CONVERSION OF UNITS

A. Convert the following units of length:

1.) 10 m to in.

1 m = 39.37 in.

Solution:

10m x 39.37 in. / 1 m = 393.7 in.

2.) 1.5 km to ft.

1 m = 3.28 ft

Solution :

1.5 km x 1000 m/ 1 km x 3,28 ft / 1 m

= 4,920 ft

3.) 2500 mm to mile

mi = 1.61km ; 1km = 1000 m ; 1m = 1000 mm

2500 mm x 1m / 1000 mm x 1 km / 1000m x 1 mi / 1.61 km

= 1.55 x 10^-3 mi

B. Convert the ff. units of mass

4.) How many mg are there in 1.5 kgs.

1 kg = 1000 g 1g = 1000 mg

Answer: 1.50 x 10^6 mg

5.) Express 150 g to oz.

1 lb = 16 oz ; 1lb = 453.6 g

Answer: 5.29 oz

6.) Convert 3000 lbs to g

1 lb = 453.6 g

Answer: 1.36 x 10^6 g

Convert the ff. units of volume

7.) 2.5 cu.ft - liter (li)

1 li = 1000 cu.cm ( cm3 )

1ft = 30.48 cm ; 1 cu ft = (30.48)3 cm3

Answer. = 70.79 li

8.) 15 gal – milliliter

1 gal = 3.78 li
1 li = 1000 ml Ans : 56,700 ml

9.) 2.5 li - cu.cm.

1 li = 1000 cu.cm

Answer: 2500 cu.cm.

 Units of Temperature

oF = 1.8 (oC ) + 32

oC = 5/9 (OF - 32 )

K = OC + 273

Convert the ff. units of temperature

10.) 100 oF to

a.) oC = 5/9 ( 100 -32 ) = 37.78oF

b.) K = 37.78oC + 273 = 310.78 K

11.) 300 K to

a.) oC = 300K - 273 = 27 oC

b.) oF = 1.8(27) + 32 = 80.6 oF

Systems of Measurement

Two Systems of Measurement

a. Metric System - has a multiple of ten.

b. English System

Measurement - is the comparison of something with the standard.

To measure is an act of comparison.

Conversion Factors - quantities used to convert one system to another.
MOST COMMON
UNITS

GRAMS – Mass

LITER – Volume

METER – Length

CELSIUS – Temperature

DERIVED QUANTITIES- Formed by the

combination of fundamental quantites

1. Density

It is the ratio between mass and volume.

D = m/V

 = g/ml

 = kg /li

  = lb /cu.ft
 DENSITY

Solving for mass:

D = m/V

M=DxV

V = m/D

EXAMPLES

1. Calculate the density of a substance in kg /li  that weighs 100 grams and occupies a container
that measures 2.1 cm in radius. 

Given:  m = 100 grams x 1 kg /1000 g      =   1.0 x10^5 kg

              r =   2.1 cm ; d  =  4.2 cm

Find: D, kg/li D= 1.0 x 10^5kg/0.04 li = 2.5 x10^6kg/li

Solution:    Solve for the volume 

          V = pi x d3 / 6 =   3.1416  (4.2cm)3   / 6  =  38.79 cm3 ( 1li/1000cm3 )

                               V   =   0.04 li

Specific Gravity (sp.g )

 Is the ratio of  the density of a substance with the density of water at 4oC.

       Sp. g. =   Density of substance / Density of water at 4oC

                   =      g/ml     /     g /ml 

Unit of Sp. gravity:   unitless / no unit

Density of water at 4oC   =   1.0 g/ml 

   1.0 kg/li
 62.4 lb/cu.ft

Example:

2.) Calculate the specific gravity of NaCl if it weighs 1500g and has a volume of

      2.5 cu.m. 

     Given:  m = 1500 g

  V    = 2.5 cu.m x 1x10^6 cu.cm/1 cu.m =    2.50 x 10 ^6 cu.cm.

                         = 2.50 x 10^6 ml

     Find: sp.gravity (sp.g) of NaCl.

