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A Study on Mechanical Properties of fly ash Brick with Waste Plastic Strips

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.53 (2015)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

A Study on Mechanical Properties of fly ash Brick

with Waste Plastic Strips
S. Alan1, B.Sivagnanaprakash2, S.Suganya3, A.Kalaiselvam4, V.Vignesh5
1
Assistant Professor (SG), 2HOD, 3P.G. Student, 4,5U.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
RVS Technical Campus, Coimbatore, India
Email: sivagnanaprakash@gmail.com, suganyashivraj@gmail.com, kalaiselvam291@gmail.com,
vignesh.alas@gmail.com, gopikavision@gmail.com

Abstract––PET is employed alternatively II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

construction entity which is really a synthetic fibre.
Plastics are non-biodegradable and its disposal is a
problem. Carbonated Beverage and water bottles
commonly uses PET, PETE or Polyester
(Polyethylene Terephthalate). These plastics since
being non-biodegradable, it involves either to
recycle or reuse. And now, many studies show they
have successful results in building materials. This
project uses waste PET bottles in concrete without
any replacement. PET bricks were casted with PET
ratios of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% and cured for 7
days, 14days and 28 days with respective PET
ratios. Likewise, the compressive strength, Bulk
density test, Modulus of rupture, Impact test and
Water Absorption test were conducted on the PET
bricks on the respective days 7, 14 and 28 namely.
As far compared from most of the test conducted
the PET Bricks showed better and optimum results
in PET ratio of 1%.
Index Terms––Pet, Fly ash, Quarry Dust, Bulk
Density, Modulus Of Rupture.
I. INTRODUCTION
India approximately produces 40 million tons of solid
waste of which 12.3% is plastic which is discarded
mainly in form of waste water bottles. PET is basically
thermo plastic resin composed of phthalates. But
unfortunately recycling of PET is much lower than its
usage and this gap is dramatically increasing forcing
to innovate a method for high recycling of this
material. A possible application is, to use PET fibers
as short fiber reinforcement in structural concrete. The
solution proposed solves the problem of its disposal
and in the process, render new properties to the
construction. The PET bricks were casted with raw
materials of petplastics, cement, fyl ash, fine
aggregate, and coarse aggregate and water. The water
content ratio was taken as 0.3
A. Poly Ethylene Terephthalate Bricks
The problem of recycling waste materials will remain
one of the problems which will continue to plague the
society in the near future [1][4]. Therefore it is
necessary find practical and imaginative solutions to
the reuse of the waste. With the less available of space
for land filling and due to ever increasing price, the
focus is towards reuse of waste rather than its disposal
.Plastics are widely used due to their characteristics
like versatility, lightness, hardness, chemical
resistance etc and therefore contribute most to ever
increasing solid volume waste. The growth of the
world plastic industry has been tremendous, from a
little over 3 million tons in 1955 to 30 million tons
presently (Jain et al., 1977). Among plastic,
Polyethene forms the largest portion followed by
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) .The last is obtained
in massive quantity from bottles most commonly used
for packaging of beverages and drinking water[2].
India approximately produces 40 million tons of
solid waste of which 123% is plastic which is
discarded mainly in form of water bottles. PET is
basically is a thermo plastic resin composed of
phthalates. In Table I most common uses of PET is
given. But unfortunately recycling of PET is much
lower than its usage and this gap is dramatically
increasing forcing to innovate a method for high
recycling of this material. A possible application is to
use PET fibres as short fiber reinforcement in Bricks
.It can improve its tensile strength as Brick is good in
compressive strength but lack tensile strength. The
reduced strength is mainly due to presence of micro
and macro cracks due to shrinkage of Brick[3]. PET
comes in the category of low modulus synthetic fibres
along with fibres of polyethene, nylon, polyester
which are effective in controlling shrinkage cracking
but is not so effective in increasing tensile strength.
Also, PET bottles are being experimented to act as
non-load bearing and partition walls in many parts of
world.

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The present paper attempts to bring out various
methods by which PET can be used as a successful
building material alternative (As in Brick
reinforcement or non-load bearing and facade walls).
The solution proposed solves the problem of its
disposal and in the process, render new properties to
the construction element itself (by reducing its
weight).
 Melting point 260ºC Specific Gravity : 1.3 – 1.4
 Water Absorption : 0.07 – 0.10
B. General Properties of Fly Ash Bricks
Fineness
The fineness of fly ash is important because it
affects the rate of pozzolanic activity and the
workability of the concrete. Specifications require a
minimum of 66 percent passing the 0.044 mm (No.
325) sieve.

