CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. FINDINGS

1. TU and VOS in Tae’ Bastem

In daily life, people cannot avoid to communicate with other people, in order

to communicate people need a media, in this case the media is language which is

used to express ideas and feelings. With language people can communicate well

and also other people could understand what others want or mean, but in order to

know or understand the meaning in communication, people need to know the

concept behind the utterances in communication such as, culture, time and place to

whom we talk, and where the language is being disclosed, every utterance has

different purpose depends on the speaker’s intention. Deixis is a way to know the

main facts on the language interpreted only in the sense intended by the speaker

and the situation at the time of speaking. As it is explained on chapter I, there are

five types of deixis, Person deixis, time deixis, spatial deixis, social deixis and

discourse deixis. And one of the most important deixis that is used in social

communication is social deixis.

One of the most important deixis category is Social deixis, since it is

concerned with the social information fixed within different expressions, such as

close social relations and familiarity. The two types of social deixis are honorifics and

the Tu and Vous form which was introduced by Brown and Gillman in 1960.
 The findings consists of social deixis especially the second person pronoun

or TU and VOS forms used in daily communication of Bastem society, there are

some various data from Tae’Bastem which represent the Tu and VOS forms which

have been collected by the writer. In Tae’ bastem TU forms represented by “ko” and

“mu” and the VOS form represented by “ki” and “ta”, beside that the writer also found

“mi” and “kun” which can be used in both situation..

a. Pronoun “Ki”

1. man: ya tonna… duang allo la mattossok tau… tama na rumah sakit (I went
to the hospital two days before the election day)
woman: ya… terakhir ki tama to’ le… (that’s the last time you went, right?)
Table 1. Datum 1 pronoun “ki”
duang la rumah
ya tonna tau tama na
Man allo mattossok sakit
Two
That Election people went 1sg Hospital
days
Terakhir ki tama to’ le
Woman
Last 2sg went right

On the data above, it is a communication between a woman, and two men.

The context behind this utterances is there were man and woman who are wife and

husband, they came to a man’s house who is older than both of them, the man

started the conversation by saying that He went to the hospital two days before

election day, and the woman who is younger the man replied by saying ‘ terakhir ki

tama to le’.( that’s the last time you went, right). So, the woman emphasized to the

man that it was the last time the man went to the hospital, but from the woman’s

utterance she used the pronoun ki which referred to the man. Which means that the
woman using VOS form when she talk to the man because the man is older than the

woman. Thus, she is being polite.

2. A: ohh langsung mu kun jammai? (ohh you went straight here?)

B: iya… karna buda sia oto, na kami te’ mesa memang kan oto, jadi tae’ mo
ki lempang rekke (yes… because there were many cars, and we only already
one car. So, we didn’t stop by).
Table 2. datum 2 Pronoun “ki”
langsun jamma
Mu Kun
A
g i
Straight 2sg here
mes
karna Buda Sia oto na kami te’ kan oto
a
because Many car and 1pl one 1pl car
B lempan rekk
jadi tae’ mo ki
g e
so Neg 2pl Stop by there

On this data, there is a conversation between two men; one is older than the other.

This conversation happened in an informal situation where the younger man asked

the older man “oh… langsung mu kun jammai?’ He asked whether they went straight

home or not, and the older man replied by saying “iya… karna buda sia oto, na kami

te’ mesa memang kan oto, jadi tae’ mo ki lempang rekke”. (yes, because there were

many cars, and we are in one car so we didn’t stop by there). From the replied by the

older man, the writer found that deixis “ki” in tae’ bastem does not only mean the

singular second pronoun but also could be plural second pronoun as well.

3. A: na tammui na jio Islamic, masa ma’motoro na ma’helem na natandai na

(He was waiting for me in Islamic, I was riding bike and wearing helm and
he still recognized me)
B: na tandaiki?... (and He still recognized you?)
Table 3. Datum 3 Pronoun “ki”
A natammui na jio Islami masa ma’motor na ma’hele natandai na

c o m
waiting 1sg in riding bike and wearing recogniz 1sg

helmet e
B na tandai ki

3sg recognize 2sg

The writer found another fact of the usage of deixis “ki” in Tae’ bastem, from the data

above, From the conversation above, there were two people are talking, one is older

than another, A is older than B,the older is about 50 years old and the younger is

about 30. thus from the data it shows that the older is talking about a man they both

know, and the younger replied by saying “ na tandai ki?”. This utterance shows that

the younger is being polite to the older since he is using the VOS form in Tae’

Bastem which is “ki”.

4. A: oh… na tambaiki? Umba toda ya nakua jio to’? (oh… they called you?
How is the procedure for it?)
B: eee susi bang sia te’ ma’ promosi tapi tae’ na digandeng (just the same
with this, promote but…)

Table 4. Datum 4 Pronoun “ki”

tamba
na ki Umba toda ya nakua jio To’
A i
call 2sg How that 3sg

B susi bang sia te’ ma’promos tapi Tae na diganden

 i g
same 3sg promote but Neg

The writer found two man, A is about 55 and the B is about 35, they met at the street

and they started talking about job since the B is working as a delivery man for a

brand. From the conversation above A asked B “ oh… natambai ki? Umba toda ya

nakua to’?” (oh… they called you? How is the procedure for it?), from the A

utterance, he used polite utterance since he used VOS form or in tae’ Bastem

pronoun “ki”. Even, He is older than B but he used polite utterance, this is happened

because A and B is relative but they lived far from each other since B was working

as a seaman. So they have not seen each other in a very long time. This is

supported by the politeness theory by yassi (2012) about politeness in Makassarese

South Sulawesi, six strategies are Hormat Non kerabat; Mixed, Hormat berkerabat;

Positive politeness (KP), Akrab Non kerabat; negative politeness (KN), Akrab

Berkerabat; hierarki, Hierarki Non kerabat; Mixed (Hierarki), and HierarkiKerabat;

Mixed.

5. A: jiong ki kita’ purangi le’? (you live in Purangi, right?)

B: inde’ na songka, sikandappi’ na to’ den to’ passikolan jao to’ SMP 10 (in
Songka, near by the school SMP 10.)

