Lyceum Northwestern University

Tapuac District, Dagupan City

Ventura, Dranyl Eve C. October 11, 2021

BSEd-English III

Survey of Philippine Literature in English

FORMS OF LITERATURE

Written literature
It is literature that is found in books whose basis is a kind of conscious art, the creative
art of weaving words and imagination. It is generally made up of poetry, short stories,
novels, plays or drama. For literature to be really written literature, it must be individual
or personal responsibility for its existence. Secondly, an identifiable individual must be
known as the writer or creator of a story, poem, play or a technique for any particular
genre. However, it is not all the individual components which make up literature found in
books that have individual known or unknown creators or writers. Some are from oral
literature collected and committed to writing. Folktales, legends, ballads, etc. are
examples. They can be written with the most artistic organization or ordering, but they
remain oral literature with certain definite features that can never be lost by any reader.

Oral literature
It is literature whose existence is associated with the beginning of social organization,
when man began to live in communities. As human community developed and man got
more relief from fear of anxieties about existence, man began to develop and pursue more
personal pleasures like drawing, drumming or music-making. Man also started setting up
social orders like rulership, economics about marriage, birth, death, etc. Every
community in the world has its own folktales, stories, proverbs, usages that may differ
from place to place but their application is almost universal. These together make up oral
literature. They are said to be oral because they came into being before man began the art
of writing and also because their mode of transmission was by word to mouth. The stories
depend on the irrational for their very existence. The difference between written literature
and oral literature is that written literature is a conscious creation by an individual
according to certain modes or styles and so could be judged as being good or bad on the
canons of these modes whereas oral literature has no individual creators. It has a
collective authorship. Its components are spontaneous. The forms are not consciously
decided by anybody but are nonetheless identifiable. They are popular and intimately
bound up with living cultures of peoples

Major Literary Genres

a- Fiction/novel
Fiction is literary work based on the imagination of an author. Though many
writers base their works of fiction on a real-life event or characters, they write
original scenes and dialog and invent or change aspects of the plot, setting, and
character interactions. When fiction writers tell the story of people they have met,
most often, those characters are composites of several people they know or have
researched. When they base their characters on historical figures, they bring them
to life with imagined and factual words and participation in events. Many fiction
writers like fictionalizing true events because this practice allows them to easily
and freely explore those events and the people involved. Writers are often
concerned with imagining events and characters that fit societal trends. Although
one of the objectives for writing fiction is to inform, it must contain a good story,
one with characters in whom we are invested and situations where something
important is at stake.

b- Drama
Drama is a literary genre that shares many features of other forms of literature, but
possesses a characteristic that makes it distinct. Like novels and short stories,
dramatic works tell a story by employing the seven elements of fiction: a setting,
characters, a problem, a plot, suspense, a point of view, and a theme. However,
 what sets drama apart from other literary genres is that it is performed by actors on
a stage or in a film in front of an audience. The performers speak the dialogue,
perform the actions of their characters and wear costumes to help portray their
characters. To set the tone of the play or film, the stage is decorated to make the
setting look like the setting of the story. In addition, lighting is used to draw
attention to certain characters or parts of the stage and influence the mood of the
dramatic work, and music is used to influence the mood as well.

Types of Drama
Tragedy – generally serious in tone, focusing on a protagonist who experiences an
eventual downfall
Comedy – light in tone, employs humor and ends happily
Satire – exaggerated and comic in tone for the purpose of criticism or ridicule
Experimental – can be light or serious in tone. It creates its own style through
experimentation with language, characters, plot, etc.
Musical – can be light or serious. The majority of the dialogue is sung rather than
spoken.

Drama Structure: Plays are organized into dialogue, scenes and acts. A play can be
made up one act or multiple acts. Each act is divided into scenes, in which a character, or
characters, come on or off stage and speak their lines. A play can have only one character
or many characters. The main character is the protagonist and a character who opposes
him/her is the antagonist. The plots of plays typically follow this pattern:
 Rising Action – complications the protagonist must face, composed of any
number of conflicts and crises
 Climax – the peak of the rising action and the turning point for the protagonist
 Falling Action – the movement toward a resolution
c- Poetry
Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning,
sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response from
the reader. The definition of poetry varies according to poets. Perhaps the most
plausible definition of this literary genre is its unwillingness to be defined, labeled,
or nailed down. Poetry is the chiseled marble of language. Wordsworth defined
poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." Emily Dickinson said:
"If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know
that is poetry." For Dylan Thomas, "Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or
yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or
nothing." Poetry is a lot of things to a lot of people.
Other Genres:

Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which

tells a story.

Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short
literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally
analytic, speculative, or interpretative.

A Biography is a written account of another person’s life.

An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person.

Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life.

Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s
thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of
an address or discourse.

Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with
an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts
and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative non fiction.
Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like
poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss.

Genres of Fiction:

Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way
it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical
performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.
Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response
from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This
genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.

Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or
characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.

Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy,
and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and
contained within all genres.

A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of

narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that
are legendary and supernatural tales.

Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are
about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.

Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined.
Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other
planets.

Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots.

Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.

Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of “folk” that was handed
down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and
based on unsubstantiated beliefs.

Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully
shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both
the characters and the reader.

A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do
the impossible with an here of nonchalance.

Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but
also includes imaginative material.

Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of
secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown.

Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on

historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism;
often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people
or that relating to a particular person.

DIVISION OF LITERATURE
Literary works involve written and oral accounts of humanity’s existence. In the
Philippines, locally, it is a collection of various written and oral depiction of how the
lives of these local inhabitants unfold. Hence we have such things as Ilokano Literatures,
Bikol Literatures, Waray Literatures, Maranao Literatures, among others. Hence, the vast
collections of these works from the local scale up to global scale make it tedious and
cumbersome to study and analyze.

To understand these works better, we need to look at them by studying the Divisions of
Literature. Gleaning from the image above, we can see the various divisions and the
corresponding Literary Genres.

A. Prose is a division of literature which covers a literary work that is spoken or written
within the common flow of language in sentences and in paragraphs which gives
information, relate events, express ideas, or present opinions. Under this division, we
have two sub-divisions: the Fiction and Non-Fiction.
1. Fiction is a sub-division of prose which covers a literary work of imaginative
narration, either oral or written, fashioned to entertain and to make readers
think and more so, to feel. It normally came from the writer’s imagination.
Some Literary Genres that fall under fiction include:
A. Legend is a prose fiction which attempts to explain the origin of
things, places, objects that we see around us. Example: The
Legend of Makahiya, Why the Sea is Salty.
B. Short story is a short prose fiction narrative depicting a simple
characterization and plot conveying a moral which can be read in
one sitting. Example: The Diamond Necklace by Guy de
Maupassant, Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia-Villa.
C. Novel is a very long prose narrative depicting complex
characterization and plot which is usually divided into
chapters. Example: Les Miserables by Victor Hugo, War and
Peace by Leo Tolstoy.
D. Novella is a long prose narrative similar to but shorter than a novel
but longer than a short story. It is also known
as novelette. Example: Treasure Island by Robert Louis
Stevenson, The Call of the Wild by Jack London.
E. Fable is a short prose fiction narrative depicting animal characters
which espouses a lesson in life. Example: The Lion and the
Mouse, The Monkey and the Turtle.
F. Parable is a short prose allegorical narrative which presents a
philosophical outlook in life. Example: The Parable of the Sower,
The Prodigal Son.
2. Non-Fiction is a sub-division of prose which covers a literary work of “real
life” narration or exposition based on history and facts whose main thrust is
intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or concepts about
a particular topic. Some literary genres that fall under non-fiction include:
A. Biography is a prose non-fiction detailing the life of a person
written by another person. Example: The Great Malayan about the
Life of Jose Rizal written by Carlos Quirino. Sometimes, a
biography may be written by the same person, hence, it is
called autobiography. Example: Memoirs written by Juan Ponce
Enrile was a lengthy narrative about his own life.
B. History is a prose non-fiction record of events that transpired in
the past. Example: The History  of Filipino People written by
Gregorio Zaide.
 C. News is a prose non-fiction narrative of events that happen
everyday. The newspapers are written for this
purpose. Example: Philippine Daily Inquirer.
D. Diary is a personal account of significant events that happen in the
life of a person.
E. Anecdote is a prose non-fiction narrative that depicts a single
incident in a person’s life. Example: The Moth and the Lamp.
F. Essay is prose non-fiction which is a formal treatment of an issue
written from the writer’s personal point of view. Example: On the
Indolence of the Filipinos written by Jose Rizal.
B. Poetry is a division of literature works which covers a literary work  expressed in
verse, measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative language and creates an emotional
response to an experience, feeling or fact. Traditionally, it has three sub-divisions
namely: Narrative poetry, Lyric poetry, and Dramatic poetry.

