TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

IEEJ Trans 2009; 4: 97–101

Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI:10.1002/tee.20381

Review Paper

High-voltage Testing on UHV Equipment: Overshoot and Base Curve

for Oscillating Lightning Impulse
Satoshi Matsumoto∗a , Senior Member
Tatsuo Kawamura∗ , HonoraryMember

As the higher impulse testing voltage, residual inductance of the test circuit or the stray capacitance of the test object
increases with size. This means that the overshoot superposed on standard lightning impulse voltage would not be neglected
because of its larger value during the lightning test. This paper describes the analysis of overshoot and oscillation based
on the equivalent circuit containing a residual inductance. The waveform parameters such as relative overshoot magnitude,
oscillation frequency are also derived to evaluate the influence of the residual inductance in the impulse testing circuit. The
oscillating impulse waveform is related to the base curve of the standard lightning impulse. Furthermore, the base curve for
oscillating impulse is proposed by the analysis.  2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.

Keywords: UHV, lightning impulse test, oscillating impulse, overshoot, base curve, residual inductance, waveform parameter

Received 1 October 2008

1. Introduction

In the revision of IEC60060-1 standard, new procedures are

introduced into calculation of the waveform parameters for
oscillating impulse voltage [1]. In the procedures, the waveform
of the standard full lightning impulses is used as the base curve,
and the high frequency components recognized as the noise are
Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit for the lightning impulse test
filtered by the test voltage factor (i.e., k-factor) [1–3]. However,
we need more clear understanding for evaluation of oscillating
lightning impulse parameters because of the increase of residual
inductance of the impulse test circuit for higher test voltage iR flowing through the resistance R0 is expressed by the third-
such as ultra high voltage (UHV) class [4,5]. order derivative (1).
In this paper, the formulation for the oscillating lightning d3 iR d2 iR diR
impulse was made based on the third-order derivative equation 3
+a 2 +b + ciR = 0 (1)
dt dt dt
as described below.
where
Ls + Rs R0 C 0 Cs (Rs + R0 ) + R0 C0 1
a= ,b= ,c=
2. Equivalent Circuit for the Impulse Test Circuit Ls R0 C0 Ls Cs R0 C0 Ls Cs R0 C0
(2)
Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit for the impulse test The non-oscillating output voltage of the resistor R0 is given
circuit having the residual inductance. by (3)
Where Cs is the charging capacitor of the impulse generator,
vout = iR R0 = (F ez1 t + Gez2 t + H ez3 t )R0 (3)
Ls is the residual inductance, C0 is the load-side capacitor, Rs
and R0 are the resistors for adjusting wave form. The current where
V0 z3 − z2 V0 z1 − z3
F = ,G = ,
Ls R0 C0
Ls R0 C0

a
Correspondence to: Satoshi Matsumoto, Department of Electrical V0 z2 − z1
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, H = (4)
Ls R0 C0

3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan.

 

1 1 1
 z1 z2 (z2 − z1 ) 
E-mail: matu0704@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp


∗ Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo
=

z1 z2 z3

= +z2 z3 (z3 − z2 ) (5)
135-8548, Japan
z2 z2 z2
 +z3 z1 (z1 − z3 ) 
1 2 3

 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 S. MATSUMOTO AND T. KAWAMURA

