ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B

Muscular System

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES

1. Describe similarities and differences in

the structure and function of the three
types of muscle tissue and note where
they are found in the body.
2. Define origin, insertion, prime mover,
antagonist, synergist, and fixator as they
relate to muscles.
3. Demonstrate or identify the different
types of body movements
4. List some criteria used in naming
muscles.
5. Name and locate the major muscles of
the human body (on a torso model,
muscle chart or diagram) and state the
action of each
6. Explain the importance of a nerve supply
and exercise in keeping muscles healthy
7. Describe the changes that occur in aging
muscles
8. Explore the role of PT in management of
select diseases/disorders in the muscular
system
Mnemonics: Mary Magdalene Really Prays in
Cebu Community Chapel
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
● Movement
○ Most skeletal muscles are
○ Constitutes about 40% of the attached to bones which is
body’s weight responsible for body movement
○ Attached to bones ● Maintain Posture
○ Striated ○ Skeletal muscles constantly
○ Voluntarily controlled maintain tone, which keeps us
● Cardiac sitting or standing erect.
○ Located in the heart ● Respiration
○ Non-striated ○ Contraction of the skeletal
○ Involuntarily controlled muscles in the thorax and the
○ Its contractions provide the diaphragm helps us breathe
major force for moving blood ● Production of Body Heat
through the circulatory system ○ When skeletal muscles contract,
● Smooth heat is given off as a by-
○ Most widely distributed type of product. This released heat is
muscle in the body critical for maintaining body
○ Located in the walls of hollow temperature.
organs such as uterus and ● Communication
stomach, and tubes, such as ○ Skeletal muscles are involved in
blood vessels and ducts all aspects of communication,
○ Non-striated including speaking, writing,
○ Involuntarily controlled typing, gesturing, and smiling or
frowning.
● Constriction of Organs and Vessels
○ The contraction of smooth
muscle within the walls of
internal organs and vessels
causes those structures to

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constrict. This constriction can ● Delicate layer of connective tissue that

help propel and mix food and separates the individual muscle fibers
water in the digestive tract; within each fascicle.
remove materials from organs, ● Serves as passageways for nerve fibers
such as the urinary bladder or and blood vessels that supply each
sweat glands; and regulate separate muscle fibers.
blood flow through vessels.
● Contraction of the Heart
○ The contraction of cardiac
muscle causes the heart to
beat, propelling blood to all
parts of the body.

WHOLE SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY

● Muscle Fiber
○ The muscle cell.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS

EPIMYSIUM

● Forms a connective tissue sheath that

surrounds each skeletal muscle.
● It is a layer of dense irregular connective
tissue, whose protein fibers gradually
merge with muscular fascia (the layer
of connective tissue between adjacent MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE
muscles and between muscles and the
skin).
● Keeps the muscle separate from ● Single cylindrical cell
surrounding tissues and organs. ● Length: 1 cm to 30 cm and diameter:
0.15 mm
● Multinucleated
PERIMYSIUM

ELECTRICAL COMPONENT STRUCTURES

● “Peri-” means around
● Subdivides each whole muscle into
numerous, visible bundles of muscle ● Sarcolemma
fibers (cells) called fascicles. ○ “Sarco-” means flesh while “-
● Loose connective tissue serving as lemma” means husk
passageways for blood vessels and ○ Cell membrane of muscle fibers
nerves that supply each fascicle. ○ Has many T Tubules
● Transverse Tubules (T Tubules)
○ Tubelike inward fold of the
ENDOMYSIUM
sarcolemma
● Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
● “Endo-” means within ○ Highly specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum

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○ Enlarged portions of
sarcoplasmic reticulum is called
terminal cisternae
○ The cytoplasm of muscle fibers
is called sarcoplasm

MECHANICAL COMPONENT STRUCTURES

● Myofibrils
○ Bundles of protein filaments
○ Each muscle fiber has
numerous myofibrils in its
sarcoplasm.
○ Long thread-like structures
extending the entire length of
the muscle fiber.
● Myofilaments
○ Actin Myofilaments
■ Thin filaments
○ Myosin Myofilaments
■ Thick filaments

