PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
I. NURSING THEORIST
Florence Nightingale Environmental Theory
Virginia Henderson 14 Basic Needs
Faye Abdellah Patient – Centered Approaches to
Nursing Model / 21 Nursing Problems
Dorothy Johnson Behavioral System Model
Imogene King Goal Attainment Theory
Madeleine Leininger Transcultural Nursing Model
Myra Levin Four Conservation Principles
Betty Neuman Health care System Model
Dorotheo Orem Self-Care and Self-Care Deficit Theory
Hildegard Peplau Interpersonal Model
Martha Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings
Sister Callista Roy Adaptation Model
Lydia Hall Care,Core,Cure
Jean Watson Human Caring Model
Rosemarie Rizzo Human Becoming
Parse
II. NURSING HISTORY
 Moses – “Father of Sanitation”
 Hippocrates – “Father of Scientific Medicine”
 Clara Barton, founded the American Red Cross
 Caroline Hampton Robb, The first to nurse to wear
gloves while working as an operating room nurse.
 Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo, organized Filipino Red
Cross.
 Anastacia Giron – Tupas, First Filipino nurse to hold
the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder of
the Philippine Nurses Association.
III. NURSING PROCESS
ASSESSMENT PHASE Subjective Data also referred to
as symptoms or covert data
- Data Collection Objective Data also referred to
- Organize Data as signs or overt data, are
- Validate Data detectable by an observer
- Document Data Primary source is the client
Secondary source is family or
anyone else that is not the client
Methods of Data Collection
Observing To observe is to
gather data by using the sense.
Interviewing Is a planned
communication or a
conversation with purpose
Examining Is a systematic data-
collection method that uses
observation (i.e., the senses of
sight, hearing, smell, and touch)
to detect health problems.
DIAGNOSIS PHASE
- Analyze Data Types of Nursing Diagnosis
- Identify Health
Problem Actual diagnosis is a client
- Formulate Diagnostic problem that is present at the
Statements time of the nursing assessment.
Risk nursing diagnosis is a
Diagnostic Statements clinical judgment that a problem
Problem (P): statement of does not exist, but the presence
the client’s response. of risk factors
Etiology (E): factors Wellness diagnosis
contributing Possible nursing diagnosis is
Signs and Symptoms (S): one in which evidence about a
defining characteristics health problem is incomplete or
manifested by the client unclear.
Syndrome diagnosis is a
diagnosis that is associated with
a cluster of other diagnoses
.
PLANNING PHASE Types of Planning
- Prioritize problems Initial planning, admission
- Formulate goals assessment.
- Select actions Ongoing planning
- Write nursing orders Discharge planning:
M edications
E xercise
T reatment/therapy
H ygiene
O ut-patient follow up
D iet/nutrition
S exual activity/spirituality
INTERVENTION / Types of Intervention
IMPLEMENTATION Independent
Dependent
- Determining needs Collaborative
for assistance
Putting into action
- Cognitive or Intellectual Skills
the plan Such as analyzing the problem,
- Supervising delegated problem solving, critical thinking
care and making judgments regarding
- Documenting nursing the patient's needs.
activities Interpersonal Skills
Which includes therapeutic
communication, active listening,
conveying knowledge and
information, developing trust or
rapport-building with the patient
Technical Skills Which includes
knowledge and skills needed to
properly and safely done the
procedure
EVALUATION PHASE Collecting data related to
outcome
Comparing data
Drawing conclusion
Continuing, modifying or
terminating the nursing care
plan
IV. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Direct Care Provider - provides total care using the
nursing process .
Communicator – communicates with clients, support
person and colleagues to facilitate all nursing action.
Teacher – provides health teaching
Counselor – helps the client to recognize and cope with
stressful pyschological or social problem,
Client Advocate – the nurse becomes an activist speaking
up for the client who cannot or will not speak for self.
Change Agent – initiates changes and assists the client
make modifications in the lifestyle to promote health.
Leader – nurse through the process of interpersonal
influence .
Manager – the nurse plans, gives directions, develops staff,
monitors operation.
Case Manager – coordinates the activities of other
member of the health care team.
Researcher – participates in scientific investigation and
uses research findings in practice.
Collaborator – works in a combined effort with all those
involved in care delivery.
PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