Specific gravity

Although specific gravity does not directly affect

concrete quality, it has value in identifying changes in
Fig. PET Strips
other fly ash characteristics. It should be checked
regularly as a quality control measure, and correlated
A. Basic Properties of Recycled Pet
to other characteristics of fly ash that may be
fluctuating.
 Density: 1380 kg/m3
 Elastic Modulus: 3100 N/mm2
Chemical composition
 Tensile strength: Around 450 MPa
 Ultimate elongation: 11.2%
The reactive alumina silicate and calcium alumina
silicate components of fly ash are routinely
Scope of Future Work
represented in their oxide nomenclatures such as
silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and calcium oxide.
Based on established properties (compressive
The variability of the chemical composition is checked
strength, density) determined in this study, mix
regularly as a quality control measure. The alumina
designs could be researched with to achieve increased
silicate components react with calcium hydroxide to
compressive strength [5]. The effect of decrease in the
produce additional cementations materials. Fly ashes
plastic aggregates size and the use of admixtures,
tend to contribute to concrete strength at a faster rate
among other alterations should be also studied for
when these components are present in finer fractions
increasing strength. In addition a complete cost
of the fly ash. Sulphur trioxide content is limited to
analysis can be done to determine the cost
five percent, as greater amounts have been shown to
effectiveness of production and operating with the
increase mortar bar expansion. Available alkalis in
plastic aggregate blocks. With the availability of
most ashes are less than the specification limit of 1.5
specific instruments, further mechanical tests and a
percent. Contents greater than this may contribute to
microscopic analysis can be carried out to improvise
alkali-aggregate expansion problems.
the process and develop a superior quality product.
Also use of PET fibres [6] with industrial wastes like
Carbon content
Blast furnace slag, fly ash, foundry slag etc as
aggregate replacement can be researched and analysed
LOI is a measurement of unburned carbon
upon. Possible application of continuous PET strips in
remaining in the ash. It can range up to five percent per
mono or bi directional reinforcements for concrete
AASHTO and six percent per ASTM. The unburned
slabs and pavements can also be studied. Research
carbon can absorb air entraining admixtures (AEAs)
could be conducted to analyse and increase the
and increase water requirements. Also, some of the
bonding strength between PET Fibres and concrete
carbon in fly ash may be encapsulated in glass or
matrix.
otherwise be less active and, therefore, not affect the
mix. Conversely, some fly ash with low LOI values
Physical Properties of Poly Ethylene Terephthalate
may have a type of carbon with a very high surface
area, which will increase the AEA dosages. Variations
 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion : 7 x 10-3/ºC
in LOI can contribute to fluctuations in air content and
 Long Term Service Temperature : 115 - 170ºC
call for more careful field monitoring of entrained air

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in the concrete. Further, if the fly ash has a very high E. Characteristics of Bricks And Fly Ash Mix
carbon content, the carbon particles may float to the Design
top during the concrete finishing process and may
produce dark-colored surface streaks. Clay Bricks

C. Comparison between Clay brick and Fly ash Typical characteristics of burnt clay brick are as
Brick follows:
Dimensions : 220mm (L) 115mm (W) 70mm (H)
PET Bricks Fly Ash Clay Brick Colour : Red
Brick Weight : 3.6 Kg(avg)
Uniform Uniform Varying colour Water Absorption : 20%
pleasing pleasing as per soil  finest, purest of clays, soft
colour like colour like  mud clay
cement cement  Brownish-bronze clay (containing calcium)
Uniform in Uniform in Uneven shape  reddish-brown clay (containing iron)
shape and shape and as hand made
rough in smooth in Fly Ash Bricks
finish finish
Dense Dense Lightly bonded Typical characteristics of fly ash brick are as follows:
composition composition
With fabric Dimensions : 220mm (L) 115mm (W) 70mm (H)
bonding. Colour : ash
Plastering No plastering Plastering Weight:3.4 Kg(from all the mix and curing
required required required days avg)
Lighter in Heavier in Heavier in Water Absorption: 6-12%
weight weight weight  mix design of Control, Sample A, Sample B,
Compressive Compressive Compressive Sample C, Sample D
strength is strength is strength is  max containing fly ash
around 150 around 100 around 35  ash colour
Kg/Cm2 Kg/Cm2 Kg/Cm2 
Less porous Less porous More porous Pet Bricks
Thermal Thermal Thermal
conductivity conductivity conductivity Typical characteristics of PET brick are as follows:
1.00-1.50 0.90-1.05 1.25 – 1.35
W/m2 ºC W/m2 ºC W/m2 ºC Dimensions : 220mm (L) 115mm (W) 70mm (H)
Water Water Water Colour : ash
absorption 5- absorption 6- absorption 20- Weight : 3.4 Kg(from all the mix and curing days
10% 12% 25% avg)
Water Absorption: 6-10%
D. Objective  mix design of Control, Sample A, Sample B,
Sample C, Sample D
The objective of the present study  max containing fly ash
 ash colour
 To compare whether PET brick is better than of
Fly ash and clay bricks or not. Fly Ash Bricks Mix Design
 To compare the mechanical properties of PET, Fly
ash and clay bricks using various tests. CONTENT Cont Sam Sam Samp Samp
 To reduce the environmental pollution caused by rol ple A ple B le C le D
non-biodegradable plastics (Beverage Bottles).
FLY ASH 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%
QUERY 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5
DUST % % % % %
O.P.C 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%
PET 0% 0.5% 1% 1.5% 2%