Table 5. Datum 5 Pronoun “ki”

jiong ki Kita purangi Le’
A
down 2sg 2sg right
B inde’ na songk sikandapp na to’ den to’ passikola jao

a i n
 Here 1sg Near 1sg there School there

On this data, there are two man are talking in a family reunion. A is about 27 years

old and B is about 50 years old. They were talking about family, A was asking B

where He lives.A knew where B lives but he was not so sure. Thus, He made sure

by saying “jiong ki kita’ purangi le’?” (you live in Purangi, right?). from this utterance,

A used polite utterance since he used pronoun “ki” and since he wanted to make

sure he also used pronoun “kita” which in this case also as the polite second person

pronoun or VOS form as well.

6. Wife: anu duka ri kala… lamatindo piki na ta mane gege’ I to anu pada te’,
tae na la di pilessengang sia pa manjo na tappa manjo digege’ (it is better if
you clean this whenever you want to sleep, since you still want to step with
it)
Husband: macca bangko aka iko na… (you are being smarty)
Table 6. Datum 6 Pronoun “ki”
Matind Man gege
la pi Ki na ta i pada
o e ’
2s 3s
want Sleep 2sg Clean like
g g
N dipilessenga si manj
te’ Tae La Pa na tappa
a ng a o
Wa Stil alread
this Neg step
nt l y
Wife manj digege

o ’
Clean
 macc
husba Bang ko aka iko na
a
2s
nd
smart 2sg
g
on this conversation, there are husband and wife. The wife were helping her

husband cleaned his wound in one of his leg, the wife said “anu duka ri kala…

lamatindo piki na ta mane gege’ I to anu pada te’, tae na la di pilessengang sia pa

manjo na tappa manjo digege’.” (it is better if you clean this whenever you want to

sleep, since you still want to step with it). From the wife’s utterance it is shown that

she is being polite towards her husband since she used VOS form in this case the

pronoun “ki”.

b. Pronoun “Ta”

7. A: umba la ta ola te ke allo minggu? (where do you want to go on Sunday?)

B: Batustanduk (Batusitanduk)
A: na rencana ta la tarru ki rokko to? (and do you plan to go straight down
there?)
B: ee la tarru na tama masiang ke tae halangan (I want to go straight there
if there is no hindrance)

Table 7. Datum 7 Pronoun “ta”

umba La ta ola te ke allo minggu
A
where Want 2sg go on day sunday
Batusit
B
anduk

na rencana ta la tarru ki rokko to’

and Plan 2pos want straight 2sg down
A
there
B La tarru na tama masiang ke tae halanga
 n
Want straight 1sg there tomorrow if neg problem
This data shows a conversation between a mother and her son. They were talking

about their planning for weekend. The son said “umba la ta ola te’ allo minggu?”.

From this utterance it is obvious that a son should be polite to his mother, and on this

utterance shows that the son was being polite towards his mother by using VOS

form which in tae’ bastem he used the pronoun “ta”.

c. Pronoun “Ko”

8. A: jurusan… jiong ko MAN toh? (what department? You go to MAN, right?)

B: iye (yes)
Table 8. Datum 8 Pronoun “ko”
Jurusan Jiong Ko MAN toh
A
Department Down 2sg right
Iye
B
Yes
On this data, a man who is about 50 years old was talking with a boy who is about

20 years old. They are relatives. From the conversation, the man was making sure

about the boy’s high school by saying “jiong ko MAN toh?”. (you go to MAN right?).

from the man’s utterance, he used the TU form in Tae’ bastem which is “ko”, and it is

also implied that the man was using informal language since he was talking to his

younger relative and the boy replied by saying “iye”(yes) which is shown that he is

being polite since He is talking to an older man

9. A: tamma moko?( did you already graduate?)

B: matumbai?( what?)

Table 9. Datum 9 Pronoun “ko”

Tamma Mo ko
A
Graduate Already 2sg
B Matumbai
 What
On this data, it is also shown a man who was talking to his relative who is about 20

years old. This conversation occurred in a house. They were sitting on their living

room and talking to each other, the man was asking “tamma moko?” (did you already

gradute?). from this utterance the man also used TU form in Tae’ Bastem which is

“Ko” (you) since he was talking to someone who is young than him.

10. A: pura moko ujian?( have you done with your exam?)
B: pura mo (it’s done)

Table 10. Datum Pronoun “ko”

Pura mo ko ujian
Already 2sg exams
Pura mo
Done already

This data is also taken from the same person on data (i), the man was asking

whether the younger boy has done with his examination by saying “ pura moko

ujian?”. On this man’s utterance, he was using the pronoun “ko” as well which is the

TU form in tae’ Bastem.

11. A: IAIN duka ko biasa le’? (did you also go to IAIN?)

B: Cokro (Cokro)
A: oh Cokro ko?( oh.. You went to Cokro?)
B: iye(yes)
Table 11. Datum 11 Pronoun “ko”
IAIN duka Ko biasa le
A
Also 2sg right
Cokro
B
A cokro Ko
 2sg
iye
B
yes

The writer also found a data from a conversation between a man with someone, the

man is about 55 years old and the other man is about 30 years old. The conversation

happened on a wedding party, the older man was making sure about where the

younger man graduated from by saying “ IAIN duka ko biasa le”. From this utterance

the older man was using the TU form in Tae’ bastem which is “ko” referring to the

younger man, it is also imply that the older man using informal utterance.

12. A: tae’ na pagguru ko?,mm kan jurusan IPA na pugguru to’ bainena, appa
jurusan IPA memang(doesn’t she teach you? His wife is teaching science,
right? Because she is in science department)
B: kutandai ke iya to’ muanena (I recognize her husband)
Table 12. Datum 12 Pronoun “ko”
napaggur napag
Tae’ Ko kan jurusan IPA To’ baine na
u guru
departm
neg Teach 2sg right science teach wife pos
ent

A appa jurusan IPA memang

because department Science

ku tandai Ke iyya to’ muane na

B
1sg recognize If husband pos
This datum is also from the same conversation on datum (9) and (10), where a 50

years old man was talking to his 20 years old relative, the pronoun which the man

used is still the same from data (9) and (10) which is the pronoun “ko” referring to his

20 years old relative.

