Lecture-1: Cooperation and Competition in Indo-Pacific Region

Lecture-1:
Cooperation and competition

in Indo-Pacific region
Presented by:
Muhmmad Usman Arif
Pakistan Administrative service
18th position in Pakistan, CSS 2020
Core Concepts
❑International Relations
❑Core Theoretical Perspective
❑Thucydides Trap
❑Realism versus Liberalism Debate
❑World Power Struggles
MUHAMMAD USMAN ARIF (PAS), 18TH POSITION IN PAKISTAN, CSS 2020 2

Thucydides Trap and US-China Strategic
Competition
When one great power threatens to displace another,
war is almost always the result -- but it doesn’t have to
be.
Henry Kissinger: We are at foothills of a cold war
Joseph Nye: For Joseph Nye (Professor at Harvard

University and former senior Pentagon official) US-China
relations are now “at their lowest point in 50 years”.

Origin of Terminology “Indopacific”
-Since 2011, the term ‘Indo-Pacific’ is being used increasingly in geopolitical discourse.
-The German geopolitician Karl Haushofer first used it in the 1920s in his academic work called
"Indopazifischen Raum”.
-In the contemporary context term was first used in an article authored by Gurpreet Khurana,
which was carried in the January 2007 issue of the Strategic Analysis journal (Routledge/ IDSA)
titled "Security of Sea Lines: Prospects for India-Japan Cooperation".

5
The punching paragraph
Just as Europe was the principal theater of international politics in the

twentieth century, Asia will be where much of this century’s history will get
made. If the region remains largely at peace and continues to fuel global
economic growth, where confrontation is minimized and cooperation
enhanced, we can expect a century that is mostly prosperous and peaceful. If,
however, the Indo-Pacific is marked by major power conflict, this century will
take on a different and far darker future.
The region contains many of the world’s most innovative economies, is a

manufacturing behemoth, and occupies an indispensable role in global supply
chains. 6
The punching paragraph
As the Indo-Pacific’s strategic importance increases, countries around the

world are developing new policies to strengthen their reach in the region.
While there is a long history of international partnerships in the Indo-Pacific,
many recent forays in the region are in response to China’s economic, political
and military expansion there.
7
How do you present your view point?
China’s economic, political and military expansion into the Indo-Pacific

is meeting growing resistance from a range of countries including the
US, India, Japan and Australia. The region is now a significant
geopolitical strategic focal point. — A wide range of countries are
actively adapting their strategic outlooks and formulating specific
policies for the Indo-Pacific, sometimes without fully understanding
how these may be perceived by their partners. Understanding
convergences and divergences in perception is important for making
partnerships more effective. It allows countries to cooperate,
collaborate and coordinate where there are shared objectives while
mitigating or managing differences.
8
What is the Indo-pacific region?
Geo-strategically, the Indo-Pacific has been seen as a continuum across the two oceans
joined together by its main trading channel, the straits of Malacca.
Two broad reasons explain the rise of a strategic imagination of the Indo-Pacific.
First, the growing footprint of China across the length and breadth of the region
second, the relative decline of the U.S. alliance system and its strive for resurgence.
Geo-politically, One often comes across the eastward shift of the world’s economic
“center of gravity” toward the Asian continent. Given the inextricable link between
geoeconomics and the ocean realm, the continent’s rim-land is likely to lead Asia’s
“rise.” This made it exigent for the “maritime underbelly” of Asia – the Indo-Pacific – to
be regarded as a singular and integrated geopolitical construct.
9
Significance of Indo-pacific?
❑Shifting fulcrum of power to Asia: Rise of China
❑2/3rd of worlds trade takes place through this area
❑In 2019, $1.9 trillion [PDF] worth of U.S. trade passed through the region. This year, 42 percent of the world’s exports
and 38 percent of global imports are expected to pass through, according to a UN report.
❑South China Sea (cfr)
3.37 trillion dollar trade passes through this unit (cfr)
11 billion barels of oil pass through t (cfr)
190 million cubic feet gas passes
30% of global oil trade south china sea
❑The region is also the home of more than 50 percent of the global population and rich in mineral and marine resources.
❑China Containment Policies through cooperation, keeping TP free and alliances, Control over Choke Points Bad al
mandeb and Malacca

When Indo-Pacific came to limelight?
Major strategic shifts have occurred recently in the area within and around the Indian and
Pacific Oceans, a zone broadly referred to as the Indo-Pacific. These shifts are largely the result
of China’s economic and military expansion. Examples of such expansion are China’s illegal
seizure and militarization of contested islands in the South China Sea; its rapid military build-up
and modernization programme, including opening a base in Djibouti; Beijing’s increasingly direct
calls for ‘reunification’ with Taiwan, including large-scale military exercises overtly designed
to train for an invasion; Chinese rapprochement with countries across the region, including
Nepal and Sri Lanka; and an increase in incursions by Chinese troops into India along the border
in the Himalayas. In places, Beijing’s expansion has overlapped with its region-wide projects,
such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with strategic implications.