     Solution:  a) solve for density of NaCl 

                b) solve for sp.gravity

a.) D = m / V

           = 1500 g / 2.5 x 10^6 ml

            = 6.0 x 10^-4 g/ml

b.) sp.g. =   D NaCl / D water @4oC

               = 6.0 x 10^-4 g/ml    / 1.0 g /ml 

                = 6.0 x 10^-4

3. The sp. gravity of sugar is 0.95. Find the volume of sugar in liter if  it weighs 

     1.5 kgs.

        Given:  sp. g = 0.95 Ds = 0.95 kg/li

                     m = 1.5 kgs. Ds = m/V

        Find:  V in liters         V =   m / Ds

       Solution:    Sp. g = Ds / Dw @4oC   V = 1.5 kg /0.95 kg/li 

                    0.95   =   Ds / 1.0 kg/li    V  =  1.58 li

Classification of Matter

Matter

 Chemists study the structures, physical properties, and chemical properties of material
substances.
 These consist of matter, which is anything that occupies space and has mass.
 Gold and iridium are matter, as are peanuts, people, and postage stamps. Smoke, smog, and
laughing gas are matter.
 Energy, light, and sound, however, are not matter;
 ideas and emotions are also not matter.
 Matter can be classified into two basic categories. Matter is either a mixture or it is a pure
substance.
 Mixture

 It is composed of different types of atoms or molecules that are not chemically bonded.
 Something that consists of diverse, non-bonded elements or molecules.
 We can classify mixtures into two categories - Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous
mixtures.
 Air, tap water, milk, blue cheese, bread, and dirt are all mixtures.

Homogeneous mixture

It is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same

properties.

Examples of homogeneous mixtures:

- air we breathe

- tap water we drink.

 Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions.

 Thus air is a solution of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and several other gases;
 tap water is a solution of small amounts of several substances in water.

Heterogeneous mixture

 A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances where the various
components can be visually distinguished.
 Mixtures that appear to be homogeneous are often found to be heterogeneous after microscopic
examination.
 Milk, for example, appears to be homogeneous, but when examined under a microscope, it
clearly consists of tiny globules of fat and protein dispersed in water.
 The components of heterogeneous mixtures can usually be separated by simple means.
 Solid-liquid mixtures such as sand in water or tea leaves in tea are readily separated by filtration,
which consists of passing the mixture through a barrier, such as a strainer, with holes or pores
that are smaller than the solid particles.

Pure substance

 It is any matter that has a fixed chemical composition and characteristic properties.
 Oxygen, for example, is a pure chemical substance that is a colorless, odorless gas at 25°C.
 A chemical substance is composed of one type of atom or molecule.
 Pure substances are further broken down into elements and compounds.

Element

 It is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by chemical changes.
 A chemical substance that is made up of a particular kind of atom and cannot be broken
down or transformed by a chemical reaction.

EX: H – Hydrogen, He – Helium, Li – Lithium, Be – Beryllium, B – Boron, C – Carbon, N –

Nitrogen,O – Oxygen and etc.

Compound

o A Compound, such as white, crystalline sodium chloride, contains two or more elements and
has chemical and physical properties that are usually different from those of the elements of
which it is composed.

 There are many types of compound, like

 carbon dioxide (carbon and oxygen),
 common salt (sodium, chlorine),
 Marble (calcium, carbon,oxygen ),
 copper (II) sulfate (copper, sulfur, oxygen)
 hydrogen chloride (chlorine and hydrogen).
 With only a few exceptions, a particular compound has the same elemental composition
(the same elements in the same proportions) regardless of its source or history.

PERIODIC TABLE

HISTORY

 Elements vary widely in their properties, but in an orderly way.

 In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev produced the first orderly arrangement,
or periodic table, of all 63 elements known at the time.
 Mendeleev wrote the symbol for each element, along with the physical and chemical
properties and the relative atomic mass of the element.
 Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
 He started a new row each time he noticed that the chemical properties of the elements
are repeated.
 He placed elements in the new row directly below elements of similar chemical properties
in the preceding row.
 Amazingly, he predicted the properties of the missing elements in his table, leaving
blanks to be filled in later.
 Mendeleev did not have knowledge of atomic numbers or electron configuration.
 Families were arranged according to increasing atomic mass and their observed
properties.