And z1 , z2 and z3 are roots of the characteristic equation Also known as the instant time t50 when the impulse is 50%
against the (1). For the damped waveform, the real parts of the value of the peak value at the tail is derived from following
exponents are required to be less than zero. equation:
On the other hand, oscillating impulse waveform is given by
 0.5Vp = vout (t50 ) where, t50 > tm (17)
sin(ωt + θ )
vout (t) = A e−α1 t − e−α2 t (6) According to the definition, front time T1 and time to half-value
sin θ
T2 are calculated from following equations;
where
10
T1 = (t90 − t30 ) (18)
α13 − aα12 + bα1 − c = 0 (7) 6
8α23 − 8aα22 + 2(a 2 + b)α2 + (c − ab) = 0 (8) t90 − t30 t90 − 3t30
T2 = t50 − t0 = (t50 − t30 ) + = + t50
ω2 = 3α22 − 2aα2 + b (9) 2 2
(19)
tan θ = ω
α2 −α1 (10)
Virtual origin of the damped oscillation impulse is calculated
R0 V0
A= by
α2 − α1 − ω cot θ +R0 C0 (α12 − α22 +ω2 +2α2 ω cot θ ) Ls
3t30 − t90
(11) t0 = (20)
2
Here, α1 and α2 are the independent variables and are Oscillation frequency is calculated from the (9) as follows:
determined by the (7) and (8), respectively. On the other 
hand, ω and θ are dependent variables as shown in (9) and 3α22 − 2aα2 + b
(10), respectively. This means that oscillating waveform has f = (21)
2π
four waveform parameters; however, only three variables are
independent variables. 4. Example
Figure 2 shows the comparison between the oscillation
3. Calculation of Waveform Parameters waveforms and the standard lightning impulse [4] under the
Relative overshoot magnitude δ is the ratio of the peak value assumption that
Vp of the oscillating impulse to the maximum value Vsp of Ls = 22.8 µH for the damped oscillation impulse (22)
the standard lightning impulse. Therefore, relative overshoot
Ls = 0 µH for the standard lightning impulse (23)
magnitude is expressed as follows:
Vp − Vsp Vp − Vsp Here, circuit parameters of the impulse test are shown in the
δ= = 100 (%) (12) figure caption. In this case, relative overshoot magnitude is 5%
Vsp Vsp
as shown in Fig. 2. The other cases are shown in Figs 3 and
where the maximum value Vsp of the standard lightning impulse 4. It is clear that the relative overshoot magnitude increases as
is expressed by a pair of exponential functions, and the peak the value of the residual inductance increases.
value of the overshoot Vp of the oscillating impulse voltage is The residual curve is the difference between oscillating
derived below: waveform and standard lightning impulse (1.2/50 µs). From
The first peak value of the waveform is derived from the the residual curves, we can say that the outstanding feature
instantaneous time tm at the peak value. From the equation of the residual inductance influences wave front, not wave
of dvdtout = 0, we obtain the transcendental function having the tail. Namely, the residual inductance causes the overshoot at
variable tm as follows: the wave front, and the wave tail coincides with the standard

  lightning impulse.
(α −α )α
ω + 2 ω 1 2 sin ωtm
α1 e−α1 tm − e−α2 tm = 0 (13)
+α1 cos ωtm
1.2
The solution of tm is calculated by numerical computation. Then
1
the peak value is determined by substituting tm into (6):
0.8
Vp = vout (tm )
 0.6
sin(ωtm + θ )
= A e−α1 tm − e−α2 tm (14) 0.4
sin θ
0.2
The instant time t30 when the impulse is 30% value of the peak Residual curve
value at the front is derived from following equation: 0
0 5 10 15 20
0.3Vp = vout (t30 ) where t30 < tm (15) −0.2
time (µs)
−0.4
The instant time t90 when the impulse is 90% value of the peak
value at the front is derived from following equation: Fig. 2 Comparison with overshoot waveform and standard
lightning impulse (δ = 5.0%, Ls = 22.8µH, Cs = 0.01µF,
0.9Vp = vout (t90 ) where, t90 < tm (16) C0 = 5000 pF, Rs = 123 , R0 = 4458 )

98 IEEJ Trans 4: 97–101 (2009)

 OVERSHOOT AND BASE CURVE FOR OSCILLATING LIGHTNING IMPULSE

1.2 18
16

Relative overshoot d (%)

1
14
0.8 12
10
0.6
8 Oscillation
0.4 6 Oscillation
4
0.2
Residual curve 2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
−0.2 Ls (mH)
time (ms)
−0.4 Cs = 0.05m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 95Ω, Ro = 1152Ω
Cs = 0.01m F,Co = 2000pF,Rs = 251W, Ro = 5456 W
Fig. 3 Comparison with overshoot waveform and standard
lightning impulse (δ = 10.0%, Ls = 32.1µH, Cs = 0.01µF, Fig. 5 Relationship between relative overshoot magnitude δ
C0 = 5000 pF, Rs = 123 , R0 = 4458 ) and residual inductance Ls

1.2
Cs = 0.01m F,Co = 2000pF,Rs = 251Ω .Ro = 5466 Ω
1 Cs = 0.05m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 95Ω .Ro = 1152 Ω
0.8 1.8
0.6 1.6
1.4
0.4 1.2
T1 (ms)

