THE DERIVATIVES:

Illustrative Problems
Determine the derivatives of the following;
Solutions:
Solutions cont’d:
Solutions cont’d:
Solutions cont’d:
Solutions cont’d:
Problem Sets:

Determine the derivatives of the following;

Tangents to Plane Curves:

* If P’ approaches P along the curve, the secant line PP’

approaches a definite limiting position PT, then the limit
PT is called the tangent to the curve at point P

* The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is

simply the slope of the curve at that point
* Verification of the term slope of the curve does not
conflict with the term slope of the line

From geometry, equation of a line of slope, m;

Illustrative Problem:

Determine the slope of the curve at a given point

Solution:

a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ; 2,8

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 + ∆𝑥

∆𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2
− 2 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑦

∆𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2
− 2 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

∆𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥∆𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2∆𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

2
𝛥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 3 𝛥𝑥 − 2𝛥𝑥
Solution cont’d:
2
𝛥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 3 𝛥𝑥 − 2𝛥𝑥
divide both sides by 𝛥𝑥

∆𝑦
= 6𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 − 2
∆𝑥
𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 → 0

∆𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 2
∆𝑥
at point 2,8 ; 𝑥 = 2

∆𝑦
=6 2 −2
∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 12 − 2
∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 10
∆𝑥
Solution cont’d:

𝑏) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 , 𝑎𝑡 1,0

2 3
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥 + ∆𝑥

2 3
∆𝑦 = 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 −𝑦

∆𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2
− 𝑥 3 + 3 ∆𝑥 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑥 3
− 𝑥2 − 𝑥3

∆𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2
− 𝑥 3 − 3∆𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 2
− ∆𝑥 3
− 𝑥2 + 𝑥3

2
∆𝑦 = 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 3(∆𝑥)𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 2
− ∆𝑥 3

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥

∆𝑦
= 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥∆𝑥 − ∆𝑥 2
∆𝑥

𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 → 0
Solution cont’d:

∆𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑎𝑡 1,0 ; 𝑥 = 1
∆𝑥

∆𝑦 2
∆𝑥
=2 1 −3 1

∆𝑦
∆𝑥
= −1

RATE OF CHANGE:

Given a function;

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦
= lim → 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Illustrative Problem:
1. When the radius of a circle increases, determine how fast
a) the circumference increases
b) the area increases
Solution:

a) C = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐶 + ∆𝐶 = 2𝜋 𝑟 + ∆𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑟
∆𝐶
𝐶 + ∆𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 + 2𝜋∆𝑟 = 2𝜋 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
∆𝑟
∆𝐴
∆𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 + 2𝜋∆𝑟 − 𝐶 b)𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟
∆𝑟

∆𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 + 2𝜋∆𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟 𝐴 + ∆𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 + ∆𝑟 2

∆𝐶 = 2𝜋∆𝑟 ∆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 + ∆𝑟 2
− 𝜋𝑟 2
Illustrative Problem:
2. When the length of the sides of a cube increases,
determine how fast;
a) the volume increases
b) the surface area increases
c) the diagonal of the sides increases
Solution:

𝑎) ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑉= 𝑙 𝑤 ℎ
𝑙 = 𝑥 ;𝑤 = 𝑥 ;ℎ = 𝑥
Solution cont’d:
𝑉= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑉 = 𝑥3
3
𝑉 + ∆𝑉 = 𝑥 + ∆𝑥
𝑉 + ∆𝑉 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 2
+ 3 ∆𝑥 𝑥 2 + ∆𝑥 3

∆𝑉 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 2 + 3 ∆𝑥 𝑥 2 + ∆𝑥 3 −𝑉
∆𝑉 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 2 + 3 ∆𝑥 𝑥 2 + ∆𝑥 3 − 𝑥3
2
∆𝑉 = 3𝑥 ∆𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥 𝑥 2 + ∆𝑥 3

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥;

∆𝑉
= 3𝑥∆𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − ∆𝑥 2
∆𝑥
𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 → 0 ;
∆𝑉
= 3𝑥 2 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
∆𝑥
Solution cont’d:
𝑏) ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑆=6 𝑥 𝑥
𝑆 = 6𝑥 2
2
𝑆 + ∆𝑆 = 6 𝑥 + ∆𝑥
𝑆 + ∆𝑆 = 6 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2

∆𝑆 = 6 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + ∆𝑥 2 −𝑆
∆𝑆 = 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥∆𝑥 + 6 ∆𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 2
2
∆𝑆 = 12𝑥∆𝑥 + 6 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥 ;

∆𝑆
= 12𝑥 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥
𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 → 0

∆𝑆
= 12𝑥 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
∆𝑥
Solution cont’d:
c) ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠,
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ABC;

𝑑= 𝑥2 + 𝑥2

𝑑=𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝐸;
Solution cont’d:
D = 𝑑2 + 𝑥 2

2
𝐷= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2

𝐷 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
𝐷=𝑥 3
𝐷 + ∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + ∆𝑋
𝐷 + ∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥
∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥 − 𝐷
∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥 − 3 𝑥
∆𝐷 = 3 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥;
∆𝐷
= 3 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
∆𝑋
Solution cont’d:
𝐷2 = 𝑑2 + 𝑥 2

2 2
𝐷 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2

𝐷=𝑥 3
𝐷 + ∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + ∆𝑋
𝐷 + ∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥
∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥 − 𝐷
∆𝐷 = 3 𝑥 + 3 ∆𝑥 − 3 𝑥
∆𝐷 = 3 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥;
∆𝐷
= 3 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
∆𝑋
Illustrative Problem:
3. A right circular cylinder has a length of 3 meters.
Determine how fast the volume increases after 3 seconds if
radius of the circular base increases at the rate of 0.2 𝑚Τ𝑠

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
ℎ = 3𝑚
𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
∆𝑟
= 0.2
∆𝑡

R𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑:
∆𝑉
∆𝑡
Solution:
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
𝐴𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 3
2
𝑉 + ∆𝑉 = 3𝜋 𝑟 + ∆𝑟
𝑉 + ∆𝑉 = 3𝜋 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟∆𝑟 + ∆𝑟 2

𝑉 + ∆𝑉 = 3𝜋𝑟 2 + 6𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 + 3 ∆𝑟 2

∆𝑉 = 3𝜋𝑟 2 + 6𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 + 3 ∆𝑟 2
−𝑉
∆𝑉 = 3𝜋𝑟 2 + 6𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 + 3 ∆𝑟 2 − 3𝜋𝑟 2
2
∆𝑉 = 6𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 + 3 ∆𝑟
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑟 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑟 → 0
∆𝑉
= 6𝜋𝑟
∆𝑟

∆𝑟
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑡
Solution cont’d:
∆𝑉 ∆𝑟 ∆𝑟
= 6𝜋𝑟
∆𝑟 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆𝑉
= 6𝜋𝑟 0.2
∆𝑡

∆𝑉
= 1.2 𝜋𝑟
∆𝑡

𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 3 , 𝑟 = 0.6 𝑚
∆𝑉
= 0.72𝜋 𝑚3 Τ𝑠 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
∆𝑡