Module 2 - Cell Structure and Function

BIO. SCI. 2 - General Zoology

Cristel Joy C. Mallari

Instructor I
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Overview
A. Cells as Building Blocks of Life
1. Cell membranes
2. Movement across membranes
3. Cytoplasm, Organelles and Cellular Components
4. The Nucleus as the information center
5. The Cell Cycle
B. Type of Cells

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 Protection & Support

Movement

Communication
Animal cell
Metabolism & Energy
release
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 Robert Hooke Robert Hooke’s microscope

What Hooke saw under microscope Robert Hooke’s publication (1665)

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 Unified Cell Theory

1. Cells are the basic

unit of life.

2. All living things are

composed of one or
more cells.

3. Cells arise from

pre-existing cells
through cell division
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Plasma / Cell membrane
Semi-permeable

Phospholipid bi-
layer
-Hydrophillic head,
Hydrophobic tail

studded proteins

Fluid Mosaic Model

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Movement across membranes
• selectively permeable
• allows some materials to freely enter or leave the cell
• other materials cannot move freely - specialized structure,
energy investment for crossing
• Transport mechanisms
• Active transport
• Passive transport

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Active Transport
• requires cell’s energy
• againts CG - conc. of the substance in cytoplasm >
conc. in the ECF
• ions

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Passive Transport
Passive Transport
Descriptions
Mechanism
• naturally occurring A single substance tends to move from
an area of high concentration to an area
Diffusion
• larger molecules of low concentration until the
concentration is equal across a space.

• does not require energy Materials diffuse across the plasma

membrane with the help of membrane

• moves along the CG Facilitated transport

proteins. A concentration gradient exists
that would allow these materials to
diffuse into the cell without expending
• Higher conc. to lower cellular energy

conc. Movement of water through a

semipermeable membrane according to
the concentration gradient of water
Osmosis
across the membrane, which is inversely
proportional to the concentration of
solutes.
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Other factors that affect particle movement

Tonicity
• describes how an
extracellular solution can
change the volume of a
cell by affecting osmosis
Osmolarity
• describes the total solute
concentration of the solution
• low osmolarity = >H2O molecules
v.v.

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Types of Solutions on which cells are exposed:

Hypotonic - ECF has lower

osmolarity than the cytoplasm

Hypertonic - ECF has higher

osmolarity than the cytoplasm

Isotonic - ECF has the same

osmolarity as the cell
cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm, Organelles and
Cellular Components

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 “microtubule-organizing center”

• ATP
• Cristae -folds
• Matrix
• Membranes

Vacuoles - Storage

“organelle-recycling facility”
Phagocytosis, endosymbiosis

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Other organelles
Flagella and Cillia
• long, hair-like structures
that extend from the plasma
membrane: move an entire
cell
• short, hair-like structures
that are used to move entire • rigid covering that protects,
cells or substances along the
outer surface of the cell
Chloroplast and Cell wall
• plant cell organelles that
carry out photosynthesis
• thylakoids stack - granum
• fluid - stroma
• Chlorophyll
provides structural support, and
gives shape to the cell

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The Nucleus as the information center
• Nucleoplasm
• Chromatin &
chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope
• Nucleopore
• Nucleolus

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The Cell Cycle
• series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces
two new daughter cells

• Interphase- cell grows and DNA is

replicate
• Mitotic phase- replicated DNA
and cytoplasmic contents are
separated, and the cell divides

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G1 Phase (First Gap)
• cells’ active at the biochemical level
• accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal
DNA and associated proteins
• accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete
the tasks of replicating each chromosome in the
nucleus

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S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)
• DNA replication proceed in the formation of identical
pairs of DNA molecules—sister chromatids
• Duplicated centrosomes
• two centrosomes mitotic spindle (orchestrates the
movement of chromosomes during mitosis)

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G2 Phase (Second Gap)
• cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes
proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation
• Some cell organelles are duplicated
• cytoskeleton- dismantled to provide resources for the
mitotic phase

