Experiment 1

Reactions of aliphatic
hydrocarbons

NAME ID NO.

1. ADIB BIN ARIFFIN 012020090097

1. DHILANDHIRANN A/L POOBALAN 012020092263

1. SUKHVEER SINGH A/L RAJINDAR SINGH 012020091421

1. HEMANAND NAIDU A/L ANBHANANTHAN 012020092340

1. AMOSSON A/L AUGUSTIN 012020091788

1. SHARVIN A/L SHANKER 012020091724

REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Introduction:

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that are based upon chains of C or Carbon atoms and
there are three types of aliphatic carbons which are alkanes, alkenes and alkyne. Alkanes are
hydrocarbons with only a single covalent bond while alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at
least one C-C double bond and alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a C-C triple bond. There
is an aliphatic hydrocarbon that will be used in this lab report which is a ring of carbon atoms
called cycloalkanes and will be used to differentiate the difference between an alkane and
alkene.

Objective:
To carry out chemical tests to differentiate an alkane from an alkene.

Apparatus: stile, dropper, test tube, wooden splinter, evaporating dish

Chemical reagents: bromine, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, acidified KMnO4,
dichloromethane
Method
A. Combustion Test
1. Place a few drops of cyclohexane in an evaporating dish. Ignite a wooden splinter
and place it at the cyclohexane in the evaporating dish. Observe the color of the
flame. Record your observation.
2. Repeat the above test with cyclohexane.

B. Bromine Test
1. Take 2 clean and dry test tubes and label A and B.
2. Add 1 ml cyclohexane to test tube A and 1 ml of cyclohexene to test tube B.
3. Add 4 to 5 drops of bromine water into each test tube.
4. Place the stopper and shake for about 15 seconds. Record the color change.

C. Oxidation Test with Acidic KMnO4

1. Label 2 clean and dry test tubes.
2. Put 1 ml cyclohexane and cyclohexene into each test tube respectively.
3. Add five drops of acidic KMnO4 into each test tube.
4. Heat the test tube in a water bath.
5. Record your observation.
Results

A. Combustion Test.

OBSERVATION
ORGANIC
COLOR OF FLAME SOOT
COMPOUND
Cyclohexane Orange Less
Cyclohexene Red-Orange More

B. Bromine Test.

TEST TUBE OBSERVATION

A Yellow colour remains. No Changes

B Yellow to colourless

C. Oxidation Test with Acidic KMnO4.

ORGANIC COMPOUND OBSERVATION

Cyclohexane Purple colour remains. No changes
Cyclohexene Purple to colourless
Discussion

The purpose of this test is to determine the chemical properties of alkanes and alkenes,
differentiate all of these hydrocarbons, and predict solubility with other compounds. The study
was conducted by examining solubility, burning and reacting with potassium permanganate.
organic chemicals that consist exclusively of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The
carbon atoms together form the backbone of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to it
in many different configurations. Hydrocarbons are known as the Baeyer test. The Baeyer test is
used to detect unsaturated compounds or double bonds. The reagent for the Baeyer reaction is
an alkaline solution of cold potassium permanganate, a strong oxidizing agent that causes the
redox reaction. The actively unsaturated compound leads to discoloration of the purple solution
and the formation of a brown precipitate.

In this experiment we put about 3-5 drops of liquid in the vaporizer dish and set the liquid on fire
by placing a lighted cone or rail nearby. It was observed that cyclohexane produced less color
intensity and less soot during the combustion test. compared to cyclohexene, since
cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon and cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon due to
the presence of a double bond and both hydrocarbons produce carbon dioxide and water during
the combustion test. Cyclohexene burns and produces more soot than cyclohexane due to its
higher carbon content.

