TITLE: Emergence of the Social Science Disciplines

MELC: Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the emergence of the social disciplines
LC CODE: N/A

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. The learners demonstrate an understanding of the emergence of the Social Sciences and the different fields.
2. Learners shall be able to connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations.
3. The learners should be able to identify the different contributors and pioneers who leads to the emergence of
social science.
4. The learners should be able to understand and explain the events and contributions by the different authors of
social sciences.

DISCUSSION

Lesson 1. Emergence of the Social Science Disciplines

This lesson gives you the brief history on how the Disciplines of Social Science emerge due to the works of
different Authors. It will also introduce you to the seven areas of social science that help our society grow.

Social Science

Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and relationships among
individuals within the society.
Brief History of Social Science
Age of Enlightenment
The history of the social sciences begins in the Age of Enlightenment after 1650. In the period of 1760, some
effort was spent on the study of man and society. Hobbes` Leviathan; Lock’s Two Treatises on Government;
Vico`s New Science; and Montesquieu Spirit of Laws were all published in this period.

18th Century Development

By the middle of 18th century, capitalism had begun to outgrow its early state and gradually it became the
dominant socioeconomic system in western and northern Europe. Urbanization and population growth became
accelerated, and during this period slums, alcoholism, brutality of manners developed which were to become the
targets of social reforms.
In the other half of the 18th century, in response to the above there is a multiplication of works with a scientific
character:
a. Auguste Comte (1798-1853) invented the term sociology. He was the first to systematize
and give a complete analysis of the principles of the positive character of the social
sciences.

b. Montesquieu and Voltaire broke a new path for politics and history.

19th CENTURY DEVELOPMENT

At the beginning of the 19th century, social science had attained in all the leading European countries a firm and
respectable position. In the 20th century we can also observe recurrent occasions when proposals for a
generalized social science were made. The contribution of Auguste Comte was accepted immediately; Emile
Durkheim and the sociologists of the late 19th century and early 20th century were influenced by him. Karl Marx
gave the first general theory of social science.

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20th CENTURY DEVELOPMENT
If we examine the course of development of the various social science disciplines, we find that they follow, on the
whole, a pattern through which the older natural sciences also passed.
At this stage the social science has become institutionalized to a high degree. It has now become a subject of
research.
Lawrence A. Kempton in his article “Social Sciences Today” states that social science as science is very young
and there is confusion with regards to its limits and boundaries. History moves in to the humanities, eeconomics
becomes mathematics, anthropology and psychology ally themselves with biology and the geography is at home
with physical science.
While in its initial period, it may have been the preoccupation of a group of semi-amateurs, philosopher, practical
men in business and government, or gentleman of leisure; it now has become a subject of research on the part
of academic specialists. In the third and the most mature stage of discipline the battles over method have
subsided, the theoretical rivalries tend to be submerged in the efforts to elaborate propositions bridging the
differences and contributing towards the further progress of the discipline.
Lesson 2. DISCIPLINE IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
ANTHROPOLOGY
Branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behavior and values,
in time and space. It was first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto
Casmann. Anthropologia derived from the combining forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos ("human") and lógos
("study"). It has different branches few of them are the following:

a. Physical/Biological Anthropology
Traces the evolutionary development of man and studies biological foundations, race evolution, genetic
inheritance and etc. with different subfields.
1. Racial History which deals with the study of the nature of races.
2. Paleontology which deals with the origin of man using fossil evidences.
3. Human Genetics which deals with the study of various inheritance.
4. Primatology which deals with the study of primates especially Homo sapiens.
5. Neuroanthropology which deals with the study of evolution of human brain.
6. Forensic Anthropology which deals with the analysis and identification of human remains.
b. Cultural Anthropology
It deals with the investigation of the culture and social organization of a particular people. Culture has
been defined as way of life of people that was socially transmitted from one generation to another.
Cultural anthropologists are also often called as ethnologists of ethnographers wherein they describe
and analyze customs, folkways, social life and others.
Ethnography is derived from the greek word Ethnos (People) and graphein (Writing). That is why
Ethnology is the analysis, comparison and contrast of the dynamics cultures.
c. Archaeology
It is a branch of anthropology which deals with the study of human culture and society in the past.
d. Linguistics
This is another branch of anthropology which refers with the study of recorded and unrecorded
languages.