13. A: sisola le’? pada-pada ko tamma’ te’?( you are at the same year, right?
You graduate together, right?)
B: jolo san taun iyya(he is one year ahead of me)
Table 13. Datum 13 Pronoun “ko”
sisola le’ pada- ko tamma te’
A
pada
Same Right Same time 2sg graduate
jolo San taun iyya
B
Ahead One year 3sg

This data was a conversation between a man and his nephew. On this conversation,

the man asked his nephew about graduation, the man said “ sisola le? Pada-pada

ko tamma’ le’?”. From this utterance also the man used the pronoun “ko” since he

was talking to a younger person and on an informal situation.

d. Pronoun “Mu”

14. A: jurusan apa mu ala jiong?( what department do you take at school?)
B: IPA(science)
Table 14. Datum 14 Pronoun “mu”
Jurusan apa Mu ala jiong
A
Department what 2sg take down
IPA
B
Science
Beside the pronoun “ko”, in Tae’ Bastem people also use the pronoun “ko” to refer to

the younger people or to use in informal situation. On this data, it is shows that there

were two people were talking, one man is about 40 years old and the other is about

22 years old. The older man asked the younger man by saying “jurusan apa mu ala

jiong?”. From this utterance, the man used the pronoun “mu” referring to the younger

man.

15. Wife : iyo pura kubaja tea nu baru sampulo(yeah, I have already paid that)
Husband : iyo kan mubaja to sampulo, na sangpulo lima na bawa to
lima ee duangpulo mi to’. (you have paid that ten, and He brought fifteen it
means that he already brought twenty.)

Table 15. Datum 15 Pronoun “mu”

baj bar
pura ku te anu sampulo
WIFE a u
already 1sg pay this only ten
baj sampul sangpulol
kan mu to na na bawa to
a o ima
2sg pay that ten and fifteen 3sg bring that
HUSBAND
duangpul
mi To’
o
twenty already

Another data shows the usage of pronoun “mu”, which represent the TU form in

tae’bastem. From this data, a wife and husband were having conversation, the wife

said “iyo pura kubaje tea nu baru sampulo”. (yeah, I have already paid that). And

then the man replied by saying " iyo kan mubaja to sampulo, na sangpulo lima na

bawa to lima ee duangpulo mi to’.” (you have paid that ten, and He brought fifteen it

means that he already brought twenty). From the husband utterance, he used the

pronoun “mu” referring to his wife.

 16. A: umba musulei? (where have you been?)
B: tae’ ya… sule jio sia banua (I have been home)
Table 16. Datum 16 Pronoun “mu”
Umba mu sulei
A
Where 2sg been
Sule jio sia banua
B
Been home

On this data, the conversation between two students at a college, they are at the

same age, thus, on the conversation they were using informal utterance by referring

to each other with the pronoun “mu” (you) which is the TU form in tae’ bastem

e. Pronoun “Mi”

17. A: tae’mo mi tandai na om?( don’t you recognize me, uncle?)

B: tae’ tongan mo ra ku kilalai kua…. enda ki’?( No, I do not really
remember who you are

Table 17. Datum 17 Pronoun “mi”

Tae’ mo Mi kilalai na om
recogniz
A
Neg 2sg 1sg uncle
e
tae’ tongan Mo ra ku kilalai enda ki
B
Neg really 1sg remember who 2sg

This data shows two men that know each other, but they have not met for a very

long time, and they met in an office, one man is about 70 years old and the other is

about 45 years old. In this data, the younger man said to the older man “tae’mo mi

tandai na om”. (you do not recognize me, uncle?), on this utterance the man used

the pronoun “mi” to refer to the older man. And then the older man replied “tae’

tongan mo ra ku kilalai kua…. enda ki”. (no, I do not really remember who you are),
from this utterance the older man used the pronoun “ki” referring to the younger man

since He did not recognize the person.

18. A: maballo pale to mingai appa den ya sambunganna jiong (your school is a
good school since you can continuo your study there)
B: anu ri ke… bayar jiong (it’s just… it’s just that we only pay the fee there)
Table 18. datum 18 Pronoun “mi”
maball pal to Mi ngai appa den y sambungann jion
A
o e a a g
Good 2sg because there continuo down
Anu ri Ke baya jiong
B
r
Only Paid Down

On the data above, it is a communication between a 50 years old man and 20 years

old man, this data was taken from the same conversation from data (9) and (10). the

different is on the data (9) and (10) above, the man is using the TU form in tae’

bastem which is the pronoun “ko” (you). But on this conversation, the man use

another type of pronoun, on this conversation the man was telling his relative that the

school he went to was a good school by saying “maballo pale to mi ngai appa den

ya sambunganna jiong”. (your school is a good school since you can continuo your

study there).from this utterance the man was using the pronoun “mi”.

19. A: na tae’ misule rekke? (you didn’t go home?)

B: minggu pi(on Sunday)
Table 19 Datum 19 Pronoun “mi”
na tae’ mi sule rekke
A
neg 2sg go home upthere
Minggu pi
B
sunday
The writer also found another data where a 50 years old man was talking to a 24

years old teens, the man was asking the teen by saying “na tae’mi sule rekke?” (you

didn’t go home?). the man was using the pronoun “mi’ to the younger person.

20. A: ma’ngojek tantamu sau?( did your aunt use ojek?)

B:ma’ngojek iyya(she was)
A: matumba tae’ miantar i(why didn’t you take her?)
B: ah ma’ngojek kalena ngena(she used ojek by herself)

Table 20. Datum 20 Pronoun “mi”

ma’ngojek Tanta mu sau
A
Aunt pos there
ma’ngojek Iyya
B
3sg
matumba tae’ mi antar i
A
Neg 2sg take 3sg
Ma’ngojek Kalena ngena
B
Herself just now

This is another data which shown the usage of pronoun “mi” in tae’ bastem. On this

conversation, there were a man who is about 45 years old who was talking to his

nephew. This man came to his sister’s house, and he didn’t find his sister at her

house, thus, he asked his nephew about her, and his sister was going to the market,

the man than asked his nephew by saying “ ma ojek tantamu sau”. (did your aunt

use ojek?). from this utterance the man was using TU form in tae’ bastem which is

“mu”, the man asked his nephew again by saying “matumba tae’ mi antar I”. (why

didn’t you take her?”. From this utterance the man used the pronoun “mi” referring to

the same nephew.