The rise of China
❑China’s economic rise: Center for economic and business Research
❑CESR- Chinese economy to take over USA economy in 2028.
❑Chinas growing influence in Indopacific and Asia-Pacific and World: 2nd largest contributor to UN
❑More peacekeeping forces then rest of SC combined.
❑Heads 15 Agencies of UNO.
❑Chinas flagship BRI vision means toppling the American order
❑Chinese Violations of Human rights in Xinjiang, tibet, hong kong
❑US credibility as security provider to allies in pacific
❑Chinese financial institutions like ADB AIDB to counter US financial order
❑Formation of new alliances RCEP

Significance (Cont…)
❑Economic
❑Oil reserves
❑Fisheries
❑Choke points
❑Strategic
❑Control over trade roues
❑Control over world resources
❑South China Sea

Choking points

The Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is an Egyptian waterway that connects Europe to Asia. Without
this route, ships would need to sail around Africa, which would add
approximately seven days to their trips. In 2019, nearly 19,000 vessels, and 1
billion tons of cargo, traveled through the Suez Canal.
The Strait of Malacca
At its smallest point, the Strait of Malacca is approximately 1.5 nautical miles,
making it one of the world’s narrowest choke points. Despite its size, it’s one of
Asia’s most critical waterways, since it provides a critical connection between
China, India, and Southeast Asia

The Strait of Hormuz
Controlled by Iran, the Strait of Hormuz links the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of
Oman, ultimately draining into the Arabian Sea. It’s a primary vein for the world’s
oil supply, transporting approximately 21 million barrels per day.
The Bab el-Mandeb Strait
The Bab el-Mandeb Strait is another primary waterway for the world’s oil and
natural gas. Nestled between Africa and the Middle East, the critical route
connects the Mediterranean Sea (via the Suez Canal) to the Indian Ocean.

Actors in Indo-Pacific Region
❑Extra Regional
❑China & US
❑Regional
❑India, Pakistan, ASEAN

Cooperation of US in
Indo-Pacific

Cooperation of US in the region:
Since the fall of Soviet Union, US enjoyed complete hegemony in the region. But lately, the rise of
China and its economic clout is threatening US hegemony and its interests in the region.
❑US interests:
❑Continuation of US hegemony and Unipolarity
❑Protection of oil routes vital for US economy
❑Military engagements with its partners (With its invincible military might, US has become the global power)
❑Driving global economy according to the US interest (Bretonwoods conference)
❑Strengths of US
❑Superpower of the world (world largest economy)
❑Built strong network of allies, partners (engagement with ASEAN, INDIA, NZ, Australia, Japan, etc)
❑The strongest Naval power of the world
❑The largest defense budget

When US called China a threat and
oriented its policies to contain China
The US government published a series of foundational documents setting out its Indo-Pacific
policies.
❑ The first, the administration’s December 2017 National Security Strategy called China a
‘revisionist power’, and continued, ‘China seeks to displace the United States in the Indo-Pacific
region, expand the reaches of its state-driven economic model, and reorder the region in its
favor.’ It added, ‘A geopolitical competition between free and repressive visions of world order
is taking place in the Indo-Pacific region.’
❑Indo-Pacific Strategy Report: Preparedness, Partnerships and Promoting a Networked Region.
It opened with the statement, ‘The Indo-Pacific is the Department of Defense’s priority theater.’
The reason for this was described thus, ‘the People’s Republic of China, under the leadership
of the Chinese Communist Party, seeks to reorder the region to its advantage by leveraging
military modernization, influence operations, and predatory economics to coerce other nations

❑In November 2019, the Department of State published the third foundational document, Free
and Open Indo-Pacific: Advancing a Shared Vision. It again emphasized working together with
partners, highlighting ‘our strategic partner India’ to ‘address shared challenges and advance
a shared vision’