C6H12 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

C6H10 + 8.5O2 → 6CO2 + 5H2O + ENERGY

The following experiment that bromine water has a characteristic brown color. Saturated
bromine containing only carbon-carbon single bonds and unsaturated bromine containing at
least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenes react spontaneously with bromine water due to
their unsaturated properties. The reaction between olefin and bromine involves breaking the
olefin's double bond and incorporating bromine into its structure (addition reaction). This results
in the formation of alkanes with two functional bromine groups. They will cause discoloration in
contact with bromine water. Due to its saturated nature, alkanes will not spontaneously react
with bromine water. Bromine is non-polar, so it is easier to dissolve in non-polar alkanes than
polar water. Contact of alkanes with bromine water will cause discoloration and discoloration. In
the presence of ultraviolet light, substitution reactions may occur between alkanes and bromine
water. This results in the production of hydrogen bromide and alkanes with only one bromine
functionality.When alkanes come into contact with bromine water and are exposed to ultraviolet
light, both substances will change color. Cyclohexane and cyclohexene can be used to
demonstrate these reactions.
In this experiment, when hydrocarbons reacted with potassium permanganate (KMnO4), the
Bayer test was finally performed. A layer is formed in the entire solution, which means there is
no reaction. The only difference is the color and the presence of bubbles. The positive test
result that should be obtained is that the purple solution changes color and then forms a brown
precipitate. The reaction of hexane and hexene appears purple, but only bubbles appear in
cyclohexane. Cyclohexene is brown with bubbles.It means that cyclohexene is positive for the
active unsaturation test and contains a double bond in the chemical structure. Due to its stability,
aromatic compounds will not react in this test.
Conclusion

As we all can see, when cyclohexane and cyclohexene undergo combustion, two of
these hydrocarbons produce carbon dioxide and water. However, there were differences
in the sootiness. Cyclohexane produced a clear flame, but cyclohexene produced a
sooty flame. This is because cyclohexene has an unsaturated double bond between
carbons, but cyclohexane has only single bonds between carbon atoms. In the bromine
test, Bromine water was an orange solution of bromine. It became colourless when it
was shaken with an alkene. Alkenes can decolourise bromine water, but alkanes
cannot. It’s because the presence of the C=C double bond allows alkenes to react in
ways that alkanes cannot. This allows us to tell alkenes apart from alkanes. In the
oxidation test, after adding 5 drops of acidic KMn04 into both tubes then after heating it
cyclohexene had changed into a brown reaction which indicates that it was a positive
reaction.
 LAB REPORT EVALUATION FORM
Subject/ Code: FGS0071P
Lab Title: REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
Group Members:
1. ADIB BIN ARIFFIN
2. DHILANDHIRANN A/L POOBALAN
3. SUKHVEER SINGH A/L RAJINDAR SINGH
4. HEMANAND NAIDU A/L ANBHANANTHAN
5. AMOSSON A/L AUGUSTIN
6. SHARVIN A/L SHANKER
4 3
CRITERIA EXCELLENT
Report was sent earlier or
Punctuality, on time. Followed all the
format, guidelines and format
language and provided. Use appropriate
neatness language with minimal
X2 grammatical errors. Report
Max = 8m produced was neat and
orderly.
Description or step-by-step
Procedure of the process is included in
X1 detail and in order, using
Max = 4m passive sentences, diagram
is included when necessary.
Raw data, including units,
Data Collection
are recorded in a way that
X2
is appropriate, clear and
Max = 8m
organized.
1. The data is analyzed in
an appropriate way and is
related to the objectives.
2. The discussions was
Data analysis made related to the theory.
and Discussions 3. Identifies sources of
X4 error and explains their
Max = 16m effects on results
4. Presents suggestions on
experiment improvement
and further studies to be
done.
1. Data is summarized in
the conclusion.
Conclusion 2. Conclusions are made
X1 based on the data (not wild
Max = 4m guesses or leaps of logic),
3. Conclusions are made
based on the objectives
NAME
GOOD
Report was sent 1 day late.
Followed all the guidelines
and format provided. Use
appropriate language with
minimal grammatical errors.
Report produced was neat
and orderly.
Description or step-by-step
of the process is included
but not very clear, using
passive sentences, diagram
is included when necessary.
Raw data, including units,
are recorded in a way that is
appropriate and clear.
3 of 4 of the "excellent"
conditions is met
3 of 4 of the "excellent"
conditions is met
2 1
AVERAGE
Report was sent 2 days late.
Followed all the guidelines
and format provided. Use
appropriate language with
significance grammatical
errors. Report produced
was averagely neat and
orderly.
General description was
provided but not really in
order, did not use passive
sentences.
Raw data, including units,
are recorded although not
as clearly or appropriately
as they might be.
2 of the 4 excellent
conditions met
2 of the 4 excellent
conditions met
ID NO.
012020090097
012020092263
012020091421
012020092340
012020091788
012020091724
NEEDS WORK MARKS
Report was sent 3 days late.
Guidelines and format were
not followed. Use
appropriate language with
significance grammatical
errors. Report produced
was not in order.
The description was not
complete, some parts are
missing, did not use passive
sentences.
Raw data, including units,
are not recorded in a way
that is appropriate and
clear.
1 of the 4 excellent
conditions met
1 of the 4 excellent
conditions met
4. Hypothesis is rejected or
accepted based on the
data.

Marks 40