 Schema – unit of knowledge I.

Constituents/ Parts of Speech/ Categories

 Stephen Krashen – Language Acquisition and Language a. Noun
Learning b. Verb
c. Auxiliary Verb
Components of Mind
d. Preposition
 Conscious Mind e. Pronoun
 Sub-Conscious Mind (being unaware) f. Adjective
g. Adverb
Tabula Rasa – when we are born h. Conjunction
 Acquisition – without being aware i. Interjunction
 Mind- Abstract j. That (complementizer)
 Assimilation – is the process of acquiring new information to RULES
your schema without altering, changing, or modifying your
schema. 1. A pronoun that precedes a noun is technically not a pronoun
- same or similar but a determiner.
 Motherese – baby talk Ex. His (det) bag (noun)
 Accommodation – create or change 2. A verb that precedes a noun is not a verb. It is a adjective
 Computer – best to describe our mind (participle).
 Association – connection of ideas Ex. Wounded Soldier
 HE – Human Experience (Marxist) 3. A verb after a noun is a verb.
 SHE – Significant Human Experience Ex. Wounded soldier wounded the enemies.
4. A pronoun after a noun is a pronoun.
 Sentence – arrangement of words
Ex. I bought her a bag.
S=V as long as a command it is a sentence 5. When there is no main verb in the sentence the Auxiliary Verb
becomes the main verb.
S= S+V
S= S+P II. Constituencies
a. Noun Phrase > (det) + (Adj) + (Noun)
S= Independent Clause
Ex. Her big bag.
Fragment Dependent Clause
> (det) + (Adv) + (Adj) + Noun
Her quite big bag.
A very intense feeling.
b. Verb Phrase > (Auxiliary Verb) + (Adv) + Verb  The girl cried inside the room.
Ex. Was quickly made. Det N MV Prep det N
Did not work. NP VP Prep. P
c. Adjective Phrase > (Adv) + (Adj) S IV Adverbial Complement
Ex. Very Beautiful  Our teacher is so beautiful.
Super Intense Det Noun MV adv adj
d. Adverb Phrase > (Adv) + (Adv) NP VP Adj. P
Ex. Very quickly Subj. LV SC
Very much

III. Metafunctions (Subject, Linking Verb, Transitive Verb, For your compliance.
Intransitive Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Adverbial Prep det N
Complement, Subject Complement, Object Complement) PP

 I want coffee. This is for your compliance.