21. A: nene’mu jao to’ tuli masaki-saki duka bang na, muntaber kapang tae’ na
tarru puasa na (your grandmother is always getting sick also, she probably
is getting muntaber, she did not fasting full day)
 B: ma’ puasa bang pi?( is she still fasting?)
A: ma’puasa bang ya e, ya’ to ku kuangngi kua ke anu dau mo mi anu…
dau mo mima’puasa bang, nakua duka aka nakua pada duka bang sia
nasanga nak, pa dikua kamu bang, kamu bang appa kamu rasakan I, den
to’ pijampi anu ku bawanni na.( she is still fasting, I told her “you don’t need
to fast, but she replied “it is just the same whether I am fasting or not son”
so, I said “it is up to you than, since you are the one who knows it”. I brought
her some medicines.)
Table 21. Datum 21 Pronoun “mi”
nene’ mu jao To’ Tuli mas duka bang na muntab

aki er
grandma poss up always sick also
A
there
kapang tae’ na tarru puasa na
probably neg full fasting poss
ma’puasa bang pi
B
fasting Still
ma’puasa bang Ya e Yato ku kuang kua ke anu dau mo

ngi
fasting 3sg 1sg tell if neg
mi ma’pu na kua Pada ban sia aka na Pa dikua ka

A asa g k mu
2sg fasting 3sg say Same son say 2sg
bang appa kam rasa I den to pijam ku bawan ni

u kan pi
becau 2sg fell 3sg there medici 1sg bring 3sg

se ne

This is another data on the usage of pronoun “mi” in tae’ bastem. On this data a 45

years old man was talking to his nephew, the man was talking about his mother. The

man said “ma’puasa bang ya e, ya’ to ku kuangngi kua ke anu dau mo mi anu… dau

mo mi ma’puasa bang, nakua duka aka nakua pada duka bang sia nasanga nak, pa

dikua kamu bang, kamu bang appa kamu rasakan I, den to’ pijampi anu ku bawanni
 na”. (she is still fasting, I told her “you don’t need to fast, but she replied “it is just the

same whether I am fasting or not son” so, I said “it is up to you than, since you are

the one who knows it”. I brought her some medicines).from the man utterance He

was telling his nephew that he was talking to his mother and the man was using the

pronoun “mi” referring to his mother which he was supposed to use VOS form in tae’

bastem since he was referring to his mother.

22. A: nakua “la sule mo aku rekke nak, la sule mo aku rekke umba ye te’ tang
ku toi aku te’ lassu ya te’ kasisi ah” ku kua kita bang kita ndo ke memang
umba umba pale ma anu..( she said “ I want to go home, I want to go back
home since I can’t stand with this humid and these mosquitos”. I said “it is
up to you mom if whatever you feel like”.)
B: manyamang misa’ding (you feel comfortable)
A: iya kenna tae’ mi te mai jau liu… ah na mi umba mi kua la sule rekke ke
tae’ mo tau tapi dua tallu sia pi te’ anak mi jao jadi kita bang(yes, if there are
no more people up there, then no matter what you said to go home I won’t
let you)
Table 22. Datum 22 Pronoun “mi”
rekk
na kua la Sule mo aku nak la sule
e
Go Up Go
3sg Say want 1sg son want
home there home
mo aku rekke Umba ya te’ tang ku toi aku
Up
1sg Because neg 1sg handle 1sg
A there
te’ lassu ya te’ kasisi
mosquit
hot
o
meman umba-
ku kua kita Bang kita ndo ke pale
g umba
1sg say 2sg 2sg mom if whatever
manyaman sa’din
mi
B
g g
comfortable 2sg feel
 kenn
iya tae Mi te mai jao ah na mi
a
Up
yes if neg 3pl
A there
rekk
umba mi kua La sule
e
2sg gohome

The data above shows two men were talking, they are relative. One man was talking

about his mother at the village. The man said “nakua “la sule mo aku rekke nak, la

sule mo aku rekke umba ye te’ tang ku toi aku te’ lassu ya te’ kasisi ah” ku kua kita

bang kita ndo ke memang umba umba pale ma anu..” (she said “ I want to go home,

I want to go back home since I can’t stand with this humid and these mosquitos”. I

said “it is up to you mom if whatever you feel like”), and then the other man replied

by saying “manyamang mi sa’ding” (you feel comfortable), from this utterance this

man used the pronoun “mi” referring to his relative’s mother whom they were talking

about. And then the first man replied again “iya kenna tae’ mi te mai jau liu… ah na

mi umba mi kua la sule rekke ke tae’ mo tau tapi dua tallu sia pi te’ anak mi jao jadi

kita bang”. (yes, if there are no more people up there, then no matter what you said

to go home I won’t let you). On this utterance, the man also used the pronoun “mi” to

referred to his mother.

23. A: si pira bensin mipake’? (how many gasoline do you use?)

B: da’dua… ganna ya to’ tapi ke luar daerah bah sipanding to’ tallu
liter(two… it is enough but for outside area, it is barely)
Table 23. Datum 23 Pronoun “mi”
A si pira bensin mi pak
 e
How
gasoline 2sg Use
much
luar
da’du tap sipandin lite
ganna ya to’ ke daera to tallu
B
a i g r
h
two enough that but if outside Barely that three liter

this is another data that shows the usage of pronoun “mi”. which shows that pronoun

“mi” is not only used to refer to the older people, but it is also used to refer to the

younger people. On this conversation, there were two men talking, one is about 50

years old and the other is about 35 years old. The older man said “si pira bensin mi

pake’?”, which on this utterance, the older man used the pronoun “mi” referring to the

younger man.

f. Pronoun “Kun”

24. A: pirang allo mu kun?( how many days already?)

B: tanggal dua ampat na dihitung (it is counted by the twenty fourth)
Table 24. Datum 24 Pronoun “kun”
Pirang Allo mu kun
A
How many Days already 2sg
Tanggal dua ampat na dihitung
B
Date Twenty four Count
This is another data which shows another pronoun which can be used in

formal/informal situation or polite/impolite utterances. From the data above, a man

who was 52 years old was talking to a man who was about 36 years old, the older

man wanted to know how long has the younger man been working by saying “pirang

allo mu kun” (how many days already?). from this utterances the older man was

using the pronoun “kun” referring to the younger man.