Weakness of US in the region; China’s
advantage
❑For too long, the economic leg of US Asia strategy has been weak.
❑Withdrawal from Trans pacific partnership
❑China’s Role:
❑Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP),
❑now with the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

Recent policy of US for Indo pacific:
“Free and Open Indo-Pacific”
❑In the international arena, the “Free” in “FOIP” stands for the freedom of all states to exercise
their sovereignty without interference by other states. At the national level this corresponds to
good governance and the protection of human and civil rights. “Open” is interpreted as free
access to international waters, airspace and digital space, as well as open access to markets and
fair, reciprocal trade.
❑From the U.S. perspective, China is also increasingly undermining the principle of openness,
inter alia through its militarization of artificial islands in the South China Sea

Initiatives under FOIP:
❑At the legal level, two initiatives have been adopted: the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to
Development Act (BUILD Act) and the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (ARIA).
❑These initiatives are intended to consolidate the role of the United States as a donor country in Asia and provide an
alternative to Chinese development initiatives.
❑The BUILD Act provides for the establishment of the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (IDFC), which
will better coordinate lending to developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa, and provide alternatives to “state-
directed initiatives that come with hidden strings attached
❑Blue Dot Network

❑ “Blue Dot Network” is to be set up together with Australia and Japan to establish a network for the certification of such
high-quality, transparent infrastructure projects as an alternative to Chinese investments.
❑The pushbacks:
❑Peanuts as compare to US investments
❑the $60 billion that has been made available for the IDFC seems like a drop in the ocean compared to BRI.32 The ARIA,
adopted at the end of 2018, will allow the government to spend up to $1.5 billion annually to implement a number of
objectives linked to the FOIP concept

Cont…
❑Infrastructure Transaction and Assistance Network (ITAN)
❑designed to support regional infrastructure and connectivity initiatives and thus provide Asian
countries with an alternative to BRI. As part of ITAN, a Transaction Advisory Fund (TAF) has been
established to help Asian partners assess the financial and environmental impact of infrastructure
measures
For the United States, the implicit core intention of the FOIP is to formulate an interdepartmental
response to China’s growing influence in the region.

Biden’s pivot of ASIA- a case of
cooperation in socio-economic domain
Secretary of State Blinken and Secretary of Defense Austin made their first foreign trip to Asia,
where they met with the leaders of two of our closest allies, Japan and South Korea. In addition,
President Biden participated in a summit level meeting with the other members of the Quad:
Australia, India, and Japan. The announcement that the United States will work with members
of the Quad to provide one billion COVID-19 vaccines to Southeast Asian nations is an innovative
development and hopefully a preview of more to come. It also illustrates the importance for the
United States to continue to provide public goods in the region, whether it be humanitarian
assistance and disaster relief, or assistance in battling COVID-19.

Climate Change: A New Arena for Cooperation
The maritime Indo-Pacific region faces unique threats from climate change, with rising sea levels
threatening the region’s island nations and coastal regions, and rising ocean acidification
accelerating competition over food resources such as fish stocks. While the Trump
administration explicitly refused to engage on international cooperation on climate change, the
Biden administration is taking steps beyond rejoining the Paris climate accord to deepen
cooperation on this issue in the Indo-Pacific

US cooperation with regional players in
the field of defense
With India:
❑Recent updates:
❑India has invited a U.S. representative to the Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)
❑first-ever tri-service exercise, Tiger Triumph, took place in the Bay of Bengal.
❑Quad group:
❑The Quad, officially the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a group of four countries: the United States,
Australia, India, and Japan
❑Malabar exercise
❑In March 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden convened a virtual Quad meeting attended by Australian Prime
Minister Scott Morrison, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga.
They formed working groups on COVID-19 vaccines, climate change, and technological innovation and supply-
chain resilience.
❑The Quad is seen as a counterweight to China, who critics say is flexing its military muscle in the South China
Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Strait and along its northern border with India.

US and India cooperation; a case of
convergence of interests
“India is an increasingly important partner in rapidly shifting international dynamics. I
reaffirm our commitment to a comprehensive forward-looking defense partnership with
India as a central pillar of our approach to the Indo-Pacific region,” Lloyd Austinsaid.