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1. Taken the PET bricks of 7,14,28 days of curing.

III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 2. 5 bricks have been taken on each mix for each
curing day.
A. Tests Done To Find Mechanical Properties of 3. Each curing days has 5 mix designs of Control,
Brick Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D.
The various tests have been done to find the 4. Place the brick on the universal testing machine.
mechanical properties of the bricks. The tests are as 5. Then the load is applied
follows, 6. Take the note of the load occurred.
7. Before giving load take the weight of each
1) Compression test bricks.
2) Modulus of rupture 8. By using the tabular column find the optimum
3) Bulk density strength and do the graphs work.
4) Impact test 9. And then compare to the clay brick modulus of
5) Water absorption rupture graph to the fly ash brick graph.
10. Formula for modulus of rupture:(S)= (3w(l/2 –
Compression test x))/bd2
Where
W = Maximum load (N) KN –Kilo
Newton, Cr-Crack
S = Modulus of rupture Wgt-Weight,
Kg- Kilogram
L = Distance between the support (mm)
B & D = Breath & depth of brick (mm)
X = Distance from the crack (mm)

Bulk Density
1. 5 bricks have been taken on each mix for each
curing day.
2. Each curing days has 5 mix designs of Control,
Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D.
3. Brick is placed in the compression testing
machine.
4. Then the load is applied axially to the brick.
5. Take the note of the load occurred.
6. Before giving load take the weight of each
bricks.
7. Then do the tabular columns work.
8. By using the tabular column find the optimum
strength and do the graphs work.
9. And then compare to the clay brick compressive
1. Taken the PET bricks of 7, 14,28 days of curing.
strength graph to the fly ash brick graph
2. 5 bricks taken of each curing days.
10. Compressive strength (Fc) = load/area( N/mm2)
3. Each curing days has 5 mix designs of Control,
Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D.
Modulus of Rupture
4. Place the bricks in the oven of 110 degree
Celsius for 24 hours.
5. Before placing the brick take the weight each
bricks and then keep in the oven.
6. After 24 hours take the brick out and keep in
room temperature for 24 hours.
7. After that see the weight of each brick again.
8. It will defer from the original weight.
9. Then do the tabular columns work.
10. By using the tabular column find the optimum
strength and do the graphs work.

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11. And then compare to the clay brick bulk density IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
graph to the fly ash brick graph.
12. Bulk density formula : B = (d/l x w x t ) A. Compression Strength Test Readings 0f 7, 14, 28
where Curing Days
B = bulk density
d = dry weight (g)
l = length (mm)
w = width (mm)
t = thickness (mm)

Impact Test

1. Taken the fly ash bricks of 7, 14,28 days of curing.

2. 5 bricks have been taken on each mix for each
curing day.
3. Each curing days has 5 mix designs of Control,
Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D. 20
4. Then 2m from the ground level drop the brick by
18
free falling.
5. Before dropping take the weight of each bricks. 16
6. And note the pieces how much it brooked. 14
7. Then take the reading for that.
(N/mm2)

12
8. And does the tabular column work.
9. By using the tabular column find the optimum and 10
the graph work. 8 7 DAY
10. And then compare to the clay brick bulk density
6 14 DAY
graph to the fly ash brick graph.
No.pcs = Number of pieces 4 28 DAY

2
Water Absorption Test
0
The ware absorption test procedure is adopted
from IS 3495 part 2. The water absorption gives the
quantity of water being absorbed by bricks in time