0.2
Residual curve
0 Oscillation
0 5 10 15 20
−0.2
time (ms)
−0.4
Fig. 4 Comparison with overshoot waveform and standard
lightning impulse (δ = 20.0%, Ls = 55.5µH, Cs = 0.01µF,
C0 = 5000 pF, Rs = 123 , R0 = 4458 )
Figure 5 shows the relationship between relative overshoot
magnitude and residual inductance. As residual inductance
increases, relative overshoot magnitude increases as shown in
Fig. 5. The value of critical residual inductance that is cal-
culated from (3) is 25.8µH as indicated “Oscillation” in the
Fig. 5. If the residual inductance is less than the critical resid-
ual inductance, the wave form is calculated by (3). On the other
hand, if the residual inductance is greater than the critical resid-
ual inductance, the oscillating wave form is calculated by (6).
Figure 6 shows the variation of front time as a function of
the residual inductance. As shown in Fig. 6, the curve shows
the U-shape characteristic, and the front time has the minimum
near the oscillation starting region.
Figure 7 shows the relationship between relative overshoot
magnitude and residual inductance under the capacitance C0
keeps the value at 5000 pF. This figure shows that the relative
overshoot magnitude varies according to the impulse circuit.
As the capacitance Cs of the impulse generator increases, in
general, relative overshoot magnitude decreases.
Figure 8 shows the variation of front time as a function of
the residual inductance. As shown in Figs 6 and 8, front time
has the U-shaped characteristic, and the minimum varies with
the variables of the impulse circuit.
Generally speaking, the minimum value of the residual
inductance of the impulse circuit is determined by the con-
struction of an impulse generator. Therefore, the relationship
1
0.8
0.6
0.4 Oscillation
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ls (mH)
Fig. 6 Relationship between front time Tf and residual induc-
tance Ls
between the load-side capacitance C0 and the residual induc-
tance should examine the influence on overshoot. Figure 9
shows the relationship between the relative overshoot mag-
nitude and the load-side capacitance. As shown in Fig. 9,
as the capacitance C0 increases, relative overshoot magnitude
increases drastically if the residual inductance is large.
5. Discussion
Theoretical waveform for oscillating impulse waveform is
given by (6). For non-oscillating waveform, theoretical one is
given by (3). In addition, some calculation results are presented
in this paper.
Usually, the base curve is defined by the standard lightning
impulse, which is expressed by pair of exponential functions.
On the other hand, the test voltage curve having the oscil-
lation superposed on standard lightning impulse is expressed
by (6).
Similarly, the test voltage curve having overshoot (non-
oscillating waveform) is given by (3).
Namely, if residual inductance is less than critical value
that is calculated by (3), there is no overshoot as shown in
Fig. 5. However, the theoretical waveform given by (3) is
different from the standard lightning impulse waveform, which
is expressed by pairs of exponential terms. In other words, the

99 IEEJ Trans 4: 97–101 (2009)

 S. MATSUMOTO AND T. KAWAMURA

Cs = 0.02m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 104Ω .Ro = 2641Ω Cs = 0.02m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 104Ω .Ro = 2641Ω
Cs = 0.05m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 95Ω .Ro = 1152Ω Cs = 0.1m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 99Ω .Ro = 554Ω
Cs = 0.1m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 99Ω .Ro = 554Ω Cs = 0.05m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 95Ω .Ro = 1152Ω
Cs = 0.2m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 141Ω .Ro = 195Ω Cs = 0.02m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 141Ω .Ro = 195Ω
40 40

Relative overshoot d (%)

35 35
30
30
25
25
20
d (%)

20 15
15 10
10 5
5 0
0 100 200 300 400 500
0 Frequency (kHz)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ls (mH) Fig. 10 Relationship between relative overshoot magnitude δ
and frequency
Fig. 7 Relationship between relative overshoot magnitude δ
and residual inductance Ls
recorded non-oscillation waveform will not be distinguishable
to the eye without precise calculation.
1.8 There are four waveform parameters, namely, front time,
1.6 time to half-value, overshoot, and frequency. However, only
1.4 the three variables are independent, and another is a depen-
1.2 dent variable. This point is very important to the parameter
estimation.
T1 (ms)