1. Narrative Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which tells or narrates a story. It

may be lengthy as an epic, or short as a ballad and typically measured as a 
metrical tale.
A. Epic is a narrative poem which accounts the heroic exploits of a
community’s hero, usually involving superhuman
abilities. Example: Hudhod hi Aliguyon is an Ifugao epic.
B. Ballad is a narrative poem which depicts a single incident that
transpired in a  person’s life. It is usually recited during gatherings
in the past but it may be sung in the present
days. Example: Forevermore by Side A Band.
C. Metrical Tale is a narrative poem which narrates a story in a
“metered” or “measured” number of syllables hence it was called
metrical. There are two popular variations in Philippine Literature,
the Awit and Corrido.
i. Awit is a romance metrical tale of dodecasyllabic
measure which is recited during formal performances or
informal gatherings. Example: Florante at Laura by
Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.
ii. Corrido is a martial or adventure metrical tale of
octosyllabic measure which is recited for recreational
purposes. Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Corazon
dela Cruz.
2. Lyric Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which features poems intended to be
sung with the accompaniment of the musical instrument called “lyre” hence,
lyric poetry. The following are the types of lyric poems.
 A. Song is a lyric poem of various theme which is meant to be sung in
its entirety. Example: Bayan Ko written by Jose De Jesus,
arranged by Constancio De Guzman, and sung by Freddie Aguilar.
B. Ode is a lyric poem of noble and exalted emotion which has
dignified countenance. Example: Ode to the West Wind by Percy
Bysshe Shelley.
C. Elegy is a lyric poem of sad theme such lamentation for the dead,
longing for a missing love, and a grief for things beyond one’s
control. Example: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by
Thomas Gray.
D. Sonnet  is a lyric poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines usually
about love and beautiful themes. Example: Sonnet to Laura by
Francesco Petrarch.
E. Idyll is a lyric poem celebrating the tranquil and beautiful
landscapes of rural and country settings. Example: Beside the
Pasig River by Jose Rizal.
3. Dramatic Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which features poems meant to
be performed on stage. Theater plays and dramatic presentations belong to this
type.
A. Tragedy is a dramatic poetry which features a hero whose hubris
or shortcoming eventually causes his downfall or defeat often
ending in a very sad conclusion.  Example: Hamlet by William
Shakespeare and The Three Rats by Wilfrido Ma. Guerero.
B. Comedy is a dramatic poetry which is similar with tragedy except
that the hero triumphs and overcomes the odds towards the end and
emerges victoriously. Example: The Twelfth Night by William
Shakespeare.
C. Melodrama is a dramatic poetry which is a combination of the
elements of tragedy and comedy yet ends in a happy
note. Example: A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William
Shakespeare
D. Farce is a dramatic poetry which is an exaggerated comedy that
aims to elicit laughter hence, relaxation. Examples: Importance of
Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde.
E. Social Play is a dramatic poetry which tackles social issues and
problems such as poverty, corruption, discrimination, racism,
sexism, among others, with an aim to bring awareness and bring
about positive change. Example: Zsazsa Zaturnah by Carlo
Vergara.
POETRY

Poetry is a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story
in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words. Poems can be structured,
with rhyming lines and meter, the rhythm and emphasis of a line based on syllabic
beats. Poems can also be freeform, which follows no formal structure.
The basic building block of a poem is a verse known as a stanza. A stanza is a
grouping of lines related to the same thought or topic, similar to a paragraph in prose.
A stanza can be subdivided based on the number of lines it contains. For example,
a couplet is a stanza with two lines.
On the page, poetry is visibly unique: a narrow column of words with recurring breaks
between stanzas. Lines of a poem may be indented or lengthened with extra spacing
between words. The white space that frames a poem is an aesthetic guide for how a
poem is read.

Meter

 A poem can contain many elements to give it structure. Rhyme is perhaps the most
common of these elements: countless poetic works, from limericks to epic poems to
pop lyrics, contain rhymes. But equally important is meter, which imposes specific
length and emphasis on a given line of poetry.

Meter is the basic rhythmic structure of a line within a work of poetry. Meter consists
of two components:

1. The number of syllables

2. A pattern of emphasis on those syllables

A line of poetry can be broken into “feet,” which are individual units within a line of
poetry. A foot of poetry has a specific number of syllables and a specific pattern of
emphasis.