US supporting India in Nuclear deal

Cooperation of China in
Indo-Pacific region
‘LET CHINA SLEEP, FOR WHEN SHE WAKES, SHE WILL SHAKE
THE WORLD.’
THE FRENCH EMPEROR NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

China’s ‘periphery diplomacy’
❑Focus on its immediate neighbors, and gives Beijing further economic and political incentives
to pivot foreign policy priorities towards its neighbours and away from Eastern Europe and Latin
America.
❑China is embedded firmly in the regional trading system and is a larger trading partner than the
US for every country in the Indo-Pacific except Bhutan.
❑Belt and Road Initiative (Separate session on China’s global power dynamics)
❑RCEP

China, 14 other economies sign RCEP in historic win for
multilateralism - Global Times

The US-China Conflict
THUCYDIDES TRAP REDEFINED

China’s aggressive posture:
An expansionist China is already claiming maritime territory in the South and East China Seas.
The United States-Taiwan alliance has angered China and there have been reports claiming a
sharp rise in incursions by Chinese warplanes into Taiwan’s Air Defence Identification Zone.
Taiwan demanded that China “back off” after a Beijing official rejected the existence of the
median line between the two countries in the Taiwan Strait. Australia-China relations have also
been resting on a knife-edge, leading the Australian Prime Minister to call for a stronger Indo-
Pacific alliance as a “critical priority”. The current US-China hostility has been fully analysed in
recent times.
In the Himalayan Region, China has been in a stand-off with India since May, which is far from
de-escalating, and now protests have erupted in Nepal over China’s perceived land grabs by
building structures in the Humla district. In another instance, China’s remarkable claim to
Vladivostok (where India has significant investments) this year, has reinforced Russia’s military
presence in the Far East.

Rising Tensions in the region
US-Indo Nexus and US-China Strategic Competition Thucydides Trap
Militarization across indo-pacific. Raked up China defense spending uped 131%, Japan 7%,
Vietnam 94% (2008 to 2018)
India Defense Spending 7% growth from 2020,
One China Policy Issue and US-Taiwan arms dealings Build up 9 the biggest us weapons receiver
Shifting Alliances and BRI
Rising regionalism and declining US internationalism, RCEP.

Conflicting zones
South China Sea
Economic front (China’s BRI vs US Blue Dot Network)
Taiwan Issue
Cyber warfare (Separate session on cyber warfare, 5th generation warfare)

South China Sea Conflict
What is the strategic significance of the South China Sea?
• Some of the rich economies like Japan, the US, China, ASEAN countries are dependent on South China Sea route
for trade and market access.
• About $3.5 trillion worth of international trade is dependent on the South China Sea.
• It is crucial as it is the second most used sea lane in the world.
• A report released by the US Energy Information Administration in 2013 estimated that the South China Sea may have
a total of 11 billion barrels of oil reserve.
• According to a study by the Philippines’s Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the South China Sea
has one-third of the entire world’s marine biodiversity.
• It is crucial for the food security of many Southeast Asian countries.
• With its huge reserve of resources, the South China Sea, the part of the Indo-Pacific region has crucial strategic
significance.

The Dispute: China’s version of Monroe
Doctrine
What is the issue in the South China Sea?
• Several countries have territorial disputes over the South China Sea.
• However, the People’s Republic of China has dominated the whole issue.
• China claims that entire South China is its sovereign territory as it has historical links to this region.
• China also claims that it has all the rights to decide security measures and create artificial islands within the South China Sea.
• The International Court of Arbitration had officially rejected this claim in 2016.
• Also, China refused to abide by the UN Convention for the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) as it claims the whole of the South China Sea to be part
of its territory.
• To officially claim its sovereignty over the South China Sea, China had established an oil rig near the Paracel Islands in 2014.
• In May 2017, China announced that it was able to mine methane clathrate – the future hydrocarbon source, from the South China Sea.
• It is also conducting various naval exercises to intimidate the smaller and weaker South East Asian countries.

Actions of US and China in SCS
USA: China:
Bilateral agreements with neighbors
Freedom of navigation drills
US aircraft carriers in SCS (Big Stick Diplomacy)
TPP (2016 signed, 2017 withdrew)
CPTPP (Without USA-→ RCEP)

China’s strategy to
counter US

Applying Edward Luttwak’s five levels of strategy (grand,
theater, operational, tactical, and technical)
The Grand Strategy
A strong argument can be made that the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013, is
China’s global and grand strategy. The BRI has been widely recognized as Beijing’s ambitious
grand strategy to reshape and dominate the regional and international order by building
infrastructure networks across Eurasia and eastern Africa.
From the geopolitical perspective, the Chinese BRI strategy and the U.S. Indo-Pacific
strategy constitute a strategic competition between land and sea powers.
The Theater Strategy
Second, Beijing’s adoption of the String of Pearls should be viewed as its regional and
theater strategy. China is monopolizing strategic choke points in the Indian Ocean region by
investing in geopolitically important ports from Hong Kong to Sudan. The String of Pearls
quite literally encircles neighboring countries, particularly India. In July 2017, Chinese
troops established its first overseas military base in Djibouti.

