Axes And Angles of eye

Fixation
• in ophthalmology, direction of
the gaze so that the visual image
of the object falls on the fovea
centralis.
 Eye position
• In the ideal world…
–All six Extraocular muscles have the
same muscle tone so that eye position
at rest is slightly deviated outward
 Eye position
• In the real world…
–Eye position at rest varies due to different
muscle tones across individuals
 line of sight
• The line of sight is the axis, which goes through the
object point and the centre of the entrance pupil. It
is the ray, which passes through the centroid of the
light bundle and is the axis of the ray cone, which
enters the eye.
• Typically, the angle between the line of sight and
the optical axis lies in the range between 3° and 8°.
• The centre of the entrance pupil is shifted towards
the nasal side due to the asymmetrical imaging
through the cornea system and the off-axis position
of the fovea.
 Axis
• A straight line, real or imaginary,
passing through a body, on which
it revolves, or may be supposed
to revolve; a line passing through
a body or system around which
the parts are symmetrically
arranged.
 Center of rotAtion:
• This is the point around which the eye
rotates.
• It is situated behind the center of the eye
on the optical axis line.
• It lies behind the nodal point
 fixAtion Axis.
• The line joining the fixation point
and the center of rotation
Axis of eye
 Optical axis of eye
• This is the main line in which main
optical components (cornea and lens)
are centered
• A line drawn through the center of
the eye perpendicular to its anterior
and posterior
surfaces.
 visual axis
• The visual axis, which goes through the fixed
object point and the nodal point N of the eye.
If the function of the nodal points is taken into
account, the ray, which represents the visual
axis, passes to the retina through the fovea.
 pupillAry Axis
• The pupillary axis, which passes
through the centre of the entrance
pupil and is perpendicular to the
front surface of the cornea.
Angles of eye
 Angle AlphA
• It is the angle formed between the
optical axis and visual axis at nodal
point.
• Normal value of angle alpha is 3
degrees
• Angle alpha may be positive, negative
or zero
 Angle gAmmA
• Angle gamma is formed between
optical axis and fixation axis at the
center of rotation of eye.
• This angle has the similar values as
angle alpha
 Angle kAppA
• It is formed between visual axis and pupillary
axis at the center of the pupil.
• It is formed as the failure of the optical axis of
the eye and the visual axis to coincide
• Normal value 2.5 to 5 degree
• Practically only angle kappa can be measured
and is of clinical significance
• A positive angle kappa results in pseudo-
exotropia and a negative angle kappa in
pseudo-esotropia