Common Types of Feet in Poetry

In English poetry, the most common types of metrical feet are two syllables and three
syllables long. They’re characterized by their particular combination of stressed
syllables and unstressed syllables. They include:
 Trochee. Pronounced DUH-duh, as in “ladder.”
Iamb. Pronounced duh-DUH, as in “indeed.”
Spondee. Pronounced DUH-DUH, as in “TV.”
Dactyl. Pronounced DUH-duh-duh, as in “certainly.”
Anapest. Pronounced duh-duh-DUH, as in “what the heck!” (Anapestic poetry
typically divides its stressed syllables across multiple words.)
Common Types of Meter in Poetry

Metrical feet are repeated over the course of a line of poetry to create poetic meter. We
describe the length of a poetic meter by using Greek suffixes:

 one foot = monometer

 two feet = dimeter

 three feet = trimeter

 four feet = tetrameter

 five feet = pentameter

 six feet = hexameter

 seven feet = heptameter

 eight feet = octameter

Stanza

In poetry, a stanza is used to describe the main building block of a poem. It is a unit of
poetry composed of lines that relate to a similar thought or topic—like a paragraph
in prose or a verse in a song. Every stanza in a poem has its own concept and serves a
unique purpose. A stanza may be arranged according to rhyming patterns and meters—
the syllabic beats of a line. It can also be a free-flowing verse that has no formal
structure. 

In Italian, the word “stanza” means “room.” Stanzas, then function in a poem like
rooms function in a house. Acclaimed poet and former US Poet Laureate Billy Collins
says: “You’re taking the reader on a tour of the poem, room by room, like taking
someone through your house and describing it.” In this way, stanzas can be particularly
revealing: the structure of a poem’s stanzas says a lot about the poem, just as the rooms
in a house say a lot about the house.

A stanza can reveal the following about a poem:

 Structure. A poem always has a structural framework in place. Stanzas are part
of a poem’s architecture.
 Pattern. In formal verse poetry, in which the poem follows a rhyme scheme and
meter, the first stanza sets the pattern for the overall poem. The rhyme and
rhythm used will repeat in the second stanza, and so on.
 Organization. Often, the lines of a stanza explore a thought. As the poet moves
onto the next thought, they might progress to a new stanza.
 Set a mood. A break in between stanzas may signal a shift in mood or emotional
tone.
 Shape. The space around and between stanzas (or lack thereof), and the pattern
they create on the page, defines the shape of a poem.
Different Types of Stanza

 Monostich. A one-line stanza. Monostich can also be an entire poem.

 Couplet. A stanza with two lines that rhyme.
 Tercet. A stanza with three lines that either all rhyme or the first and the third
line rhyme—which is called an ABA rhyming pattern. A poem made up of
tercets and concludes with a couplet is called a “terza rima.”
 Quatrain. A stanza with four lines with the second and fourth lines rhyming.
 Quintain. A stanza with five lines.
 Sestet. A stanza with six lines.
 Septet. A stanza with seven lines. This is sometimes called a “rhyme royal.”
 Octave. A stanza with eight lines written in iambic pentameter, or ten syllable
beats per line. The more lines a stanza has the more varieties of rhyme and
meter patterns. For example, “ottava rima” is an eight-line stanza with the
specific rhyme scheme in which the first six lines have an alternating rhyme
pattern and a couplet as the final two lines.
 Isometric stanza. Isometric stanzas have the same syllabic beats, or the same
meter, in every line.
 Heterometric stanza. A stanza in which every line is a different length.
 Spenserian stanza. Named after Edward Spenser’s unique stanza structure in
his poem “The Faerie Queene.” A Spenserian stanza has nine line, eight in
iambic pentameter—ten syllables in a line with emphasis on the second beat of
each syllable—and a final line in iambic hexameter—a twelve-syllable beat line.
 Ballad stanza. Often used in folk songs, a ballad stanza is a rhyming quatrain
with four emphasized beats (eight syllables) in the first and third lines, and three
emphasized beats (six syllables) in the second and fourth lines.
Formal Verse
Formal verse is poetry that follows a strict repeating pattern, like sonnets or limericks.
Stanzas in formal verse will have a matching meter and rhyme scheme. Robert Frost
was an advocate for structure in poetry, and famously said that poetry in free verse was
like playing tennis without a net. William Shakespeare’s sonnets are a classic example
of how stanzas are used in formal verse.
Free Verse
In free verse, poetry does not follow a strict rhyme or meter. Stanzas of different types
can be used within a poem. Walt Whitman was the pioneer of free verse, using
different kinds of stanzas of varying line lengths.
Rhyme Scheme
There are many different types of rhymes that poets use in their work: internal rhymes,
slant rhymes, eye rhymes, identical rhymes, and more. One of the most common ways
to write a rhyming poem is to use a rhyme scheme composed of shared vowel sounds
or consonants.