The Operational Level
Third, China’s anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) activities comprise its operational level
strategy. A2/AD is a military operation that aims to prevent an adversary’s access to a
territorial region (anti-access) and deny their freedom of movement on the battlefield
(area denial). Beijing has made efforts to develop its effective A2/AD capabilities to
deter possible access to its territories by potential adversaries.

The Tactical Level
Beijing is reinforcing its defense capabilities at a tactical level through military exercises in
preparation for possible emergencies stemming from its territorial disputes in areas such as the
Taiwan Strait, the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, and the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. Some
analysts observe China utilizing a salami slicing tactic in its territorial disputes. Chinese military
aircrafts have frequently flew near the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands and the Miyako Strait. On
February 1, 2021, the Chinese government enacted a new Coast Guard Law permitting the
Chinese Coast Guard more flexibility in its use of weapons. On February 6, two Chinese Coast
Guard vessels entered Japanese territorial waters around the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands and
approached within a few hundred meters of a Japanese fishing boat. Similar incidents have
occurred almost every week since. In response, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party of Japan
(LDP) has argued the country should enact new legislation of its own to effectively counter
China’s aggressive tactics. In addition, the Biden administration reaffirmed the U.S. commitment
to the defense of the disputed islands shortly thereafter.

The Technical Level
China’s military technology innovation comprises its technical and technological level
strategy, particularly advances in artificial intelligence (AI), space, cyberspace, and
the electromagnetic spectrum. China has already developed AI weapons, military drones,
hypersonic weapons, ballistic missiles, aircraft carriers, and stealth fighters. U.S. Strategic
Command regards China’s hypersonic glide vehicles, such as DF-17, as strategic nuclear
systems. In August 2020, China test-fired its DF-26 “Guam killer” missiles, which are
capable of targeting moving aircraft carriers. The PLA’s fourth aircraft carrier, currently
under construction, is believed to be a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, while the Pentagon
warns China is attempting to double its stockpile of nuclear warheads. In order to counter
China’s military technological innovation, the Biden administration has expressed its
determination to invest in the development of AI-powered autonomous weapons systems.

US strategy

A policy framework that began in Nov-2011 through Hilary Clintons essay U.S. ‘Pivots’ Toward
Asia in the FP Magazine.That called for an “increased investment—diplomatic, economic,
strategic, and otherwise—in the Asia-Pacific region” is seen as a move to counter China’s
growing clout.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit, U.S. President Barack Obama announced the United
States and eight other nations have reached an agreement on the Trans-Pacific Partnership—a
multinational free trade agreement.
Trumps aggressive protectionism and raging bull trade war to curtail the china rise.
Trumps recalibration from Pivot to Asia to INDOPACIFIC Strategy as a new reinvigorated
approach to China. Dawn of the new US Security Doctrine declassified on 5th Jan 2021.

Salient features
Net Security Provider Role Delegation to Local Powers
Propping up indian maritime capacity for aggressive maritime posturing
Extending and deepening alliance with nine dash affected countries
Building a regional brickwall of resistance to Chinas expansionism
Bandwagoning of local powers into a US Backed maritime force

Crux of the strategy
Net Security Provider Role Delegation to Local Powers
Propping up Indian maritime capacity for aggressive maritime posturing
Extending and deepening alliance with nine dash affected countries
Building a regional brickwall of resistance to Chinas expansionism
Bandwagoning of local powers into a US Backed maritime force

Roadblocks to US Indo-pacific
Pandemic Hit World mired in internal struggles, china gaining soft power by provision of supplies
and vaccination.
Internal US Turmoil and racism entrenched milieu
Trump factor- fractured alliance and dented US world leader role
The production power of Chinese OECD projects pandemic accelerated economic surpassing of
China from 2045 to 2030.Bandwagoning Powers
Dependence of regional allies, intertwined economy with the Chinese.Overwhelming banking on
ASEAN’S, Under notion of unity?
New US Administration, Is USA really back?
Chinese are not Soviets?
58
The Indian Look East
strategy; efforts to counter
rising China and alienate
Pakistan
MODI’S PUSH TOWARDS BECOMING REGIONAL HEGEMON

