← "Bridgingpoint"
(a) Compute the derivative f Õ (x) for x ”= 0.

(b) Compute the derivative f Õ (0).
(c) Is f Õ (x) continuous at x = 0? Explain your answer.
f .g
(a) For a t 0 ， f（水）= がsin主
f'（N= 2 x sin六- cosた Check！
"Productrule"
f '. g t f . g l
(b) By def, Ho）= Gig 私公印
2 r e m
=
無で
=
f i s h sinも Squeeze
t o
(c) I n otherwords, w e have t determine whether
Gingf'（x)IE f Yo)
LHS = ei（を、Ej ing
does n o t exist！
n e a r e r
→ N o hopet o b e equal t o R H S !
Hence, f' is I I continuous a t a = 0
remake i
f diff f continuous
However, f' may a n d may n o t b e continuous.

Lecture Note Week 04 - 2

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Calculus 1 - Year 110 N. Sato & K.-W.

4.5 Logarithmic derivatives

Table for standard derivatives (Part III)

Example. Compute the derivatives of the following.

(a) f (x) = tan≠1 (2x + 3x ).

(b) f (x) = logx2 (1 + x3 ).

（b) First, f(x）=log、2（1+が）Ehf

4.5.1 Technique of logarithmic derivatives

(II) Differentiating giant products/powers/quotients

4.6 What is e - episode II

This can be rephrased in terms of the following important limit :

P ro f Let が）=ln(Ita ) Tn t : compute f'（o) i ntwo

Prf Let f(x）=が Idea: compute f'（o) i n t w o

Example. Compute the following limits.

（a) More generally, let's compute

fig(Itたが （int h e problem, a-_-2，b=3）

想が齡广 想（1+が'= い孵=が

I n this c a s e a - 2 ， b=3， s o limit=ピ

∼が Squeeze theorem implies figg（1+言ぽ=e

4.7 Higher derivatives

the n-th derivative, denoted by either

is defined to be the derivative (if exists) of the (n ≠ 1)-th derivative.

4.7.1 Continuity of higher derivatives

(a) Compute the derivative f Õ (x) for x ”= 0.

(c) I n otherwords, w e have t determine whether

LHS = ei（ を、Ej ing

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fig(Itたが（int h e problem, a-_-2，b=3）

想が齡广想（1+が'= い孵=が

LHS = ei（を、Ej ing