SARCOMERE

● Basic structural and functional unit of

skeletal muscle
● Join end to end forming the myofibrils
● Smallest portion of a muscle that can
contract
● Z disks - networks of protein filaments
that form a stationary anchor for each
sarcomere. One sarcomere extends
from one Z disk to the next Z disk. Holds
actin myofilaments together.
● I band - two region light bands and
contain only actin filaments. Two I
bands include a Z disk and extends to
the ends of the myosin myofilaments.
● A band - central dark band in the
sarcomere. Contains both actin and
myosin myofilaments overlapping.
● H zone - center of each A band and
contains only myosin myofilaments. The
lighter area of the A band.
● M line - a dark line in the middle of each
H zone. Consist of delicate filaments
that hold adjacent myosin myofilaments.
NERVE SUPPLY
● Motor Neuron - nerve cell that
stimulates a muscle cell
● The motor neurons carry electrical
signals called action potentials which
stimulate muscle fiber action potentials
followed by muscle contraction (allows
the muscle to move).
● Neuromuscular Junction - nerve fiber
and the muscle fiber meet
● Synapse - a cell to cell junction between
nerve cell and another nerve cell or
ancestor cell (e.g. muscle cell).
● Motor Unit - a group of muscle fiber that
a motor neuron stimulates

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● Presynaptic Terminal - axon terminal;

end of neurons
● Synaptic Cleft - space between
presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber
● Postsynaptic Membrane - is the
muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma).
● Synaptic Vesicles - contains
neurotransmitter acetylcholine

● Aponeurosis - broad, sheet-like

tendons

● Retinaculum - is a band of connective

tissue that holds down the tendons at
each wrist and angle
● Tendon - attaches skeletal muscle to
bone

● Origin - fixed end

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○ Does not move (or move less) ○ In some groups of synergists,

○ Most stationary, proximal end of the prime mover needs to be
the muscle stabilized.
● Insertion - mobile end
● Fixators
○ the distal end of the muscle
attached to bone undergoing the ○ muscles that hold one bone in
greatest movement place relative the body while a
● Belly - part of the muscle between the usually more distal bone is
origin and the insertion moved
● Head - closest to the origin ○ The stabilizers of prime movers
○ For example, the origin of a
prime mover is often stabilized
by fixators, so that its action
occurs at its point of insertion.
○ When moving the humerus, the
muscles of the scapula act as
fixators to hold the scapula in
place.

TYPES OF CONTRACTIONS
● Isometric
○ contraction has an increase in
muscle tension, but no change
in length.
● Agonist - group of muscle working
together ○ postural muscles; happens
● Antagonist - a muscle or group of when you stand still
muscle that oppose muscle actions ○ The muscle does not shorten.
○ happens if you try to lift
Example: In elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is something that is far too heavy
the agonist (flexes), whereas the triceps brachii for you
is the antagonist (extends). ● Isotonic
○ contraction has a change in
● Synergist - members of a group of
muscle working together muscle length with no change in
tension
Example: The deltoid, biceps brachii, and ○ movements of arms and fingers
pectoralis major all help flex the shoulder. ○ the muscle shortens.
○ increases the tension in the
● Prime Mover muscle and the length of the
○ one of the muscles in among a muscle decreases
group of synergist that plays the ○ happens any time you lift an
major role in accomplishing the object and move it or you move
desired movement your limbs.
○ The brachialis is the prime ■ Concentric
mover in elbow flexion. Contractions