MIX SAMPLE
1. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a
temperature of 105 to 115°C till it attains
substantially constant mass.
The graph shows in compression test, Sample B
2. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain
of 1% PET mix at 28 days gave an optimum value of
its weight ( M1).
18.67 N/mm2.
3. Immerse completely dried specimen in clean
water at a temperature of 27.2°C for 24 hours.
B. Modulus Of Rupture Test Values For 7, 14,28
4. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of
Curing Days
water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen.
5. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the
specimen has been removed from water (M2).
6. Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour
immersion in cold water is given by the following
formula:
M1– M2
X 100
M2
Where,

M1 = weight of brick after submersion in water

M2 = dry weight of brick

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D. Impact Test Readings Values For 7, 14, 28curing

MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF PET Days
BRICK
6
5
LOAD (N/mm)

4
3 7th day
2 14th day
1 28th day

The graph shows, Sample A of 0.5% PET mix at 28

4.5
days gave an optimum value of 5.57 N/mm.
4
C. Bulk Density Test Values for 7, 14, 28 Curing 3.5
Days 3
NO OF PIECES

2.5
7th day
2
14th day
1.5
28th day
1
0.5
0

MIX SAMPLES

E. Water Absorption Test

The ware absorption test procedure is

2.5 adopted from IS 3495 part 2. The water absorption
gives the quantity of water being absorbed by bricks
CONTROL in time. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a
2
temperature of 105 to 115°C till it attains substantially
constant mass. Cool the specimen to room temperature
Wgt (Kg/m3)

SAMPLE A
1.5 (kg/m3) and obtain its weight (M1). Immerse completely dried
SAMPLE B
specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27.2°C for
1 (kg/m3) 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any
traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the
SAMPLE C
(kg/m3) specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the
0.5
specimen has been removed from water (M2). Water
SAMPLE D
(kg/m3) absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion
0 in cold water is given by the following formula:
7th day 14th day 28th day M1– M2
DAYS X 100
M2
Where,
The graph shows, Control at 7th day gave anoptimum M1 = weight of brick after submersion in water
value of 2.3 (Kg/m3). M2 = dry weight of brick

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F. Water Absorption In Bricks Tabular Column G. Comparison Between Fly Ash, Clay Brick And
Pet Brick Tables
SAMPLE 7 Days 14Days 28Days
CONTROL 7.2 7 6.54
9.4 8.3 7.35
6.1 6.16 3.65
7.26 7.2 6.52
SAMPLE A 7.1 7.01 5.86
7.04 6.64 6.5
6.9 5.75 5.12
SAMPLE B 10 9.23 7.46
9 8.63 7.28
6.6 6.67 10.76
SAMPLE C 11.25 14.28 10
11 12.75 9.35
10.46 10.23 8.2
9.375 8.76 7.57 Compression Strength
SAMPLE D 8.25 7.29 11.14
7.61 6.5 10.95 Compression Strength b/w Flyash, Clay &
PET
20 Brick
7.35 6.06 10
18
Load (N/mm2)

Water Absorption of Brick 16

14 14

12 12
Absorption Level (%)

10 10

8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
0 CONTROL 5.76 7.629 9.632
7 DAY 14 DAY 28 DAY
SAMPLE A 9.98 14.026 14.112
CONTROL 7.49 7.16 6.01
SAMPLE B 11.62 15.485 18.555
SAMPLE A 7.01 6.47 5.83
SAMPLE C 9.86 13.967 16.306
SAMPLE B 8.53 8.18 8.5
SAMPLE D 10.76 15.436 14.107
SAMPLE C 11.5 10.6 8.78 CLAY BRICK 7.35 7.4 7.5
SAMPLE D 8.12 7.98 7.54
From the graph it can be seen that maximum of PET
bricks have more compressive strength. The maximum
From figure it can be seen that the water is strength is 18.55 (N/mm2).
absorbed more on 3rd day and gradually reduces. And
the water absorption is less at 28th day.

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Modulus Of Rupture Bulk Density

CURI CO SAM SA SAM SA CL CU CO SA SA SA SA CLA

NG NT PLE MP PLE MP AY RIN NT MP MP MP MP Y
DAY RO A LE C LE BRI G RO LE LE LE LE BRI
S L B D CK DA L A B C D CK
(N/ (N/m (N/ (N/m (N/ (N/ YS (Kg/ (Kg/ (Kg/ (Kg/ (Kg/ (Kg/
mm) m) mm) m) mm) mm) m3) m3) m3) m3) m3) m3)
7 3.89 3 2.36 2.25 2.17 2.51 7 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 2
Days days
14 4.77 3.5 3.3 3.18 2.4 2.56 14 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 2
Days days 2
28 5 5.57 5.38 3.59 3.3 2.68 28 2 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.15
Days days

