Lesson 1:
Communication Processes
COMMUNICATION
▪ comes from the Latin word, “Communis”, and
“Communicare” . “Communis” is a noun word,
which means common, communality or sharing.
▪ “Communicare” is a verb, which means to
make something common. means of sending or
receiving information, such as telephone lines
or computers. describes the process of
exchanging of information between people, for
example by means of speaking, writing, or using
a common system of signs or behavior.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- cyclical manner of sending and receiving
messages and vice versa as a response or
feedback from the previous message in the
form of ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions is
transmitted between two or more persons with
the intent of creating a shared understanding
which follows a course and has progression.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Source/Encoder
▪ Holds the fulcrum of the communication
▪ The sender or the communicator generates
the message and conveys it to the receiver.
▪ He is the source and the one who starts the
communication (usually) using past
experiences, thoughts, perceptions, and
feelings.
Receiver/Decoder
▪ He is the person who is last in the chain and
for whom the message was sent by the sender.
Once the receiver receives the message and
understands it in proper perspective and acts
according to the message, only then the
purpose of communication is successful.
Message/Code
▪ It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling,
etc. that is generated by the sender and is then
intended to be communicated further.
Channel/Medium
▪ It is the pathway or device wherein messages
pass through. ▪ The five senses are significant to
pass through. ▪ Other methods can be done
through face-to-face communication, letter
writing, through a telephone or cellular phone,
a public address using print and social media.
Feedback
▪ the result of the interaction between the
sender and the decoder. In here, the decoder
gives a response to the message conveyed. As
the communication process progresses, the
speaker becomes the decoder too. Each party in
the communication process continuously sends
message to the other.
Feedback serves as an assessment
on how the receiver interprets each
message:
▪ Negative Feedback
happens when there is lack of understanding
▪ Positive Feedback
takes place when the receiver full understands
the message. Although it may not fully agree
with the source as the message is interpreted
precisely.
▪ Ambiguous Feedback
occurs when the message relayed is not very
clear thereby giving confusion to the receiver.
Context
This refers to the circumstances - situation,
condition, environment where communication
occurs. The way you express messages will
depend upon whom you are talking to
Communication Noise
refers to influences on effective communication
that influence the interpretation of
conversations. Classified as:
a. EXTERNAL NOISE
b. INTERNAL NOISE
c. SEMANTIC NOISE
a. EXTERNAL NOISE
originates from the communicators'
environment. ex. physical noise, laughter, the
videoke sessions in the neighborhood.
b. INTERNAL NOISE
Includes anything that is self-related attitudes,
opinions, beliefs that hamper effective
communication. ex. hunger, and pain out of
illness psychological thoughts like - worry,
anxiety, disappointments. Etc.
c. SEMANTIC NOISE
When the sender and receiver do not share the
same meanings for their verbal and nonverbal
signals. Understanding a particular word or
gesture differently from that of the person you
are speaking can create this noise.
Frame of Reference
Communicators bring into their interactions
their own value system or culture, preference,
world views, self-concept, expectations, and
experiences.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
▪ I. Verbal Communication
▪ II. Non-Verbal Communication
I. Verbal Communication
includes the use of symbols that have universal
meanings and can be classified as spoken or
written can be done through intrapersonal,
interpersonal, public, and mass communication.
KINDS of VERBAL COMMUNICATION
A. Intrapersonal Communication
B. Interpersonal Communication
C. Public Communication
D. Mass Communication
A. Intrapersonal Communication
❑ Communication express through self-talk.
❑ Involves personal thoughts and emotions.
❑ Feedback goes back to you
B. Interpersonal Communication
❑ Communication between two people
(dyadic) or small group of individuals (small
group discussion)
❑ Allows the speakers to discuss topics that
interest them, or they may share a common
bond with each other.
C. Public Communication
❑ One person is speaking in front of an
audience o the magnitude or size may be
limited or numerous.
❑ The speaker delivers the message in a formal
setting, giving a topic that is thematic.
❑ Feedback from the audience may be
available o Components: speaker, speech, and
audience .
D. Mass Communication
❑ Communication takes place through a
technology such as the social network/internet,
television, radio, and newspaper.
❑ The message is replicated many times,
resulting to a multiplier effect to the receivers.
Speakers must be a very careful of the kind of
information being disseminated. The message
conveyed must be screened prior to public
dissemination.
Adler & Rodman (2006)
▪ First mass message is aimed at a large
audience without any personal contact between
sender and receivers.
▪ Second, most of the messages sent via mass
communication channels are developed, or at
least financed, by large organizations.
▪ Less personal and more than a product.
▪ Always controlled by many gatekeepers who
determine what message will be delivered to
consumers, how they will be constructed, and
when they will be delivered.
II. Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication is communication
without words because written words are
perceived to be verbal, but there is a lack of
sound element. Hence, words in non-verbal
communication is not included. Therefore, non-
verbal gestures, eye movements, tone of voice,
the use of space and touch. Because these
Languages, Literature, and Communication Page
11 non-verbal cues are not shared universally,
they may give a different meaning to another
culture and thus, considered as ambiguous.
Adler & Rodman, 2006
• “Nonverbal communication performs a third
valuable social function: conveying emotions
that we may be unwilling or unable to express ─
or ones we may not even aware of. In fact,
nonverbal communication is much better suited
to expressing attitudes and feelings than ideas”.
• can be in silence, Body Language (gesture),
Facial Expression, Paralanguage or use of voice,
Touch (hug, kiss, handshake), Space and
Distance, Clothes and Personal Appearance, and
Symbols
A. Silence
▪ Conveys meanings to the spectators that can
be seen in a person who is quiet yet busy, a
person who is contemplating, grieving, not to
be disturbed or being in a difficult situation. In a
conversation between two individuals, a silent
reply may signify the receiver does not
understand or may refuse to answer.
B. Body Language
▪ Unconscious movement – tell the state of
emotion the person is undergoing such as
walking around for being bored, biting the
fingernails for being nervous, or other activities
done unconsciously.
▪ Conscious movement - entails individuals to
render the designated actions to be rendered
for specific purposes.
C. Facial Expression
Manifested to evoke certain emotions such as
happy joyful, sad, frustration, and many other
facial movements.
D. Paralanguage
❑ Detected in loud, or faint sound to provide
authority or emphasis to the volume of the
words.
❑ Volume, Pitch, Speaking Rate, and Voice
Quality
E. Touch
❑ Can be hug, kiss, handshake
❑ In the new normal, elbow toss can be
applied.
F. Space and Distance
❑ Indicates the importance of a person.
❑ Distance signifies the intimacy and personal
acceptance in some cultures.
G. Clothes and Personal Appearance
❑ Provide a quick personal surveillance of the
person’s age, interest, personality, sex, attitude,
social standing, or religious affiliation.
H. Symbols
❑ General graphic presentation so that people
will be guided accordingly such as traffic signs,
mathematical problems, medical, and other
fields of specialty (Rasel, 2013) .
❑ Something that represent something else.
III. Forms of Communication
A. Formal Communication
Involve the use of public speaking or mass
communication, a combination of both verbal
and nonverbal messages. Language is more
precise as the speaker is careful with grammar.
A dress code, proper posture, and eye contact
are being taken into consideration.
B. Informal Communication
Involves interpersonal and small group
discussion where people can be at ease and be
more comfortable. During the interaction, less
attention is given to nonverbal cues like
clothing, posture, and eye contact.
IV. Functions of Communication
1. Informing and Conveying the Message
 2. Persuading ideas, opinions, and suggestions
3. Integrating divisions and departments by
building a communication network
4. Creating and establishing relationships
5. Helping in decision making
6. Reducing misunderstanding and resolving
troubles
CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS
2. COMMUNICATION NECESSITATES
NEGOTIATION OF MEANINGS OF SYMBOLS
3. COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL
4. THE GOAL OF COMMUNICATION IS SHARED
UNDERSTANDING
1. COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS
-There is a transmission of thoughts, ideas, and
emotions. Communication follows a course and
has progression.
3 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Linear Model
2. Interactive Model
3.Transactional Model
1. LINEAR MODEL
- Communication as one-way or linear
transmission of messages.
-project an active sender and passive receiver
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL
-a two-way process communication because it
recognizes the presence of feedback
-has added concept "FIELD OF EXPERIENCE"
-acknowledges the people integrated into the
communication process
3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
Emphasizes a conscious interaction between
the sender and the receiver to create meaning
and arrive at a common understanding of the
information.
2. COMMUNICATION NECESSITATES
NEGOTIATION OF MEANINGS OF
SYMBOLS
- two-way negotiation specifies that
communication use or negotiate the meanings
of verbal and non-verbal.
- each participant in the communication has
different frame of reference(background,
assumptions, and cultures).
3.COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL
- reflected in the definitions and stressed of
transactional model occurs in a context
3 GENERAL TYPES OF CONTEXTS:
A. PSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT
B. LOGISTICAL CONTEXT
C. INTERACTIONAL CONTEXT
A. PSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT
- draws interaction among emotional history,
social relationship, and cultural capital of the
participants
B. LOGISTICAL CONTEXT
the physical characteristics of a particular
communication situation in terms of its time,
place, setting, and occasion relating to or
involving organization and planning.
C. INTERACTIONAL CONTEXT
- various composition or classifications of
interaction dictate the style of communication
- interaction model of communication
describes communication as a process in which
participants alternate positions as sender and
receiver and generate meaning by sending
messages and receiving feedback
4. THE GOAL OF COMMUNICATION
IS SHARED UNDERSTANDING
- entails the participants in the communication
process have achieved common, mutual, or
shared understanding of the subject matter/s
comprised of the thoughts and emotions
involved in the process.