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○ are isotonic contractions in ○ A pectoralis (chest) muscle is

which muscle tension increases located in the chest, a gluteus
as the muscle shortens. (buttock) muscle is in the
buttock, and a brachial (arm)
■ Eccentric muscle is in the arm.
Contractions ● Size
○ are isotonic contractions in ○ The gluteus maximus (large) is
which tension is maintained in a the largest muscle of the
muscle, but the opposing buttock, and the gluteus
resistance causes the muscle to minimus (small) is the smallest.
lengthen. A longus (long) muscle is
REVIEW
longer than a brevis (short)
muscle.
○ In addition, a second part to the
1. A structure that connects skeletal name immediately tells us there
muscle to bone. is more than one related
- Tendon muscle.
2. It is a band of connective tissue that ○ For example, if there is a brevis
holds down the tendons at each wrist and ankle. muscle, most likely a longus
- Retinaculum muscle is present in the same
3. It is the end of the muscle attached to area
the bone undergoing the greatest movement ● Shape
- Insertion ○ The deltoid (triangular) muscle
4. These are members of a group of is triangular in shape, a
muscles working together quadratus (quadrate) muscle
- Synergists is rectangular, and a teres
5. A type of contraction that has a (round) muscle is round
change in muscle length with no change in
tension. ● Orientation of Fascicles
- Isotonic Contraction ○ A rectus (straight, parallel)
6. Enumerate the types of Isotonic muscle has muscle fascicles
contractions. running in the same direction as
- Concentric And Eccentric the structure with which the
Contractions muscle is associated
○ An oblique muscle lies at an
NOMENCLATURE angle to the length of the
Muscles are named according to: structure.
1. Location
2. Size ● Origin And Insertion
3. Shape ○ The sternocleidomastoid has
4. Orientation of fascicles its origin on the sternum and
5. Origin and insertion clavicle and its insertion on the
6. Number of heads mastoid process of the temporal
7. Function bone.

● Location

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○ The brachioradialis originates ○ the age-related reduction in

in the arm (brachium) and
inserts onto the radius.
OTHER EFFECTS
● Number of Heads
○ A biceps muscle has two
heads (origins), and a triceps
muscle has three heads
(origins).
● Function
○ Abductors and adductors are
the muscles that cause that
type of movement.
○ Abduction moves a structure
away from the midline, and
○ adduction moves a structure
toward the midline.
muscle mass and regulation of
muscle function
● Reduction in muscle mass
● Slower response time for muscle
contraction
● Reduction in stamina
● Increased recovery time
● Decreased SA of NM junction
● Decreased number of motor units
● Decreased capillary density in skeletal
muscles
● Decreased capillary density in skeletal
muscles
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK

Origin: Occipital bone

Insertion: Skin of eyebrow and nose
Nerve: Facial
Action: Moves scalp; raises eyebrows;
wrinkled forehead; “surprise”
EFFECTS OF AGING ON SKELETAL MUSCLE
*In some sources, it is called
● Sarcopenia Occipitofrontalis, it covers the frontal
○ Muscle atrophy bone and runs from the cranial
aponeurosis.

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> it extends posteriorly and the

muscle inserted posterior and inferior to
it is called occipitalis.

Origin: Nasal bridge and orbicularis

oculi
Insertion: Skin of eyebrow
Origin: Temporal bone
Nerve: Facial
Insertion: Galea aponeurotica
Action: Depresses medial portion of
Nerve: Facial
eyebrow; draws eyebrows together,
Action: Retracs scalp; fixes galea
as in frowning
aponerotica so frontalis can act on
eyebrow

*Frontalis and occipitalis muscles are

also known as occipitofrontalis.

Origin: Bridge of nose

Insertion: Frontalis
Nerve: Facial
Origin: Maxilla and frontal bones Action: Creates horizontal wrinkles
Insertion: Circles orbit and insert near between eyes, as in frowning
origin
Nerve: Facial
Action: Closes eyes; blinking,
winking, squinting

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Origin: Maxilla Origin: Zygomatic bone

Insertion: Bridge and side of nose Insertion: Orbicularis oris of upper lip
Nerve: Facial Nerve: Facial
Action: Dilates nostril Action: Elevates and abducts upper
lip; “smile”

Origin: Zygomatic bone

Insertion: Angle of mouth
Origin: Maxilla
Nerve: Facial
Insertion: Skin at corner of mouth and
Action: Elevates and abducts upper
orbicularis oris
lip and corner of mouth; “smile”
Nerve: Facial
Action: Raises corner of mouth