 25. A: ohh langsung mukun jammai?( oh, so you went straight here?)
B: iya… karna buda sia oto, na kami te’ mesa memang kan oto, jadi tae’ mo
ki lempang rekke(yes, because there were many cars, and we are in one
car so we didn’t stop by there)
Table 25. Datum 25. Pronoun “kun”
langsun jamma
mu kun
A
g i
straight 2sg here
mes
karna buda Sia oto na kami Te’ kan oto
a
because many car and 1pl One 1pl car
B lempan rekk
jadi Tae’ Mo ki
g e
so neg 2pl Stop by there

This conversation also shown the usage of pronoun “kun”. On this conversation

there were two men, 03 is about 35 years old and 1 is about 55 years old. They are

relative, this conversation occurred at the older man’s house. The younger man

asked the older man by saying “ langsung mu kun jammai?” (so you went straight

here?). from the utterance the younger man used the pronoun “kun” referring to the

older man.

as it is shown above, there are six pronoun in Tae’ Bastem, pronoun “ki” and “ta” are

used in formal situation or polite speech, and pronoun “ko” and “mu” are used in

informal situation or impolite speech, and there are also pronoun “mi” and “kun”

which are used in both situation whether in formal/informal situation or in

polite/impolite situation, However in order to understand the utterances where the

pronouns occurred, people need to analyze the context behind the utterance,

especially pronoun “mi” and “kun” since they can occur in both situations and also
“mi” can has different meaning according to the context and the location in a

sentence, as it is shown on the data above, Pronoun “mi” always as proclitic. But

sometimes in some conditions, “mi” can be as enclitics, and when it does, it might

has different meaning and no longer become pronoun;

a). “mi” as proclitic.

As kit is shown on the data above, pronoun “mi” always located and attached to the

verb and be the proclitic, for example;

A: tae’mo mitandai na om?( don’t you recognize me, uncle?)

B: tae’ tongan mo ra ku kilalai kua…. enda ki’?( No, I do not really remember
who you are
(Datum 17)

A: maballo pale to mingai appa den ya sambunganna jiong (your school is a

good school since you can continuo your study there)
B: anu ri ke… bayar jiong (it’s just… it’s just that we only pay the fee there)

(Datum 18)

A: ma’ngojek tantamu sau?( did your aunt use ojek?)

B:ma’ngojek iyya(she was)
A: matumba tae’ miantar i(why didn’t you take her?)
B: ah ma’ngojek kalena ngena(she used ojek by herself

(Datum 19)

From the data above, it shows “mi” as proclitic and attached to the verbs in both

situation, whether in polite speech or impolite speech, when “mi” as proclitic and

attached to the verb, than “mi” functioned as Pronoun and means “You” in English,

or “anda” in polite speech or “kamu/kau” in impolite speech in Bahasa. However,

Pronoun “mi” can also means “kalian” or plural “You” in English, thus, the researcher
emphasize that in order to understand and know the meaning of Pronoun “mi” in

Tae’ Bastem, people need to know the context behind the utterance, for example;

A: na tae’ misule rekke? (you didn’t go home?)

B: minggu pi(on Sunday)
A: hari minggu pi?(on Sunday)
B: iye, mane rampo bang kan sammai (yes, we just get here yesterday)
A: oh mane sule jao kun sammai? (oh… so, You guys just got here
yesterday?)
B: iye(yes)

(Datum 19)

On this data, there were a man who talked to two of his nieces, they were talking in

the house. From the data above, the pronoun “mi” also located as the prefix and

attached to the verb “sule” (come), however, on the next utterance, B says “iye,

mane rampo bang kan sammai “(yes, we just get here yesterday), thus, from this it is

obvious that the pronoun “mi” on this data doesn’t mean “kamu/kau” (singular), but it

means “kalian” (plural) since it is referred to two people.

b). “mi” as enclitic

Even though, most of the data above shows that most of “mi” functioned as pronoun

and located in proclitic position. But in some conditions, “mi” can be located in

enclitic position, for example;

A: minda ra kande te’ lenna inde? (whose food is this?)

B: Kandemi to’ dipalennakan kun (that is your food which is prepared for you)

On this example, a mother prepared food for her kid, and when Her kid got home, he

saw the food and ask her mother about the food. From the utterance of the mother, it

shows “mi” in suffix location “Kandemi to’ dipalennakan kun (that is your food which
is prepared for you), however, in this sentence, pronoun “mi” functioned as

possessive pronoun and the it is not attached to the verb but the word “kande” is a

noun. And in another situation, Pronoun “mi” might occur at the beginning of a

sentence, for example;

A: mialai mo songko’mi? (did you take off your hat?)

B: Ku pake pa ma’. (I still wear it, mom)

From the example above, a mom ask her son whether He already took off his hat or

not, and the son answer that He still wear his hat, this is a casual speech since an

older person talk to a younger person, and also from the example above, pronoun

“mi” occur at the beginning of the sentence, and when Pronoun “mi” occur at the

beginning of a sentence, then it is interrogative sentence, another example is when a

daughter asked her father about what He did on the TV;

A: mipatumbai to’ TV, pa? (what did you do on the TV, dad?)
B: tae’ ra… tae’ siaran lan (nothing, there is no channel)

But the most important thing is, whether in enclitic or proclitic position, Pronoun “mi”

can always be used in both situation, whether it is formal/informal or polite /impolite

speech, unlike the pronoun “ko” and “mu” can only be used in informal situation and

it is rather impolite, or the pronoun “ta” and “ki” which are used in formal situation

and polite speech.