V. HEALTH / DISEASE / ILLNESS C. Airborne Transmission

 Health is the complete physical, mental, social (totality) 1. Droplet of nuclei
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or 2. Dust particle in the air containing the infectious
infirmity. agent
3. Organisms shed into environment from skin, hair,
FOUR MODELS OF HEALTH BY SMITH wounds or perineal area.
1. Clinical Model
 Man is viewed as a Physiologic Being D. Vector borne Transmission, arthropods such as
 If there are no signs and symptoms of a disease, then flies, mosquitoes, ticks and others.
you are healthy
2. Role Performance Model
 As long as you are able to perform SOCIETAL VII. ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
functions and ROLES you are healthy
3. Adaptive Model  Standard Precautions / Universal Precautions
 Health is viewed in terms of capacity to ADAPT  Applies to ALL BODY FLUIDS
 Failure to adapt is disease  Includes:
4. Eudaemonistic Model 1. HAND WASHING
 Because health is viewed in terms of Actualization 2. Personal Protective Equipment
(sequence of removing PPE’s)
 Disease is a pathologic change in the structure or function gloves-mask-gown-eyewear-cap
of the mind and body 3. Safe use of sharps
 Illness is a highly subjective feeling of being sick or ill 4. Removing spills of blood and body fluids
5. Cleaning and disinfecting equipment

STAGES OF ILLNESS AND HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOR BY  Transmission Based Precautions

SUCHMAN • Airborne precautions
 Symptom Experience  A single room under negative pressure
Client realizes there is a problem ventilation with a wash hand basin
Client responds emotionally  The door must be kept closed at all times except
 Sick Role Assumption during necessary entrances and exits.
Self-medication / Self-treatment  Disposable paper towels
Communication to others  A high efficiency mask, if available, should be
 Assuming a Dependent Role worn when entering the room of a patient with
Accepts the diagnosis known or suspected tuberculosis.
Follows prescribed treatment
 Achieving recovery and rehabilitation • Droplet precautions
Gives up the dependent role and assumes  Put on a standard mask prior to entering the
normal activities and responsibilities isolation room.
 Hands must be washed with an antiseptic
preparation and must be dried thoroughly with
VI. CHAIN OF INFECTION a disposable paper towel or washed with a
waterless alcohol hand rub/gel:
1. AFTER contact with the patient or
potentially contaminated items,
2. AFTER removing gloves, and
3. BEFORE taking care of another patient.

• Contact precautions
 Non-sterile, disposable gloves are needed when
there is contact with an infected site, with
dressings, or with secretions.
 A mask when performing procedures that may
generate aerosols or when performing
suctioning is recommended.
 Hands washing (see droplet precautions)

VIII. NUTRITION

Food Sources
► MODE OF TRANSMISSION it indicates the potential of the
disease; conveyance of the agent to the host; it can be by Protein Meat, fish, eggs, milk, poultry, cheese,
common source transmission, contact source, air-borne beans, mongo
transmission. Carbohydrates Grains, Legumes, Potatoes, Cereals,
Breads
There are four main routes of transmission Fats / Lipids Saturated: coconut oil, and palm kernel
A. By Contact Transmission oil, dairy products (especially butter, ,
1. Direct contact ( person to person ) cream, and cheese), meat (beef), dark
2. Indirect contact ( usually an inanimate object) meat of poultry, and poultry skin,
3. Droplet contact ( from coughing, sneezing, or chocolate
talking, or talking by an infected person)
Unsaturated: Avocado, Nuts, Vegetable
B. By Vehicle Route ( through contaminated items) oils such as soybean, canola, and olive oils
1. Food – salmonellosis Vit. A Eggs, carrots, squash, all green leafy
2. Water – shigellosis, legionellosis vegetables
3. Drugs – bacteremia resulting from infusion of a Vit. D Fish, liver, egg, milk, margarine
contaminated infusion product Note: excess vit.D may lead to fetal cardiac
4. Blood – hepatitis B, problem
Vit. E Green leafy vegetables, fish, corn