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Origin: Platysma and masseter fascia Origin: Nasal septum, maxilla, and
Insertion: Orbicularis oris and skin at mandible
corner of mouth Insertion: Fascia and other muscles of
Nerve: Facial lips
Action: Draws corner of mouth Nerve: Facial
laterally; risor---laughter Action: Closes and purses lip;
“kissing”

Origin: Lower border of mandible

Insertion: Skin of lip near corner of
mouth
Nerve: Facial
Origin: Maxilla Action: Lowers corner of mouth;
Insertion: Skin and orbicularis oris of “frown”
upper lip
Nerve: Facial
Action: Raises upper lip; “sneer”

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Origin: Mandible
Insertion: Skin of chin
Nerve: Facial
Action: Elevates and wrinkles skin
Origin: Zygomatic arch
over chin; protrudes lower lip; “pout”
Insertion: Lateral side of mandibular
ramus
Nerve: Mandibular division of
trigeminal
Action: Elevates and protracts (move
anteriorly) mandible; involved in
excursion

Origin: Temporal fossa

Insertion: Anterior portion of
mandibular ramus and coronoid
process
Nerve: Mandibular division of
Origin: Mandible and maxilla
trigeminal
Insertion: Orbicularis oris at corner of mouth
Action: Elevates and retracts (move
Nerve: Facial
posteriorly) mandible; involved in
Action: Draws corners of mouth posteriorly;
excursion
compresses cheek to hold food between
teeth

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Origin: Transverse processes of C2-C6

Origin: Fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major Insertion: First rib
Insertion: Skin over inferior border of Nerve: Cervical plexuses
mandible Action: Elevates the first rib
Nerve: Facial
Action: Depresses lower lips

Origin:C4-T6
Origin: Manubrium and medial clavicle Insertion: Superior nuchal line and mastoid
Insertion: Mastoid process and superior process
nuchal line Nerve: Dorsal rami of cervical nerves
Nerve: Accessory (cranial nerve XI) Action: Extends, rotates, and laterally flexes
Action: One contracting alone: laterally flexes neck
head and neck to same side and rotates head
and neck to opposite side; Both contracting
together: flex neck

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Origin: C4-T6
Insertion: Occipital bone
Nerve: Dorsal rami of cervical nerves Origin: Clavicle, sternum, superior six costal
Action: Extends and rotates neck cartilages, and abdominal aponeurosis
Insertion: Lateral crest of intertubercular
groove
Nerve: Medial and lateral pectoral
Action: Flexes shoulder; adducts and
medially rotates arm; extends shoulder from
flexed position

Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion: Superior angle of scapula
Nerve: Dorsal scapular
Action: Elevates, retracts, and rotates
scapula; laterally flexes neck

Origin: Superior margin of each rib

Insertion: Inferior border of next rib above
Nerve: Intercostal
Action: Forced expiration depresses ribs

MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK

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Origin: Seventh to twelfth costal cartilages,

lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal
ligament
Insertion: Xiphoid process, linea alba, and
pubic tubercle
Nerve: Lower thoracic
Action: Compresses abdominal wall

Origin: Inferior margin of each rib

Insertion: Superior border of next rib below
Nerve: Intercostal
Action: Quiet inspiration elevates ribs

Origin:Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and

lumbar fascia
Insertion: Tenth to twelfth ribs and rectus
sheath
Nerve: Lower thoracic
Action: Flexes and rotates vertebral column;
compresses abdominal wall; depresses
thorax

Origin: First to eighth or ninth ribs

Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Nerve: Long thoracic
Action: Rotates and protracts scapula;
elevates ribs

Origin: Pubic crest and symphysis pubis

Insertion: Xiphoid process and inferior ribs
Nerve: Branches of lower thoracic
Action: Flexes vertebral column; compresses
abdominal wall

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Insertion: Medial crest of intertubercular

groove
Nerve: Thoracodorsal
Action: Adducts and medially rotates arm;
extends shoulder

Origin: Fifth to twelfth ribs

Insertion: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and
rectus sheath
Nerve: Branches of lower thoracic
Action: Flexes and rotates vertebral column;
compresses abdominal wall; depresses
thorax
Origin: Occipital protuberance, nuchal
ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12
Insertion: Clavicle, acromion process, and
scapular spine
Nerve: Accessory (cranial nerve XI)
Action: Extends and laterally flexes neck