2. TU and VOS in English

Besides data from tae’ bastem, the writer also took data from English. This English

data was taken from American society who live in Pineville, Louisiana. The data was
collected from various occasion both formal and informal, such as at school, formal

political speech, at a plane, at a restaurant, the English data was taken as a

comparison of TU and VOS in Tae’ bastem. Louisiana is one of the fifty states in

United states of America, Louisiana was chosen as the place to conduct the

research since Louisiana is located on the southern part of the USA. As the results,

the writer found that TU and VOS are not found in English, even in the southern

English in America, the only second person deixis which exist in English is “YOU” ,

and it is used both in formal/informal or polite/impolite situation. Even though in

English, there is only one pronoun that is used both in formal/informal or

polite/impolite situation which is pronoun “you”. However English speaker, especially

those who live in southern part of the United states of America, they have their own

way in order to distinguish utterances in formal or informal situationTeacher: ah ok

that’s what you get, don’t complain I like that, ok Eva..

1. Teacher: Ok…that’s what you get don’t complain, I like that

Student 2(Eva): ah..it’s like ah… when you say….
Table 26. Datum 26 Pronoun “You”
teache ok that’s What you get don’t complain I like that
2sg neg 1sg
r
student It’s Like Ah when you say
2sg

On this data, there was a female teacher at Sunday school, she was teaching her

students about complaining and memory verse. There were about ten students at

her class, they are about 6 years old. The teacher was asking the student about

complaining, and one of her student said “ don’t complain”, and then she replied “ah
ok that’s what you get, don’t complain I like that, ok Eva..” from this utterance, she

referred to her student with the pronoun “You”, and then the student name Eva

answered “ah..it’s like ah… when you say….” This utterance also, Eva used the

pronoun “you”.

2. Waitress: what you like to drink for y’all today?

Man: water,No lemon, please
waitress: for you, ma’am?

Table 27. Datum 27 Pronoun “You”

Waitres What you Like to drink for Y’all today
2sg 2pl
s
water No lemon please
Man
neg
for You Ma’am
Waitres
Address
2sg
s
term

In this situation, there were wife and husband at a restaurant, they were about to

order food, and then the waitress came and asked about the food and the drink that

the couple want. On this data, the waitress said to the man “what you like to drink for

y’all today?” from this utterance the waitress used the pronoun “you” referred to the

man and then she also used another pronoun “you” but she added “all” in referring to

the couple. And also the waitress also said “for you, ma’am?” on this utterance, the

waitress used the pronoun “you” in referring to the woman (the wife) but she then

used “ma’am” at the end of the utterance in order to be polite since she was talking

to customer.
 3. Man: let me ask you this, is there steak and shrimp? That’s that way
Stewardess: No sir… you can make like the cornasada and you can add
like the shrimp or like you buy a steak and you can add this, you can do it
the thing is they will charge you extra for that.
Table 28. Datum 28, Pronoun “You”
Man let me ask you this is ther stea and

e k
2sg
shrim That’ that way

p s

Waitres no you can mak like The and you Can

s e cornasad

a
neg 2sg 2sg
add like The or like you buy a stea

shrim k

p
2sg
and You can add this you can do it
2sg 2sg
The is they will charg you extr for that

thing e a
3pl 2sg

In this situation, there was a man who is about 55 years old, he was at a restaurant

and he wanted to order some food and drink, and the waitress came and brought the

menu, when the man saw the menu, he wanted to substitute the chicken meat with

steak, thus he said “let me ask you this, is there steak and shrimp? That’s that way”.

From this utterance, the man used the pronoun “you” to the waitress who is younger

than him, and then the waitress replied by saying “No sir… you can make like the
cornasada and you can add like the shrimp or like you buy a steak and you can add

this, you can do it the thing is they will charge you extra for that”. From the waitress’

utterance she also used the pronoun “you” every time she referred to the man, but at

the beginning of her utterance, she used “sir” in order to be polite to her customer

and also, the customer is older than her.

4. Man: do you wanna put your face outside?

Woman: I wanna see what will happen

Table 29. Datum 29,Pronoun “You”

Man Do You wanna put your Face outside
2sg poss
Woman I wanna See what will happen
1sg

In this data, the situation is there were a couple, young couple. The man is a pilot for

a company, and he was at an airplane with his girlfriend. He was teaching his

girlfriend how to fly an airplane while they also wanted to see the view from up there.

They were having a conversation at the air plane, the man asked his girlfriend “do

you wanna put your face outside?”. From this utterance, the man used the pronoun

“you” referred to his girlfriend.

5. A: you see that short top mountain straight?

B: it’s a little bit to the left.
A: I know but you see that one ahead?
B: yes sir

Table 30. Datum 30, pronoun “You”

you see that short top mountain straight
A
2sg
 It’s A little bit To the left
B
I know But You see that one ahead
A
1sg 2sg
yes sir
Address
B
term
In this data is the same situation on data (d) where a young couple flew on a plane,

but this time they were flying with an instructor. Behind them. They young couple

were having conversation and then the instructor said to them “you see that short

top mountain straight?”. This utterance, the instructor used the pronoun “you”

referred to the couple, and then the man replied that the mountain is a little bit to the

left, and the instructor then replied “I know but you see that one ahead?”. On this

utterance the instructor used the pronoun “you” but this time he was referring to only

the man since he was the one who replied the instructor and the man said “yes sir”.

From this man’s utterance, he is being polite to the instructor by using “sir” at the end

of his sentence since he was talking to an instructor and even older than him as well.

6. Imagine health care that keep government out of the way between you and

your dog for a health insurance.

Table 31. Datum 31, Pronoun “You”

Politician imagine Health that Keep government out of The Way Between

care

you and your Dog For a health Insurance

2sg Poss

This is a speech by a politician in Louisiana, the politician was delivering a speech in

front of thousands of his supporters at a stadium, and in his speech he mentioned

 “Imagine health care that keep government out of the way between you and your

dog for a health insurance”. From this utterance, the politician used the pronoun

“you” referred to all of the people not only those who attended at the stadium but

also to those who heard him and to those who were going to choose him at the

election.