ECONOMICS
It is the study of human behavior in the endeavor to fulfill needs and wants. Economics comes from the Greek
word “oikanomia” meaning “household management”. It has been defined in many ways. Some definitions are as
follows:

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According to Fajardo, Economics is the proper allocation and efficient use of available resources for the
maximum satisfaction of human wants.
Sicat defined economics as a scientific study which deals with how individuals and society in general make
choices.
Castillo viewed economics as the study of how man could best allocate and utilize the scarce resources of
society to satisfy his unlimited want.
Webster defined economics as a branch of knowledge that deals with the production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services.
Needs are essential for human survival like food, water and shelter. The absence of these needs could mean an
early demise of human in this world. There are three kinds of needs: 1. Basic needs; 2. Essential needs for
descent and comfort living; and 3. Needs for luxury goods.
Wants are goods that give more satisfaction and make life more pleasant and worth living. It has two kinds: 1.
Public wants and 2. Private wants.
Types of economics
1. Microeconomics deals with the behavior of individual components such as household, firm and
individual owner of production.
2. Macroeconomics deals with the behavior of economy as a whole with the view of understanding the
interaction between economic aggregates such as employment, inflation and national income.
3. Positive economics is an economic analysis that explains what happens in the economy and why,
without making any recommendations to the economic policy.
4. Normative economics is an economic statement that makes recommendations to economic policy. It is
employed to make value judgements about the economy and suggest solutions to economic problems.

The discipline was renamed in the late 19th century primarily due to Alfred Marshall from "political economy" to
"economics" as a shorter term for "economic science". Adam Smith is widely regarded as the father of modern
economics. He wrote the book entitled "The Wealth of Nations,"
GEOGRAPHY
It is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geography came from the
Greek word “geographia” literally "earth description", “geo” which means “earth” and “graphe” means “write or
draw”. The first person to use the word "γεωγραφία" was Eratosthenes (276– 194 BC). Geography is neither a
physical nor a socal science; rather it combines characteristics of both and serves as the bridging the gap
between the two.
Two Branches:
1. Physical Geography describes and studies the earth’s land and water features.
2. Human Geography describes and studies what human being do in and on land and water.

HISTORY
It is the systematic inquiry of man’s recorded past for the purpose of establishing casual relationships, validating
historical facts, and reconstruction of chronological evants. History came from the Greek word “historia” meaning
"inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation”. Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian is considered within
the Western tradition to be the "father of history".
Methods of Creating History
1. Positivism. Uses sources to provide an accurate and complete vision of the past. It embraces human
agency in the history.
2. Narrative-Chronology. It crates narratives of the past.
3. Biography-Hagiography. So called “Great Men” Method which creates chronological narratives and
often look as the agency of one individual in history.
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 4. Dialects-Analysis. Synthesis of new paradigm using the recorded or published documents such as
theses in the past.
5. Meta-Narrative Total History. An effort to explain large amount of human history through the application
of theory and social sciences.
6. Negativism. The reciprocal of positivism wherein it rejects human agency in the history and the
possibility of empathetic understanding of the past.

LINGUISTICS
It is the scientific study of language and its structure. The earliest activities in the documentation and description
of language have been attributed to the 4th century BCE Indian grammarian Pāṇini, who wrote a formal
description of the Sanskrit language in his Aṣṭādhyāyī.
Types of Linguistics
1. Evolutionary linguistics. Deals with the development and origin of a language using its form and pattern.
2. Historical linguistics. It explores language changes and the relationships of languages spoken by
different ethnic groups and/or nationalities through comparative method.
3. Socio linguistics. It deals with the relation between linguistic variation and social structures.
4. Psycho linguistics. It explores the imaginative representation of meaning together with the functioning of
the language in the mind.
5. Neuro linguistics. Deals with the representation of the language in the brain.
6. Anthropological linguistics. The study of language and culture. It explores how language and culture
interact for the development of the society.
7. Applied linguistics. It deals with the issues regarding the application of languages in everyday life.
8. Bio linguistics. Study of natural communication system in animals as compared to human taught
language.
9. Clinical linguistics. Deals with the application of linguistic theory in speech-language pathology.
10. Linguistic typology. Study of common properties of diverse unrelated languages.
11. Stylistic. Deals with the style of writing or manner of speaking suitable for an occasion.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
It is the branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government and analysis of political activity and
behavior. The word “political” is derived from the Greek word “polis” meaning “City or State” and “science” came
from “scire” meaning “to know”.
Development of Political Science
Aristotle. Wrote “Politics” the first systematic work on political affairs. He is the Father of Political Science
Niccolo Machiavelli. Wrote “The Prince”, a handbook for rulers in the art of government. And also regarded as
the Father of Modern Political Science
Prof. Francis Lieber. Wrote “Manual of Political Ethics” the first systematic teatise in political science.
PSYCHOLOGY
It came from the Greek word “psyche” meaning “soul or mind” and “logos” meaning “to study”. In present time, it
is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Santrock, 2000).
Types of Psychology
1. General Psychology. Deals with the basic principle of human behavior. It attempts to explain why and
how people behave in a way under certain situation.
2. Clinical Psychology. It deals with scientific solution to a psychological problem through the process of
psychotherapy or counseling.
3. Abnormal Psychology. It deals with individuals with psychological problems.
4. Evolutionary Psychology. It focuses on the psychological stimuli in human being.
5. Cognitive Psychology. Deals with capability to solve problem which includes the process like thinking,
analyzing and etc.
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 6. Legal Psychology. It Assists investigators to analyze testimonies of witnesses and victims.
7. Educational Psychology. It deals with usual student problems such as learning disorders and sex
education.
8. Developmental Psychology. Deals with the human growth and changes. it seeks to identify
developmental disorders and prescribe treatment of them.
9. Personality Psychology. Deals with personality as determined using I.Q. test in order to test its
performance.