Origin: Interior of ribs, sternum, and lumbar

vertebrae
Insertion : Central tendon of diaphragm
Nerve : Phrenic
Action: Inspiration depresses floor of thorax

Origin: Spinous processes of T7-L5; Sacrum

and iliac crest; Inferior angle of scapula in
some people Origin: Spinous processes of T1–T4
Insertion: Medial border of scapula

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Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Action: Retracts, slightly elevates, rotates, Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
and fixes scapula Nerve: Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
Action: Stabilizes and extends shoulder and
laterally rotates arm

Origin: Spinous processes of T1–T4 Origin: Lateral border of scapula

Insertion: Medial border of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve Nerve: Axillary nerve
Action: Stabilizes and extends shoulder;
adducts and laterally rotates arm

ction: Retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula

Origin: Sacrum, ilium, vertebrae, and ribs
Insertion: Ribs, vertebrae, and skull
Nerve: Lateral branches of posterior rami of
spinal nerves
Origin: Lateral border of scapula
Action: Extends vertebral column; maintains
Insertion: Medial crest of intertubercular
posture
groove of humerus
Nerve: Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C7)
Action: Extends shoulder; adducts and
medially rotates arm

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Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Nerve: Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
Action: Stabilizes shoulder and abducts arm
Origin: Subscapular fossa
Insertion : Lesser tubercle of humerus
Nerve : Upper and lower subscapular C5 and
C6
Action : Medially rotates arm; holds head of
humerus in place
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MUSCLES OF THE SPINE
Origin: Sacrum, ilium, vertebrae, and ribs
Insertion: Ribs, vertebrae, and skull
Nerve: Posterior branch of spinal nerve
Action: Extends vertebral column; maintains
posture
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Origin: Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of
scapula Short head: ciraciuds process of
scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity, fascia of forearm
via bicipital aponeurosis
Nerve: Musculocutaneous nerve
Action: Flexes and supinates forearm at
elbow
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Muscular System

Origin: Proximal ⅔ of lateral

supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: Lateral side of distal end of radius
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Weak flexion of forearm when
forearm is mid pronated

Origin: Coracoids process of scapula

Insertion: Middle third of medial surface of
humerus
Nerve: Musculocutaneous nerve
Action: Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Flexes and abducts hand at wrist

Origin: Two heads: medial epicondyle of

humerus and coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: Midway along lateral surface of
radius
Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Pronates forearm Weakly flexes elbow

Origin: Humeroulnar head: medial

epicondyle of humerus, coronoid, process of
ulna, ulnar, collateral ligament Radial head:
superior half of anterior radius
Insertion: Bodies of middle phalangeal bones
of medial four digits

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Nerve: Median nerve

Action: Flexes middle and proximal
phalangeal bones of medial four digits
Flexes hand at wrist

Origin: Distal fourth of anterior ulna

Insertion: Distal fourth of anterior radius
Nerve: Median nerve (anterior intero-sseous
nerve)
Action: Pronates forearm

Origin: Pisiform bones; Tendon of flexor

carpi ulnaris
Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal
phalanx of little finger (5th digit)
Nerve: Ulnar nerve (deep branch)
Action: Abducts little finger

Insertion: Aponeurosis over palm

Nerve: Median nerve
Action: Tightens skin of palm
Origin: Flexor retinaculum tubercles of
scaphoid and trapezium bones
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Median nerve (recurrent branch)
Action: Abducts thumb

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Origin: Lateral this of clavicle, acromion, and

spine of scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Nerve: Axillary nerve
Action: Clavicular part: flexes and medially
rotates arm; Acromial part: abducts arm
beyond initial 15 degrees done by
supraspinatus; Spinous part: extends and
laterally rotates arm

Origin: Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of

trapezium bone
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal
phalanx of thumb
Nerve: Median nerve (recurrent branch)
Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of thumb