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The Mitotic Phase
multi-step process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into
two new, identical daughter cells

• Karyokinesis / Mitosis • Cytokinesis - “cell motion”

1. prophase • physical separation of the
2. prometaphase cytoplasmic components
3. metaphase into the two daughter
4. anaphase cells
5. telophase
• resulting in the division
of the cell nucleus

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 The Karyokinesis is
divided into five
stages then
Cytokinesis

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G0 Phase
• Cells are not actively preparing to divide
• quiescent (inactive) stage that occurs when cells exit
the cell cycle
• Some cells enter G0 temporarily until an external signal
triggers the onset of G1
• Other cells that never or rarely divide, such as mature
cardiac muscle and nerve cells, remain in G0 permanently

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The Process of Meiosis
Haploid cells that are part of the sexual reproductive cycle are produced by this
type of cell division

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 An animal cell with a diploid number of four (2n = 4)
proceeds through the stages of meiosis to form four
haploid daughter cells.

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Mitosis v.s. Meiosis
• both forms of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

Particulars MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Division Single Double
Type of Cells Body cells / Somatic cells Sex cells

Ploidy Diploid - two sets of chomosomes Haploid - one set of chromosomes

Outcome 2 daughter cells 4 haploid cells

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Type of Cells

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Prokaryote
• simple, mostly single-celled (unicellular) organisms
• lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound
organelles
• prokaryotic DNA is found in a central part of the cell called
the nucleoid

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General Structure of a Prokaryote
• peptidoglycan cell wall
and many have a
polysaccharide capsule
• flagella - locomotion
• pili - material exchange
• fimbriae - attachment

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Eukaryotic cells
• membrane-bound
nucleus
• numerous membrane-
bound organelles
• “true nucleus”

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 This phylogenetic tree was
constructed by microbiologist
Carl Woese using data obtained
from sequencing ribosomal RNA
genes. The tree shows the
separation of living organisms
into three domains: Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya.

(credit: Eric Gaba; NASA

Astrobiology Institute)

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 Cell Present in Present in Present in
Functions
Components Prokaryotes? Animal Cell? Plant Cell?
Separates cell from the external environment;
Plasma controls passage of organic molecules, ions,
Yes Yes Yes
membrane water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the
cell
Provides turgor pressure to plant cells as the
fluid inside the central vacuole; site of many
Cytoplasm Yes Yes Yes
metabolic reactions; medium inwhich
organelles are found
The darkened area within the nucleus where
Nucleolus No, nucleoid Yes Yes
ribosomal subunits are synthesized.
No, but a
A cell organelle that houses DNA and directs
Nucleus nucleoid Yes Yes
the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
region
Ribosomes Protein synthesis Yes Yes Yes
Mitochondria ATP production/cellularrespiration No Yes Yes
Oxidizes and thus breaks down fatty acids
Peroxisomes No Yes Yes
and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons
Vesicles and Storage and transport; digestive function in
No Yes Yes
vacuoles plant cells
Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells;
Centrosome No Yes No31
source of microtubulesCJCMallari - BIO. SCI. 2 - General Zoology
in animal cells
 Digestion of macromolecules; recycling of
Lysosomes No Yes No
worn-out organelles

Yes,
Protection, structural support &maintenance Yes, Primarily
Cell wall No Primarily
of cell shape peptidoglycan
cellulose

Chloroplasts Photosynthesis No No Yes

Endoplasmic
Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids No Yes Yes
reticulum
Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and
Golgi apparatus No Yes Yes
distributes lipids and proteins

Maintains cell's shape, secures organelles in

specific positions, allows cytoplasm and
Cytoskeleton Yes Yes Yes
vesicles to move within the cell, and enables
unicellular organisms to move independently

Flagella Cellular locomotion Some Some No

Cellular locomotion, movement of particles
Cilia along the extracellular surface of the plasma Some Some No
membrane, and filtration
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