Pron MV N >>> Constituents Pron MV prep det N
NP VP NP >>> Constituencies NP VP PP
Subj. TV DO >>> Metafunctions S LV ADC
 I slept.
Pron MV >>> Constituents
This is for your compliance Please follow it.
NP VP >>> Constituencies
Subj. IV >>> metafunction  Run-on Sentence is a sentence composed of sentences
 She does not go to school. combined without proper punctuation. They are
Pron AV Adv V prep Noun separated by a space.
NP VP PP
Subj IV Adverbial Complement HOW TO CORRECT A RUN-ON SENTENCE:
 John bought me a car.
N MV Pron det Noun 1. Put a period (.) before the second sentence.
NP VP NP NP This is for your compliance. Please follow it.
Subj TV IO DO 2. Put a semi-colon (;) before the second
 Ms. Jose wants her grades perfect. sentence.
Noun Verb det noun adj This is for your compliance; Please follow it.
NP VP NP adj. P
Subj. TV DO OC
 3. Put a comma followed by a COORDINATING 2. Periodic Sentence is a sentence that begins with a dependent
CONJUNCTION before the sentence. clause and ends with an independent clause.
AFTER I washed the dishes, I slept. DC, IC
This is for your compliance, so please follow it. 3. Balanced Sentence is a compound sentence that has the same
This is for your compliance, Please follow it. and equal distribution of constituents in every sentence.
Mary cooked, john swam, and Sheldon slept.
HOW TO CORRECT A COMMA SPLICE:
1. Replace the comma with a period. N MV N MV N
2. Replace the comma with a semi-colon. MV
3. Retain the comma, and ADD a COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION before the second sentence. I saw, I came, and I conquered.
PRON MV PRON MV PRON MV
She is waiting for you outside. She wants to talk to you.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SENTENCES
By Structures:
By Purpose:
1. Simple Sentence is an independent clause. It may have a
1. Declarative Sentence single subject and a single verb, single subject with compound
verbs, compound subjects with single verb, or compound
2. Interrogative Sentence
subject with compound verbs.
3. Imperative Sentence single subject and a single verb
I slept.
4. Exclamatory Sentence
single subject with compound verbs
By Forms: I sighed and cried.
compound subjects with single verb
1. Loose Sentence is a sentence that starts with an independent
John and Mary died.
clause followed by a dependent clause or even just an
compound subject with compound verbs.
independent clause alone.
John and Mary suffered and died.
I slept AFTER I washed the dishes. IC DC
John Mayer, a famous singer, died last night.
2. Compound Sentence is a sentence compounded by a
Their building collapsed, killing hundreds of people.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION.
A bomb exploded, destroying one-tenth of the city.
Joey ate strawberries, for he craved for them.
Effect cause
Joey craved for strawberries, so he ate some.
 Cause effect
3. Complex Sentence is a sentence composed of one (1)
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
independent clause (regardless of the number of dependent
clauses). AFTER I washed the dishes. >>> DEPENDENT CLAUSE
I washed the dishes. >>> INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
I slept AFTER I washed the dishes.
AFTER I washed the dishes, I slept. DC, IC
4. Compound-complex sentence is composed of at least 2 (two) I slept AFTER I washed the dishes. IC DC
independent clauses (regardless of the number of dependent
clauses). I saw, I came, and I conquered.
I took a bath, and I slept AFTER I washed the dishes. PRON MV PRON MV PRON MV
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
Mary cooked, john swam, and Sheldon slept.
F – FOR (BECAUSE) N MV N MV N
MV
A – AND (ADDITION) (EFFECT /CONCLUSION) (NEXT STEP)
3 Basic Linguistic Rules:
N – NOR (NEGATIVE SENTENCE)
1. Every structure has its own meaning.
B – BUT (NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, ON THE CONTRARY,
HOWEVER) Signifier is the sign or symbol that is seen.
O – OR (OPTIONS) Signified is the meaning inferred by the symbol.
Y – YET (NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, ON THE CONTRARY,
HOWEVER)
“Meanings are in people.” VS “Language itself has its own meaning.”
S – SO (THEREFORE)

Denotation is the literal meaning of a word based on the dictionary.

Joey ate strawberries, for he craved for them.
Effect cause Connotation is the other inferred meaning aside from the literal
Joey craved for strawberries, so he ate some. meaning.
Cause effect
Police School
School Police
 2. A change in structure may change the meaning whether Structural Ambiguity occurs when a sentence has two or more
partially or entirely. meanings because of some words in the sentence.
Police School
School Police Mary is pregnant and happy, and so is Mark.
a. Both of them are pregnant and happy.
3. A structure may be changed without changing the meaning. b. Mary is the only one pregnant but, mark is happy for her.
Mary will go to the market. I made a thesis on drugs.
To the market Mary will go. a. The thesis is about drugs.
b. He was under the influence of drugs when he did it.
He was jailed for his larceny. Garden Path Sentences are sentences that are read differently
because of not understanding its constituents.
He was jailed for stealing something.
The old man the boat.
Lexical Ambiguity occurs when a sentence has a word with many
meanings. Det adj N det N >>>>>>> wrong way of reading
She went to the bank. Det N MV det N>>>>>>>>right way of reading
a. Financial institution Fat people eat accumulates.
b. Riverbank Adj N V N
I saw a bat. Fat [that] people eat accumulates.
A. mammal, nocturnal creature N N N V
B. baseball bat The prime number few.
C. nilagare ko ang paniki Det Adj N adj
D. nilagare ko ang baseball bat Det N v adj
Subordinating Conjuctions