Organization of the Periodic Table

 Elements in each column of the periodic table have the same number of electrons in their
outermost energy level (valence electrons).
 The electrons in the outer shell are called valence electrons.
 Valence electrons are found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the
atom’s chemical properties.
 Elements with the same number of valence electrons tend to react in similar ways.
 A vertical column on the periodic table is called a group. Elements in a group share
chemical properties.
 A horizontal row on the periodic table is called a period. Elements in the same period
have the same number of occupied energy levels.

The Main Group Elements

 Elements in groups 1A, 2A, and 3A– 8A are known as the main-group elements.
 Four groups within the main-group elements have special names. These groups are:

* Alkali metals (Group 1A)

* Alkaline-earth metals (Group 2A)

 chalcogens are also called the oxygen family (Group 6A)

 halogens (Group 7A)
 noble gases (Group 8A)

The Alkali Metals

(Group 1A)

 Elements in Group 1 are called alkali metals.

* Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium

 Alkali metals are silver in color and have an extremely low density
 Because the alkali metals have a single valence electron, they are very reactive.
 Alkali metals are never found in nature as pure elements but are found as compounds.

The Alkaline-Earth Metals

(Group 2A)

 The alkaline-earth metals are slightly less reactive than the alkali metals.
 They are usually found as compounds.
 The alkaline-earth metals have two valence electrons
 These metals are silver colored and are more dense than alkaline metals.

The Halogens, Group 7A, Are

Highly Reactive

 Elements in Group 7A of the periodic table are called the halogens.

 The halogens are the most reactive group of nonmetal elements
 When halogens react, these often gain one electron needed to have eight valence
electrons, a filled outer energy level.
 Because the alkali metals have one valence electron, they are ideally suited to react with
the halogens.
 The halogens react with most metals to produce salts.

The Noble Gases, Group 8A,

Are Unreactive

 Group 8A elements are called the noble gases.

  The noble gas atoms have a full set of electrons in their outermost energy level.
 The low reactivity of noble gases leads to some special uses.
 The noble gases were once called inert gases because they were thought to be
completely unreactive.

Hydrogen Is in a Class

by Itself

• Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe.

• It is estimated that about three out of every four atoms in the universe are hydrogen.

 Because it is consists of just one proton and one electron, hydrogen behaves unlike any
other element.
 Hydrogen is in a class by itself in the periodic table

Transition Metals Occupy the Center of the Periodic Table

 The transition metals constitute Groups 1B through 8B

 Generally, the transition metals are less reactive than the alkali metals and the alkaline-
earth metals are.

Transition Metals

 Some transition metals are so unreactive that they seldom form compounds with other
elements.
 They are shiny and good conductors of heat and electricity. They also have higher
densities anD melting points than groups 1 & 2. (1 or 2 outer level electrons)

The Lanthanides and

Actinides

 These are also transition metals that were taken out and placed at the bottom of the table
so the table wouldn’t be so wide.
 The elements in each of these two periods share many properties.
 The lanthanides are shiny and reactive.
 The actinides are all radioactive and are therefore unstable.

Metals Share Many Properties

 All metals are excellent conductors of electricity.

 Electrical conductivity is the one property that distinguishes metals from the nonmetal
elements.
 Some metals, such as manganese, are brittle.
 Other metals, such as gold and copper, are ductile and malleable.
 Ductile means that the metal can be squeezed out into a wire.
 Malleable means that the metal can be hammered or rolled into sheets.

Metalloids

 Metalloids are found on the periodic table between the metals and nonmetals.
 A metalloid is an element that has some characteristics of metals and some
characteristics of nonmetals.
 All metalloids are solids at room temperature.
 Metalloids are less malleable than metals but not as brittle as nonmetals.
 Metalloids tend to be semiconductors of electricity.

Nonmetals

 Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature. (Bromine is a liquid at room

temperature).
 Solid nonmetals include carbon, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur, and iodine. These solids
are brittle at room temperature.
 A nonmetal is an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
 Nonmetals are found on the right hand side of the periodic table.

Periodic Trends

 The arrangement of the periodic table reveals trends in the properties of the elements.
 A trend is a predictable change in a particular direction.
 Understanding a trend among the elements enables you to make predictions about the
chemical behavior of the elements.