7. Police officer: good afternoon ma’am, we’ve found the guy who stole your
laptop. What do you say?
Thief : what?
Police officer: what do you say?
Thief : I am sorry
Police officer: (slap him on the head)
Man: ma’am… I am sorry ma’am

Source: you tube (it’s a southern thing)

Table 31. Datum 31, Pronoun “you”

Good
foun The wh you lapto d yo
afternoo Ma’am We’ve stole what say
A d man o r p o u
n
Address

term
What
B
What Do you say
A
2sg
I Am sorry
B
1sg
Ma’am I am sorry Ma’am
Address Address
B
1sg
term term

This conversation was taken from a you tube channel, on this conversation there

were a policxe officer who caught a thief and He confronted the thief with the woman
whose laptop was being stolen by the thief, and the police asked the thief to say

sorry to the woman before returning the laptop he stole, and then the thief said “I am

sorry” and all of a sudden the police officer slapped the man on the head, and the

man then said “ma’am… I am sorry ma’am”. On this conversation shows the

importance to use address term while speaking with an older person.

3. The usage of TU and VOS in Tae’ Bastem and English

In daily conversation, people cannot prevent the communication with other people,

and in the conversation people will need to refer to other people by using person

deixis, however when

people used person deixis in society, it will turn into social deixis since it will be

affected by the context such as, the background, the situation, to whom the

reference being referred to. Referring to this, Brown and Gilman in Cook (2014)

stated that the semantic content of TU and VOS alternatives as being governed by

factors power and solidarity. Whilst solidarity tends to result in reciprocal TU or VOS,

power will determine a non-reciprocal interaction in which the superior says TU but

may expect to receive VOS. thus, people will used different pronoun in referring to

other people depends on the situation or the context, in Tae Bastem, the writer found

6 pronoun which represent both TU and VOS, however there are two pronoun that

were found in both situation, otherwise they refer TU and also VOS, otherwise in

English, there is only one pronoun that people used in order to refer to other people.

a. Formal situation (polite)

According to Brown and Levinson (1987) related to the negative politeness that

consists of in assurances that the speaker recognizes and respect the addressee’s

wants and will not interfere with the addressee’s freedom of action. Therefore, the

negative politeness is characterized by self-effacement, formality and restraint, with

attention to very restricted aspects of hearer’s self-image. In formal situation, for tae’

Bastem’s speakers use the pronoun “ki” and “ta”.

b. Informal situation (impolite)

In informal situation, people usually use casual language in order to minimize

the distance in communication by treating the addressee as a member of an in-group

or friend (Brown and Levinson, 1987). In Tae’ Bastem, in informal situation people

usually use casual language and people also use the pronoun “ko” and “mu”, while in

English they only use the pronoun “You”.

c. Formal and informal (polite or impolite)

Beside the pronoun which only can be used in one situation, the researcher

found two pronouns in Tae’ Bastem that can be used in both situation, which is the

pronoun “mi” and “kun”. According to the data shown above, the pronoun “mi” and

“kun” are used in both of the situation, in formal or informal situation in polite or

impolite speech.

However, There is no TU and VOS forms used in English, but the English speakers

have their own way in order to distinguish between the polite and impolite speech,

according to the questionnaire which have been done by the English speakers who

lived in Louisiana, United states of America;

 Table 32, Questionnaire answers
Questions number TOTAL
code
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
M001 C A A B A A C C C C C B B A:4 B:3 C:6
M002 C A A A A A A C B B A B B A:7 B:4 C:2
M003 B A A A A A A A C A C C C A:8 B:1 C:4
M004 C A A B C A A A A A A B B A:8 B:3 C:2
M005 C A A B C C C B A A A B C A:5 B:3 C:4
M006 C A A C A A A A A A A C C A:9 B:- C:4
M007 C C C A C C C B C C C B B A:- B:3 C:9
M008 C A A C A B A B C C C B C A:4 B:3 C:6
M009 C C A C C A A A C C C C C A:4 B:- C:9
M010 C A A C C A A C C C A B C A:5 B:1 C:7
M011 B C A A A C C C C C C B B A:3 B:3 C:7
M012 B C A A C C C C C C C C C A:2 B:1 C:10
M013 B C A C A A A A C C C B C A:5 B:2 C:6
M014 C C A C C A C C C C C C C A:2 B:- C:11
M015 B B A C B C C C C B B B B A:1 B:7 C: 5
M016 B B A B B A A C A A A B B A:6 B:6 C: 1
M017 C C A A A C C A C C C C C A:4 B:- C: 9
M018 C C A B C A A C C C C B C A:3 B:2 C: 8
M019 C B A C C A A C C C C B C A:3 B:2 C: 8
M020 C C A B B A A A C C C B B A:4 B:4 C: 5
M021 C A A C B A C C C A A B B A:5 B:3 C: 5
M022 B A A A A A A A C A A A C A:10 B:1 C: 2
M023 C C A B B B B B C C C B B A:1 B:7 C: 5
M024 C C A B C A A A C C C C C A:4 B:1 C: 8
M025 C C A C C C C C C C A B B A:2 B:2 C: 9
M026 B C C B B A A A C A C B B A:4 B:4 C: 4
M027 B B A B C A A A C A A B B A:6 B:5 C: 2
M028 C B A B B A C B A C A B B A:4 B:6 C: 3
M029 B C A C C A A C C C C B B A:3 B:3 C: 7
M030 C C A B A C C C C C C C B A:2 B:2 C: 9
M031 A A A B A A C A C C C C C A:6 B:1 C: 6
TOTAL
A 1 1 2 7 1 2 1 12 5 9 11 1 - A: 135
1 9 1 1 7
B 10 6 - 1 7 2 1 5 1 2 1 21 16 B: 82
0
C 20 1 2 1 1 8 1 14 25 20 19 9 15 C: 186
4 4 3 3
3. when talking to best friend/close friend, the speech which is used is casual

or impolite speech but there are also some who use both casual and polite

speech.

4. when talking to friends (not close), the language speech that is used is

polite or respectful speech but there are also some who use combination

between polite and casual speech.

5. when talking to older stranger the language variation that is used is polite

or respectful speech.