WIlhelm Wundt. He is referred to as the “father of psychology” because in 1879 he started the first laboratory in
psychology for studying humans.
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science- a term with which it is sometimes synonymous- that uses
various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about
human social activity. After with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Subject
matter ranges from the micro level of agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure
(Giddens 2007).
Auguste Comte. He is the Father of Sociology who Coined the term Sociology.
Fr.Valentin Marin Known as the father of Sociology in the Philippines.

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1: SEARCH and STRIKE OUT
Direction. Search and strike out all ten (10) words/names listed below that pertains to the emergence of social
science. (It could be vertical or horizontal)

W O E S E A S H O R E S J U N E
O M A V E R I C K W F R U H S N
P G R A P H E N X A A Y R H U D
P X D R Y T O A A N M E C N P S
E W R S O C I A L T H Y U I A S
R E C O N O M I C S I U L H L U
B B M E F R E D R R L M T R E M
L E O H V G V Y E E Y M U D O M
F R V A L E N T I N M A R I N E
H O D N C B D G M E S H E B T R
I M A S Z C B M A E S O C U O E
S T Y L I S T I C D A T E G L A
T O S I T I V I S S I N N G O L
O A A A N T I M H A R J Y R G M
R N T V P R O M A R X I S M Y S
I D U L L A H E L E A F F Y S O
A J R U L E P O L I T I C S F O

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Across
1. Deals with the style of writing or manner of speaking
2. Greek word means to write/draw
3. Endeavor to fulfill needs and wants
4. Father of Philippine Sociology
5. First systematic work on political affairs
Down
1. Knowledge acquired by investigation
2. Deals with the origin of man using fossil evidences
3. Goods essential for human survival
4. Way of life of people
5. Goods that give more satisfaction and make life more pleasant

Assessment

Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. __________are goods essential for human survival.
a. Wants c. Needs
b. Preferences d. Choices
2. Type of geography that describes and studies the earth’s land and water features.
a. Human Geography c. Chemical Geography
b. Physical Geography d. Geography
3. Type of economics that is employed to make value judgements about the economy and suggest
solutions to economic problems.
a. Positive Economics c. Normative Economics
b. Macroeconomics d. Micro economics
4. It is the scientific study of language and its structure.
a. Linguistics c. History
b. Ethnology d. Geography
5. He wrote the first systematic work on political affairs and regarded as the Father of Political Science.
a. Plato c. Herodutos
b. Aristotle d. Niccolo Machiavelli
6. Branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government and analysis of political activities.
a. Natural Science c. Social Science
b. Physical Science d. Political Science
7. Which of the following is not a type of linguistics?
a. Evolutionary linguistics c. Dialect
b. Stylistics d. Applied linguistics
8. Process used in order to control and prevent psychological disorders.
a. Neurotherapy c. Counselling
b. Chemotherapy d. Cardiotherapy
9. Book published by Prof. Francis Lieber and serves as the first systematic teatise in political science.
a. Suicide c. Politics
b. System de Politique Positive d. Manual of Political Ethics
10. Branch of anthropology which deals with the study of human culture and society in the past.
a. Paleontology c. Primatology
b. Archaeology d. Virology

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REFERENCES
A. BOOK
Abulencia, Arthur S. Sadera, Jefferson, Arabit-Zapatos, Ma. Lorella C., Reyes, Wensley M.,

Serafico, Nikolee Marie A. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Pasig

City, Philippines: DepEd-Bureau of Learning Resources.

B. ONLINE SOURCES

Society. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from

https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/society

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40587/8/10_chapter1.pdf

http://warehouse.olc.edu/~sauer/webfolder/SoSc103/SoSc103_reader_30MB_color.pdf

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theoretical-perspectives.pdf

Prepared by:

AHRLYNN F. MATEO
SHS Teacher II

Reviewed by:

GLEN MARK R. AFRICA., MAEd English LIZAN C. ESTILLORE

Master Teacher I SHS Teacher II

Noted:

GREG S. MINGUA., JD BENJIE P. BAUTISTA

SHS Asst. Principal II Principal IV

Answer key

(Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences (Module 2 Quarter 3) Page 7

Assessment
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. D
10. B

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