1
0.8
In the revision of IEC60060-1 [1], waveform of lightning
impulse voltage is discussed to distinguish between base curve
0.6
and overshoot. There are three curves related to waveform,
0.4
i.e. recorded curve, base curve, and test voltage curve. In
0.2
this paper, calculated impulse waveform corresponds to the
0 recorded curve. However, this analysis is effective to the filtered
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ls (mH) curve which is based on the k-factor approach because of its
flexibility. For example, Fig. 10 shows the relations between
Cs = 0.02m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 104Ω .Ro = 2641Ω
relative overshoot magnitude δ and frequency which are given
Cs = 0.05m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 95Ω .Ro = 1152Ω
Cs = 0.1m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 99Ω .Ro = 554Ω by (12) and (21), respectively. This figure shows that the
Cs = 0.2m F,Co = 5000pF,Rs = 141Ω .Ro = 195Ω relative overshoot magnitude near the value of 5% has a higher
frequency component.
Fig. 8 Relationship between front time Tf and residual induc-
tance Ls 6. Conclusion
Analytical method for the calculation of waveform with or
35 without overshoot (oscillation) and evaluation of oscillating
50 mH
20 mH waveform parameters is derived by assuming the existence of
30
10 mH residual inductance in the impulse test circuit.
25 Finally, we add the comment that the analysis using the
biquadratic equation is being studied recently [6,7].
20
d (%)

15 Acknowledgment
10 I wish to acknowledge valuable discussions with Professor Emeritus
Teruya Kouno of the University of Tokyo.
5
Cs = 0.033[mF]
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
References
CO (pF)

Fig. 9 Relationship between relative overshoot magnitude δ (1) High voltage test techniques Part 1 General definitions and test
and capacitance C0 requirements IEC 60060-1 Ed.3.0, 42/224/CD, 2007.

100 IEEJ Trans 4: 97–101 (2009)

 OVERSHOOT AND BASE CURVE FOR OSCILLATING LIGHTNING IMPULSE

(2) Hallstrom J, Berlijn S, Gamlin M, Garnacho F, Gockenbach E, Tatsuo Kawamura (Honorary Member) was born in Tokyo
Kato T, Li Y, Rungis J. Applicability of different implementations in 1930. He graduated from the Univer-
of K-factor filtering schemes for the revision of IEC60060-1 and 2. sity of Tokyo in 1954. He received Master
In Internatinal Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Beijing,
and Doctor degrees from the University of
Paper No.B-32, 2005; 1–6.
Tokyo in 1956 and 1959, respectively. He
(3) Sato S, Harada T, Ebana T, Hoshi H, Sakaguchi S. Automatic
determination of the circuit constants fulfilling the given impulse joined the Institute of Industrial Science,
time parameters. IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials University of Tokyo in 1959 where he was
2006; 126(9):887–894. Professor. In 1991, he became Professor at
(4) Matsumoto S. Analysis and evaluation of waveform parameters the Shibaura Institute of Technology and
for oscillating impulse voltage. Transactions on Electrical and Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo. His research
Electronic Engineering, IEEJ Transactions 2007; 2(6):651–656. interests are high-voltage and electrical insulation. He was Vice
(5) Matsumoto S. Influence of the residual inductance of the impulse President of IEE Japan, President of IEIE Japan and President
generator for the generation of the lightning impulse voltage. IEEJ of Japan Building Mechanical and Electrical Engineers Associ-
Transaction on Power and Energy 2007; 127(11):1213–1218.
ation.
(6) Matsumoto S, Nishimura N. Analysis of oscillating impulse voltage
using the fourth-order derivative equation. In Proceedings of the
19th Annual Conference of Power and Energy Society, IEE of Japan,
Session 49, No. 385, September, 2008; 9–10.
(7) Matsumoto S, Nishimura N. Analysis of waveform parameters
for oscillating impulse voltage using the biquadratic equation
for the IG circuit, The Papers of Joint Technical Meeting on
Electrical Discharges, Switching and Protecting Engineering and
High Voltage Engineering, IEE Japan, ED-08-113, SP-08-28, HV-
08-42, October 2008.

Satoshi Matsumoto (Senior Member) was born in Tochigi,

Japan in 1955. He received Master and
Doctor degrees in Electrical Engineering
from The University of Tokyo in 1981 and
1984, respectively. He joined Toshiba Cor-
poration in 1984. He is presently Professor
at Shibaura Institute of Technology. He is
Senior Member of IEEE.

101 IEEJ Trans 4: 97–101 (2009)