Sino-India Strategic Competition
Gurmeet Kanwal and other Indian analysts have argued that Chinese maritime ambitions draw
on Alfred Mahan’s sea power thesis postulating that, “whoever controls the Indian Ocean will
dominate Asia.
Chinese String of pearls vs Indian Necklace od Diamonds strategy

The Pakistan Conundrum
Series of defense agreements with India adds to Pakistans security dilemma
This emboldening of India militarily by the US to counter China has posed a security dilemma
for Pakistan
Has historically emerged bruised from getting embroiled in cold warr
Aid suspensions and FATF status -→ Threat to CPEC
Threat to internal security , cross border terrorism
Maritime rights threat- continental shelf turf battles
Alienation of USA, or ultimatum situation
US and China are main antagonists, Pakistan is in hot waters.
64
Why Pakistan matters?
In a world of growing complexity, the most connected states
are the most powerful.” Joseph Samuel Nye Jr
China regards Pakistan as an “element of its strategic competition with the
United States and India.”
To state the obvious, the more the U.S distances itself from Pakistan, a
country not very long ago considered a “key U.S. ally in the region,” the
more expedient it will be for China to pursue its global economic, political
and military aspirations.
The Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has referred to the relationship as
“close as lips and teeth,

Pakistan has geostrategic location.
Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, a cornerstone of the CPEC and gateway city, is a deep seaport situated
on the Arabian Sea. It has been dubbed the second great monument of Pakistan-China
friendship after the Karakorum Highway.
Gwadar port is only 240 miles from the Strait of Hormuz, a key oil shipping route, and is being
built in phases with heavy Chinese investment. According to the U.S. Energy Information
Administration, the Strait of Hormuz, located between Oman and Iran, “is the world’s most
important oil chokepoint because of the large volumes of oil that flow through the strait.”

Way Forward: World
•USA should show humility and accept rising Chinese influence-Farid Zakaria.
•China should show flexibility and go for integration of economies through RCEP rather
then militarization of SCC
•Multilateral Arbitration Mechanism for dispute resolution to find a middle ground
including China not excluding it. There is one caveat to bear in mind when evaluating
this new geopolitical concept. But because China is an integral part of the world
economy and especially critical to the Indo-Pacific region, containment would likely fail
to bring about the same results it achieved in the Cold War era.
•Common and Shared vision of free navigation and comparative advantage be reaped
rather then realpolitik power plays
68
Way Forward: Pakistan
-Support to claims of China
-Maintaining Counterinsurgency Efforts and Internal Stability
-Developing robust maritime capability with Chinas help to counter
Indian Maritime Capability -
-Not to get sucked into us-china cold war,
-Slow Peddling of relations with USA- Striving to dehyphenate -
Afghan Prism thus maintaining a pragmatic foreign policy,
-Actualization of BRI and fast tracking CPEC
-Balancer role by Pakistan
69
Indo pacific region will determine new world order. Discuss.
Role of Pakistan in dirty politics in Indo-Pacific region.
US vs China in Indo-Pacific region. Discuss.
Self Study Assignments:

Role of BIMSTEC in the region.
Strategies of Japan in pursuing its interests in Indo-Pacific region.
(Japan’s Leadership Role in a Multipolar Indo-Pacific | Center for
Strategic and International Studies (csis.org))
Comment on Indian Act East policy?

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Lecture-1:

Cooperation and competition

MUHAMMAD USMAN ARIF (PAS), 18TH POSITION IN PAKISTAN, CSS 2020 2

Henry Kissinger: We are at foothills of a cold war

Joseph Nye: For Joseph Nye (Professor at Harvard

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Just as Europe was the principal theater of international politics in the

The region contains many of the world’s most innovative economies, is a

As the Indo-Pacific’s strategic importance increases, countries around the

China’s economic, political and military expansion into the Indo-Pacific

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❑Blue Dot Network

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• It is crucial as it is the second most used sea lane in the world.

• It is crucial for the food security of many Southeast Asian countries.

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Role of Pakistan in dirty politics in Indo-Pacific region.

US vs China in Indo-Pacific region. Discuss.

Self Study Assignments:

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