Origin: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle

of scapula; Lateral head: upper half of
posterior humerus
Insertion: Posterior surface of olecranon
process of ulna
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Extends forearm at elbow; long head
Origin: - Oblique head: bases of 2nd and 3rd stabilizes head of abducted humerus;
metacarpals and capitates bone and adjacent Extends and adducts arm
bones; Transverse head: anterior surface of
3rd metacarpal
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of
thumb
Nerve: Ulnar nerve (deep branch)
Action: Adducts thumb

Origin: Superficial head: medial epicondyle of

humerus; Deep head: Olecranon and
posterior border of ulna

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Insertion: Pisiform bone; Hook of hamate

bone; Base of 5th metacarpal
Nerve: Ulnar Nerve
Action: Flexes and adducts hand at wrist

Origin: Medial and anterior surface of

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus;
Posterior border of ulna
Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal
Nerve: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous
nerve)
Action: Extends and abducts hand at wrist
proximal ¾ of ulna; Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Palmar base of distal phalangeal
bones of medial four digits
Nerve: Medial part: ulnar nerve; Lateral part:
median nerve
Action: Flexes distal phalangeal bones of
medial four digits; Assist with flexion of
hand at wrist

Origin: Anterior surface of radius and

interosseous membrane
Insertion: Palmar base of distal phalanx of
thumb
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Nerve: Median nerve (anterior interosseous
Insertion: Extensor expansions of medial four
nerve)
digits
Action: Flexes phalangeal bones of thumb
Nerve: - Radial nerve (posterior interosseous
nerve)
Action: Extends medial four digits; Assists in
wrist extension

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin: Superficial head: medial epicondyle of
humerus; Deep head: Olecranon and
posterior border of ulna
Insertion: Pisiform bone; Hook of hamate
bone; Base of 5th metacarpal
Nerve: Ulnar nerve
Action: Flexes and adducts hand at wrist
Origin: Posterior surface of ulna, radius, and
interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal
Nerve: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous)
Action: Abducts and extends thumb at
carpometacarpal joint

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Medial bases of proximal phalanges Insertion: Base of 3rd metacarpal and slip to
and extensor expansion of digits 2-5 2nd metacarpal
Nerve: Lumbrical 1: Medial plantar nerve Nerve: Radial nerve (deep branch)
(S2,S3); Lumbricals 2-4: Lateral plantar nerve Action: Extends and abducts hand at wrist
(S2-S3)
Action: Metatarsophalangeal joints 2- 5: Toe
flexion, Toes adduction; Interphalangeal
joints 2-5: Toes extension

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin: Distal third of lateral supracondylar

ridge of humerus
Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal and slip to
3rd metacarpal
Nerve: Radial nerve
Action: Extends and abducts hand at wrist

Origin: Sides of metacarpal bones

Insertion: Proximal phalanges of digits 2, 3,
and 4
Nerve: Ulnar
Action: Abducts second, third, and fourth
digits

Origin: Posterior surface of radius;

Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsal base of proximal phalanx of
thumb
Nerve: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous
nerve)
Action: Extends proximal phalanx at thumb at
carpometacarpal joint

Origin: Pisiform
Insertion : Base of digit 5
Nerve : Ulnar
Action : Abducts and flexes little finger

MUSCLES OF THE HIP

Origin: Posterior surface of ulna;

Interosseous membrane
Insertion: Extensor expansion of 2nd digit
Nerve: Radial nerve (posterior interosseous
nerve)
Action: Extends 2nd digit; Helps extend hand
at wrist

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Nerve : Upper lumbar

Action : Laterally flexes vertebral column

Origin : T12–L5
Insertion : Lesser trochanter of femur
Nerve : Lumbar plexus
Action : Flexes hip

Origin : Iliac fossa

Insertion : Lesser trochanter of femur and
capsule of hip joint
Nerve : Lumbar plexus
Action : Flexes hip

Origin : T12–L5
Insertion : Lesser trochanter of femur
Nerve : Lumbar plexus
Action : Flexes hip

Origin : Pubic crest

Insertion : Pectineal line of femur
Nerve : Femoral and obturator
Action: Adducts thigh; flexes hip

