Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for

the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Intro > Overview

□ A : Voice and PPT Overview
□ B : Text-based Overview
■ C : Video and PPT Overview

 Today’s lesson is “DC Machines – Part 1”.

Opening
Message

1. Introduction and Principle

2. Construction of DC Machines
Lesson 3. Magnetic Field & EMF
topics 4. Electromagnetic Power &Torque

At the completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Learning
Goals

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Principle

1.1 Introduction
• Applications
‒ DC motors: machine tools, cars, conveyors, electric
locomotives, …
‒ DC generators: electric railways, boosters, arc
welding,…
• Advantages
‒ High starting torque; quick start, stop
‒ Speed control over a wide range, accurate stepless
speed control
• Drawbacks
‒ Maintenance costs due to brushes and commutators
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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Principle

1.2 Operating Principles

• DC Generator
E12
One cycle Uxy

E.M.F.
3 4 3 4 7 8
A 8 1 2 2 6
2
D 1 5 1 1 5 1
6 8 E12 E21
N7 B C 3 S CD position
7

6
5 4

D A
A D

Mica
N S N S
B C C B
C1 C2
_ x _ x
y + E12 > 0 y + E21 > 0
E12 C1 C2 C2 C1

R R

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Principle

Rotation
1.2 Operating Principles
• DC Generator A
C
‒ 4 coils (A, B, C, D) D D

S N
in 4 slots (1, 2, 3, 4) B B
C A
‒ Improving the waveshape

B C D A B C D
Uxy Rotation
A

S D B N
90 180 270 360 degrees

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Principle

1.2 Operating Principles

• DC Motor
Fe=BlIa
n n
A D F D A
e Fe
B B
Ia Ia

Fe B C Fe C B
y y
x x

+ _ + _

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.1 An overview

Stator
Terminals

Windings

Armature/Rotor
Commutator Brushes

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.2 Stator – Pole and Frame Construction

• Main poles: single cast piece of metal
• Newer machines: laminated material due to
higher ac content
• Interpoles: located between the main poles

Main Stator
pole

Commutating pole
(interpole)

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.2 Stator – Pole and Frame Construction

• DC machine with more than one pole-pair
‒ 4-pole generator (p = 2)
Field
Armature
winding
Pole

Brush Pole
shoe

Armature
winding

Yoke

Commutator

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.3 Rotor or Armature Construction

• Core and commutator
‒ Core built up over the shaft, composed of laminations
‒ Armature coils laid into the slots of the core
‒ Coil ends connected to commutator segments

Tooth Slot Armature

Commutator

Armature lamination Band wire

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.3 Rotor or Armature Construction

• Armature windings
Rotation
Rotation

4 a1 1
d1 c2

b2

S
y c
d
a
x N
a1 d2 b1 a2 c1 b2 d1 c2
b
a2 d2

b1
3 c1 2
a b c d

x y
(+) (-)

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.4 Commutator and brushes

• Construction
‒ Commutator: Copper bars insulated by
mica-type material
‒ Brushes: carbon, graphite,
Brushes
mixture of carbon and graphite
‒ Low friction, high conductivity
Segment

Commutator

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.4 Commutator and brushes

• Commutation
• Schematic diagram of 2-pole DC generator
• Two parallel paths between the brushes
• Reversal of current as the coil passes the brush: commutation
• Commutation moment: short-circuited
» Sparking may occur

I/2

- rotation +
I
I/2
Coils are short-circuited

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Construction of DC Machines

2.4 Commutator and brushes

• Commutation
‒ Sparking between commutator segment and brush
• Effects:
» Damage commutator and brushes
» Energy loss
» Risks of fire, EMI
• Causes:
» Both electromagnetic & mechanical

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 3 Magnetic Field & EMF

3.1 Induced voltages

• Moving the brushes off the neutral point
reduces the output voltage and produces sparking
m

x x ++
N 70 V
-- y y S

n
63 V instead of 70 V
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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 3 Magnetic Field & EMF

3.2 Armature reaction

Rotation

m
m’
Armature
flux Neutral zone Neutral
zone

φa
+
N φm S

Neutral
Neutral zone zone
n
n’
Magnetic field by armature current Magnetic field N-S poles distorted
by armature reaction

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 3 Magnetic Field & EMF

3.3 To neutralize effects of armature reaction

• Shifting the brushes: but neutral zones shift back
and forth following the load
φc
• Commutating poles I
+
Commutating
‒ Windings connected in series I pole
with armature φa
‒ Magnetomotive force
N + _ S
mmfc = - mmfa ,
rising and falling together
I
Commutating
pole _I
φc

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 3 Magnetic Field & EMF

3.3 To neutralize effects of armature reaction

• Compensating windings
‒ Embedded in slots in the pole faces
‒ In series with armature windings: currents in
compensating and adjacent armature windings are in
opposite direction
 Neutralize the cross-magnetizing effect of armature
reaction
‒ For high speed, Compensating
winding
high voltage machines
N S

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 3 Magnetic Field & EMF

3.4 E.M.F. of armature windings Motion, v

• Induced voltage Ea 
N
e
N
Blv
between the brushes: 2a 2a
Length, l
N Dn Flux density, B
Ea  Bl
2a 60
pN Dl e = Blv
 n.B
60a 2p
B= average flux density under a pole
pN l= length of a conductor
 n
60a v= speed of a conductor
N= number of conductors on the armature
 k E n a= number of pairs of parallel current paths
n= speed of rotation [r/min]
E a  k E n Φ = flux per pole [Wb]
p = number of pole-pairs
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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 3 Magnetic Field & EMF

3.4 E.M.F. of armature windings

E a  n
n1
• For linear magnetic circuit n2
n3

E0, V
  Ix
(n1>n2 >n3)
• Non-linear magnetic circuit
‒ Non-linear curve I x, A
For non-linear magnetic circuit
• Ea direction
 Direction of n or Ix

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 4 Electromagnetic Power &Torque

• Electromagnetic power developed by armature:

Electromagnetic torque
Pe  Te  r
Armature’s angular velocity
2n
• Ignoring any losses in armature: r 
60
pN
Te  r  Pe  E a I a  n I a
60a
pN
• The torque formula Te  Ia   k M Ia 
2a
 Te  I a I x  Te  kI a I x Used to change the torque

k = Electromechanical energy-conversion constant

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