Modulus Of Rupture Between Clay & Bulk Density Between Clay & PET
PET Bricks Bricks
2.5
Weight(kg/m3)

6
Load (N/mm)

2
5
1.5
4

1
3

2 0.5

1 0
7 days 14 days 28 days
0 CONTROL 2.3 2.22 2
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days SAMPLE A 2.2 2.2 2.1
CONTROL 3.89 4.77 5 SAMPLE B 2.1 1.8 1.4
SAMPLE A 3 3.5 5.57 SAMPLE C 1.9 1.9 1.8
SAMPLE B 2.36 3.3 5.38 SAMPLE D 1.8 1.8 1.8
SAMPLE C 2.25 3.18 3.59 CLAY BRICK 2 2 2.15
SAMPLE D 2.17 2.4 3.3
CLAY BRICK 2.51 2.56 2.68

From the graph we can see that modulus of rupture From the graph it is noted that bulk density is
is more on 28th day on PET bricks while comparing to more on 7th day on fly ash. The maximum bulk density
clay bricks. is 2.3 (Kg/m3).

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Impact Test
Water Absorption
CUR CO SA SA SA SAM CLA
ING NT M MP MP PLE Y
DAY RO PL LE LE D BRI 16
S L E B C CK

Absorption Level (%)

14
A
12
7 days 4 0 0 0 2.333 2
10
14 4 0 0 0 1.333 0 8
days
6
28 2.333 0 0 0 O.667 0
days 4

0
7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
Impact Test Between Clay, Clay & CONTROL 7.49 7.16 6.01
PET Brick SAMPLE A 7.01 6.47 5.83
4.5 SAMPLE B 8.53 8.18 8.5
SAMPLE C 11.5 10.6 8.78
4
SAMPLE D 8.12 7.98 7.54
No of pieces

3.5 CLAY BRICK 14.6 13.14 11.26

3

2.5
From the graph it is noted that water absorption is
2
more on clay brick on all days, while comparing with
1.5 PET bricks.
1
V. CONCLUSION
0.5

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
In this study, recycled PET strips were considered
CONTROL 4 4 2.333 as reinforcement for brick as a means for studying and
SAMPLE A 0 0 0 analyzing thereby improving its performance. Also
SAMPLE B 0 0 0 the ecological benefit of successfully using a waste
SAMPLE C 0 0 0 material give added benefit and had been a prime
SAMPLE D 2.333 1.333 0.667 motivation for the work. So from the study it was
CLAY BRICK 2 0 0 concluded that PET strip bricks have high
compression strength, modulus of rupture which can
be attributed to the increased bonding tendency of
From the graph it is noted that impact is more on PET with cement matrix. There by –
Control brick on 7th and 14thday. And the impact is less
on 28th day while comparing to clay bricks.  In compression test, Sample B of 1% at 28 days
gave an optimum value of 18.67 N/mm2 while
Water Absorption the clay brick ultimate only 7.5 N/mm2.
 The sample A of 0.5% in modulus of rupture test
gave 5.57 N/mm was compared to be greater
than fly ash Bricks.
 The bulk density value of sample B seems to
give better results than control value of fly ash
bricks.
 In impact test, No bricks of any samples were
forced to break while the clay bricks were
broken into two pieces and control bricks were
broken into 4 pieces in an average respectively.

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 The drastic change was observed in water

absorption test which yielded only 2%
absorption while clay bricks yielded around
15.78N/mm2.

From the above conclusions recorded from the

experimental works, it is known that PET bricks are
comparatively better and also economic.

REFERENCE

[1] Marta Kosior-KazberukPolishJ.(2011) Journal of

Environmental Studies. Volume 20, No. 2,pp365-
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[2] B.J.Mohra,H.Nanko b,(2004)KurtisSchool of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive,
Atlanta, GA 30332-0355,
[3] BharathRaj,VarshithA,RashmithaKotian, N.G.
Ash- wath. “Study on Laterite-Cement bricks”
Project report, K.V.G College of Engineering,
Sullia.DK. 2011-2012.
[4] Ishwar Singh Yadav,Laboratory Investigation of
the properties of concrete containing recycled
Plastic aggregates,15-46;40-43;12 2008.
[5] Ms. K. Ramadevi et al., Experimental
Investigations on the properties of concrete with
Plastic PET(bottle) fibers as fine aggregate, 2-5
2012.
[6] Dora Foti , Use of recycled waste PET bottles
fibres for the reinforcement of concrete,1-2;8
2012W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems
(Book style). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp.
123–135.

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