Origin : Iliac crest and lower lumbar

vertebrae
Insertion: Twelfth rib and upper lumbar
vertebrae

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin : Ischial spine

Insertion : Medial surface of greater

trochanter of femur (via tendon of obturator
internus)

Nerve : Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)

Action : Hip joint: Thigh external rotation,

thigh abduction (from flexed hip); stabilizes
head of femur in acetabulum

Origin : Sacrum and ilium

Insertion : Greater trochanter of femur
Nerve : S1 and S2
Action : Laterally rotates and abducts thigh

Origin : Ischial tuberosity

Insertion : Intertrochanteric crest of femur

Nerve : Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)

Action : Hip joint: thigh external rotation;

stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Origin : Posterior surface of ilium

Insertion : Greater trochanter of femur

Nerve : Superior gluteal

Action : Abducts and medially rotates thigh;

tilts pelvis toward supported side

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin - Posterior surface of ilium

Insertion - Greater trochanter of femur

Nerve - Superior gluteal
Action - Abducts and medially rotates thigh;
tilts pelvis toward supported side

MUSCLES OF THE THIGH/LOWER EXTREMITIES

Origin : Posterior surface of ilium
Insertion : Greater trochanter of femur
Nerve : Superior gluteal
Action : Abducts and medially rotates thigh;
tilts pelvis toward supported side

Origin - Posterior surface of ilium, sacrum, Origin - Anterior superior iliac spine
and coccyx Insertion - Medial side of tibial tuberosity
Nerve - Femoral
Insertion - Gluteal tuberosity of femur and Action - Flexes hip and knee; rotates thigh
iliotibial tract laterally and leg medially
Nerve - Inferior gluteal
Action - Extends hip; abducts and laterally
rotates thigh

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin - anterior inferior iliac spine

Insertion - Patella and onto tibial tuberosity
through patellar ligament
Nerve - Femoral
Action - Extends knee; rectus femoris also
flexes hip
Origin - greater trochanter and linea aspera of
femur

Insertion - Patella and onto tibial tuberosity

through patellar ligament
Nerve - Femoral
Action - Extends knee; rectus femoris also
flexes hip

Origin - body of femur

Insertion - Patella and onto tibial tuberosity
through patellar ligament
Nerve - Femoral
Action - Extends knee; rectus femoris also
flexes hip

Origin - linea aspera of femur

Insertion - Patella and onto tibial tuberosity
through patellar ligament
Nerve - Femoral
Action - Extends knee; rectus femoris also
flexes hip

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin - Pubis near symphysis

Insertion - Linea aspera of femur
Origin - Pubis Nerve - Obturator
Insertion - Pectineal line and linea aspera of Action - Adducts and laterally rotates thigh;
femur flexes hip
Nerve - Obturator
Action - Adducts and laterally rotates thigh;
flexes hip

Origin - Pubis near symphysis

Insertion - Tibia
Nerve - Obturator
Action - Adducts thigh; flexes knee

Origin - Adductor part: pubis and ischium

Insertion - Adductor part: linea aspera of

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

femur
Nerve - Adductor part: obturator
Action - Adductor part: adducts thigh
and flexes hip

Origin - Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion - Through iliotibial tract to lateral
condyle of tibia
Nerve - Superior gluteal
Action - Tenses lateral fascia and stabilizes
Origin - Ischial tuberosity femur on tibia when standing; flexes hip;
Insertion - Medial condyle of tibia and abducts and medially rotates thigh; tilts
collateral ligament pelvis
Nerve - Tibial
Action - Flexes knee; medially rotates leg;
tenses capsule of knee joint; extends hip

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Origin - Proximal and lateral surface of upper

Origin - Ischial tuberosity tibia / Interosseous membrane
Insertion - Medial condyle of tibia and Insertion - Medial cuneiform / Base of 1st
collateral ligament metatarsal bone
Nerve - Tibial Nerve - Deep fibular nerve
Action - Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; Action - Dorsiflexion of the ankle / Inverts the
tenses capsule of knee joint; extends hip foot

