Magnetism

2. Magnetism in Atoms

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 website changed!

atomic ground states: 3d

• http://www.fz-juelich.de/iff/C_M_Schneider_lec_duis/

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 Some useful references I

• O’Handley, R.: Modern Magnetic Materials (Wiley, New York, 2000).

• Stöhr, J., Siegmann, H.C.: Magnetism – From Fundamentals to Nanoscale

Dynamics, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences,Vol. 152 (Springer,
Berlin, 2006)

• Craik D.: Magnetism – Principles and Applications (Wiley, Chichester,

1995)

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 Some useful references II

• R. Skomski.: Simple Models of Magnetism (Oxford University Press,

Oxford, 2008).

• Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials, eds. H.

Kronmüller, S.S.P. Parkin (Wiley, 2007) (>3000 pages!)

• B.D. Cullity: Introduction to Magnetic Materials (Addison-Wesley,

Reading, 1972)

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 magnetic quantities and units

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 different types of magnetism

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 Stern-Gerlach experiment I

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 Stern-Gerlach experiment II

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 Zeeman effect I

• optical emission from excited Na

atoms

• splitting of spectral lines changes

with external magnetic field

• there must be a magnetic field

dependent level splitting

• quantum-mechanical origin

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 Zeeman effect II

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 Spin-orbit coupling

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 Hund’s rules

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 atomic ground states: 3d

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 atomic ground states: 3d

Fe

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 atomic ground states: 4f

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 atomic ground states: 4f

Gd

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 Paramagnetism

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 Langevin function

• Classical ensemble of noninteracting magnetic moments

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 Brillouin function

• quantum mechanical
treatment of noninteracting
system of magnetic moments

• for J ➡ ∞, B(x) becomes L(x)

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 classical vs. quantum mechanical picture

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 magnetic susceptibility: diamagnetism

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