6. when talking to younger stranger, the language variation that is used is

polite speech, but there are also some who use casual or impolite speech

and even combine between polite and impolite speech.

7. when talking to stranger with the same age, the language variation that is

used is polite or respectful but there are some who combine between polite

and casual speech.

8. when talking to older boss, the language variation that is used is polite

speech, but there are some who use informal speech and even there are also

some who use combination between polite and informal speech according to

the context.

9. when talking to younger boss, most of people used polite or respectful

speech, however there are some who combine between polite and casual

speech.
10. when talking to employee, the language variation that is used is polite

speech but some used casual speech and most of people used combination

between polite and informal speech.

11. when talking to mother/father, the most of people used combination

between respectful speech and casual speech according to the situation.

12. when talking to aunt/uncle, most of people used the combination between

polite speech and casual speech.

13. when talking to grandmother/grandfather, the language variation that is

used is polite speech, however some people used the combination between

polite and casual speech.

14. when talking to younger relatives, people used casual/informal speech

but some people also used the combination between polite and casual

speech.

15. when talking to the same age relatives, the language variation that is

used is casual/informal speech, but some people used the combination

between polite and casual speech.

16. characteristics of polite language/utterances? (mention as many as

possible)

1. patience

2. love

3. gentleness

4. kindness
5. manners (2)

6. curiosity

7. respectful (2)

8. elegant

9. sophisticated

10. direct

11. nice

12. gracious

13. cordial

14. soft spoken (3)

15. respectful

16. good listener (3)

17. to say “please” when asking for something (4)

18. to say “thank you” before or after (4)

19. to be humble when given an opportunity to present something

20. smiling (2)

21. beginning with “hello, how are you?” I

22. responding

23. maintaining eye contact

24. always saying please and thank you

25. always be aware of voice tone (5)

26. showing empathy

27. saying “yes ma’am” “no ma’am” (15)

 28. body language

29. no slang

30. positive

31. humble

32. not interrupting while people are talking

33. acknowledging authority

34. considerate in speech

35. kind words

17. characteristics of impolite language/utterances

1.when someone is not patient

2.unloving

3.bad attitude

4.insentiuty

5. attitude

6. attention

7. rude

8. disrespectful

9. aggressive

10. crude

11. vulgar

12. cursing(10)

13. too talkive

14. not listen (2)

 15. quick to speak without considering what people are saying

16. overbearing

17. loud (5)

18. not say something while someone is talking

19. avoiding eye contact

20. monopolizing conversation

21.selfish interest

22.short responses

23. not asking “how are you” in return

24.not listening

25.no smile

26. cynical

27.negative

28.bias

29.arrogant

30.using unappropriate language

31.using rude tone (2)

32.always interrupting while others are talking

33.impatience

34.unconsiderate of others

18. factors which make someone speaks polite/respectfully

1. smile

2. older (3)
 3. stranger

4. attention

5. reaction

6. manners

7. home education

8. location

9. company

10. attitude

11. formal

12. authority figure

13. meeting new people

14. empathy

15. culture (5)

16. nice tone to their voice

17. willing to listen

18. respect for others

19. confidence

20. sympathy

21. to show kindness

22. social status

19. factors which make someone speaks impolite

1. impatient
 2. to appear cool, egoistic

3. influence from friends

4. Their attitude

5. how they respond

6. bad education at home

7. sarcasm

8. swering

9. cursing

10. rise of tone of voice

11. disrespect

12. no one helps in need

13. cut off in car

14. tone

15. how they dress

16. not being humble

17. not using mr. or mrs. Before names

18. never thinking they are wrong

19. anger

20. disagreement

21. dislike

B. DISCUSSION

The aim of this research is to analyze and to compare the TU and VOS forms in Tae’

Bastem and English. According to Brown and Gillman in 1960, they adopted symbols
T and V as designators for respectively a ‘familiar’ and ‘polite’ approach, in a parallel

with Latin subject pronouns tu and vos, where tu was the familiar pronoun of

address directed at one person and Vos was for a polite approach directed at one

person, as a sign of reverence, was also the invariable plural, both familiar and

polite. However, on this research, the researcher finds Pronouns which can be used

in both situation, in polite/impolite or in formal/informal situation.

The pronoun “mi” and “kun” in Tae’ Bastem occurred in polite speech and impolite

speech
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

From the analysis, the researcher finds the conclusion related to the TU and VOS

form in english and Tae’ Bastem as follow: TU and VOS forms as explained by

Brown and Gilman is also found in Tae’ Bastem language, however, in Tae Bastem,

it is found that there are six pronoun, which represent TU and VOS. VOS is

represented by pronoun “ki”, and “ta”, and TU is represented by pronoun “ko” and

“mu”. pronoun “ki”, and “ta” are used in formal situation or in polite speech, and

pronoun “ko” and “mu” are used in informal or impolite speech. Another finding that

the writer found is in Tae’ Bastem, there are two pronoun which are used in both

situation, whether in informal or formal, polite or impolite speech, which are the

pronoun “mi” and “kun”, according to the data above, pronoun “mi” and “kun” are

used in polite or impolite speech.

TU and VOS are not found in English, even in the southern English in America, the

only second person deixis which exist in English is “YOU” , and it is used both in

formal/informal or polite/impolite situation. Even though in English, there is only one

pronoun that is used both in formal/informal or polite/impolite situation which is

pronoun “you”. However English speaker, especially those who live in southern part

of the United states of America, they have their own way in order to distinguish

utterances in formal or informal, It is concluded that polite speech to say “please”

when asking for something, to say “thank you” before or after, saying “yes ma’am”

“no ma’am”, soft spoken, maintaining eye contact, and even always be aware of

voice tone.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adane, D., (2014). Social Deixis in Hadiyya. Department of English Language and
Literature, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia.

Bergs, A., & Diewald, G., (2009). Context and Constructions. John Benjamin
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Brown, R., A. Gilman, (1960). The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity. In T. Sebeok
(Ed.) Style in Language, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, pp. 253-76.

Clyne, M., Kretzenbacher, L., Norrby, C., & Warren, J., (2003). Address in Some
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