Origin - Medial and lateral condyles of femur

Insertion - Calcaneus (through
calcaneal/Achilles' tendon)
Nerve - Tibial nerve
Action - Flexes the knee / Plantar flexion of
Origin - Long head: Ischial tuberosity Short the ankle
head: Linea aspera / Supracondylar line of
femur
Insertion - Head of fibula
Nerve - Long head: Tibial nerve
Short head: Common fibular/peroneal nerve
Action - Flexes the knee / Extends the hip /
Laterally rotates the leg

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

peroneal nerve
Action - Everts the foot / Plantar flexes the
foot

Origin - Medial edge of tibia / Back of fibula

Insertion - Calcaneus (through
calcaneal/Achilles' tendon)
Nerve - Tibial nerve
Action - Plantar flexion of the ankle

Origin - Fibula / Lateral condyle of tibia

Insertion - Four tendons to phalanges of four
lateral toes
Nerve - Deep peroneal nerve
Action - Extends the MP joint of four lateral
toes / Dorsiflexes the ankle / Everts foot

Origin - Proximal fibula (Superior two-thirds) /

Head of fibula Origin - Distal fibula (Inferior two-thirds)
Insertion - Base of 1st metatarsal bone / Medial Insertion - Base of 5th metatarsal bone
cuneiform Nerve - Superficial peroneal nerve
Nerve - Superficial peroneal nerve / Deep

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Action - Everts the foot / Plantar flexes the Insertion - Distal phalanx of big toe
foot Nerve - Deep peroneal nerve
Action - Extends both MP and IP joints of big
toe / Dorsiflexes the ankle / Inverts foot

Origin - Calcaneus
Insertion - Four tendons fused with tendons
of extensor digitorum longus Origin - Back of tibia
Nerve - Deep peroneal nerve Insertion - Base of distal phalanges of four
Action - Extends the MP joint of toes lateral toes (through four tendons)
Nerve - Tibial nerve
Action - Flexes four lateral toes / Plantar
flexes foot / Inverts foot

Origin - Back of fibula

Origin - Interosseous membrane / Middle Insertion - Base of distal phalanx of big toe
fibula Nerve - Tibial nerve

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

Action - Flexes big toe / Plantar flexes foot / Action - Flexes the big toe (MP joint) /
Inverts foot Abducts the big toe

MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR

Origin - Back of tibia / Back of fibula /

Interosseous membrane Ischiocavernosus
Insertion - Navicular / Medial cuneiform /
Bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsal bones / Origin - Ischial ramus
Cuboid Insertion - Corpus cavernosum
Nerve - Tibial nerve Nerve - Deep branch of perineal nerve (S2-
Action - Inverts the foot / Plantar flexion of S4) / Pudendal nerve
foot Action - Compresses base of penis / clitoris

Bulbospongiosus

Origin - Male - Central tendon of perineum &

Median raphe of penis
Female - Central tendon of perineum
Insertion - Male - Dorsal surface and bulb of
penis
Female - Base of clitoris
Nerve - Deep branch of perineal nerve (S2-
S4) / Pudendal nerve
Action - Male - Constricts urethra / Erects
penis
Female - Erects clitoris
Origin - Calcaneus (Medial side)
Insertion - Medial sesamoid bone / Base of Deep transverse perineal
proximal phalanx of big toe
Nerve - Medial plantar nerve Origin - Ischial ramus
Insertion - Median raphe / Midline connective

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B
Muscular System

tissue
Nerve - Deep branch of perineal nerve (S2-
S4)
Action - Supports pelvic floor

Superficial transverse perineal

Origin - Ischial ramus

Insertion - Central tendon of perineum
Nerve - Deep branch of perineal nerve (S2-
S4)
Action - Fixes central tendon

Levator ani

Origin - Posterior pubis & ischial spine

Insertion - Sacrum & Coccyx
Nerve - Fourth sacral nerve / Pudendal nerve
& Perineal nerve
Action - Elevates anus / Supports pelvic
viscera (organs)

External anal sphincter

Origin - Coccyx
Insertion - Central tendon of perineum
Nerve - Fourth sacral & Pudendal nerve /
Inferior anal nerve
Action - Keeps orifice of anal canal closed /
Relaxes during defecation

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