Types of Rhyme Scheme

Alternate rhyme. In an alternate rhyme, the first and third lines rhyme at the end, and
the second and fourth lines rhyme at the end following the pattern ABAB for each
stanza. This rhyme scheme is used for poems with four-line stanzas.
Ballade. A ballade is a lyric poem that follows the rhyme scheme ABABBCBC.
Ballades typically have three, eight-line stanzas and conclude with a four-line stanza.
The last line of each stanza is the same, which is called a refrain.
Coupled rhyme. A coupled rhyme is a two-line stanza that rhymes following the
rhyme scheme AA BB CC, or a similar dual rhyming scheme.
Monorhyme. In a monorhyme, all the lines in a stanza or entire poem end with the
same rhyme.
Enclosed rhyme. The first and fourth lines and the second and third lines rhyme with
each other in an enclosed rhyme scheme. The pattern is ABBA, in which A encloses
the B.
Simple four-line rhyme. These poems follow a rhyme scheme of ABCB throughout
the entire poem.
Triplet. A triplet is a set of three lines in a stanza—called a tercet—that share the same
end rhyme.
Terza rima. An Italian form of poetry that consists of tercets, a terza rima follows a
chain rhyme in which the second line of each stanza rhymes with the first and last line
of the subsequent stanza. It ends with a couplet rhyming with the middle line of the
penultimate stanza. The pattern is ABA BCB CDC DED EE.
Limerick. A limerick is a five-line poem with the rhyme scheme AABBA .
Villanelle. A type of poem with five three-line stanzas that follow a rhyme scheme of
ABA. The villanelle concludes with a four-line stanza with the pattern ABAA.

15 Poetic Forms

1. Blank verse. Blank verse is poetry written with a precise meter—almost always
iambic pentameter—that does not rhyme.
2. Rhymed poetry. In contrast to blank verse, rhymed poems rhyme by definition,
although their scheme varies.
3. Free verse. Free verse poetry is poetry that lacks a consistent rhyme scheme,
metrical pattern, or musical form.
4. Epics. An epic poem is a lengthy, narrative work of poetry. These long poems
typically detail extraordinary feats and adventures of characters from a distant
past.
5. Narrative poetry. Similar to an epic, a narrative poem tells a story. Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow’s “The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere” and Samuel
Taylor Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” exemplify this form.
6. Haiku. A haiku is a three-line poetic form originating in Japan. The first
line has five syllables, the second line has seven syllables, and the third line
again has five syllables.
7. Pastoral poetry. A pastoral poem is one that concerns the natural world, rural
life, and landscapes. These poems have persevered from Ancient Greece (in the
poetry of Hesiod) to Ancient Rome (Virgil) to the present day (Gary Snyder).
8. Sonnet. A sonnet is a 14 line poem, typically (but not exclusively) concerning
the topic of love. Sonnets contain internal rhymes within their 14 lines; the exact
rhyme scheme depends on the style of a sonnet.
9. Elegies. An elegy is a poem that reflects upon death or loss. Traditionally, it
contains themes of mourning, loss, and reflection. However, it can also explore
themes of redemption and consolation.
10. Ode. Much like an elegy, an ode is a tribute to its subject, although the subject
need not be dead—or even sentient, as in John Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn”.
11. Limerick. A limerick is a five-line poem that consists of a single stanza, an
AABBA rhyme scheme, and whose subject is a short, pithy tale or description.
12. Lyric poetry. Lyric poetry refers to the broad category of poetry that concerns
feelings and emotion. This distinguishes it from two other poetic categories:
epic and dramatic.
13. Ballad. A ballad (or ballade) is a form of narrative verse that can be either
poetic or musical. It typically follows a pattern of rhymed quatrains. From John
Keats to Samuel Taylor Coleridge to Bob Dylan, it represents a melodious form
of storytelling.
14. Soliloquy . A soliloquy is a monologue in which a character speaks to him or
herself, expressing inner thoughts that an audience might not otherwise know.
Soliloquies are not definitionally poems, although they often can be—most
famously in the plays of William Shakespeare
15. Villanelle. A nineteen-line poem consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with a
highly specified internal rhyme scheme. Originally a variation on a pastoral, the
villanelle has evolved to describe obsessions and other intense subject matters,
as exemplified by Dylan Thomas, author of villanelles like “Do Not Go Gentle
Into That Good Night.”