BIOLOGY 11

COORDINATION
SYSTEM
 BLINKING

We think about This action

OR

We don’t think about This action

 COUGHING

We think about This action

OR

We don’t think about This action

 KICKING A
BALL
We think about This action
OR

We don’t think about This action

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Human Nervous Impulses, Voluntary
01 System 02 movements, & reflexes

Mechanism of
Central Nervous
03 Impulse 04 system
Transmission

Peripheral Neurological Disorders

05 Nervous system 06 and Diseases
 HUMAN
01 NERVOUS SYSTEM
• A receptor is one or a group of nerve cells
and other cells that function to recognize
certain stimuli originating from outside or
from within the body.
• Effectors are cells or organs that produce
response to stimuli. For example, muscles
and gland.
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

NEURONS Glia Cell Synapses

Nerve cells Connective Microscopic gaps
consist of Tissue of that separate the
dendrites, Nervous system terminal buttons of
axon,cell body, one neuron from
myelin sheath, receptors (usually,
schwann cells located on the
dendrites) of
another neuron.
 NEURON
A microscopic structure and
functional unit of nervous system
STRUCTURE OF NEURON
Structure Function

Cell Body Place for the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell

Dendrites Transmit
impulses towards the cell body

Axon Sends impulses from the body

cell to another tissue

Schwann’s Cell Supporting nerve cells in the form of fat that functions to produce
myelin or the whole nerve.

Myelin Sheath Protects the axon and provides nutrition.

Node of ranvier Speed up the impulse

TYPES OF NEURON
Based on the function

Sensory Motor Intermediate

Neurons Neurons Neurons
Transmit impulses Send impulses from Also called association nerve
central nervous system cells. Connect motor neurons
from
to muscles or glands to nerves sensory cell or
receptors to the associated with other nerve
which result in
central nervous the body's response to cells in the central nervous
system, namely the stimuli system
brain (encephalon)
and the spinal cord.
TYPES OF NEURON
Based on the structure

Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar

One axon and one Cell body with one axon

One axon and two or dendrite
more dendrites. Only found usually in the
Found in the retina of embryonic stage
Found in Brain and eyes
spinal cord
 Impulses,
02 Voluntary &
Reflexes Action
Nerve impulses are stimuli
received by receptors from
the external environment, then
carried by neurons along the nerve
fibers.
Have you ever
done this?
Voluntary Action (intentional/knowing):

Can You give the examples of Voluntary Action?

Reflex Action (unintentional/unconscious):

Can You give the examples of Reflex Action?

Reflex Action (unintentional/unconscious):
 Mechanism
03 of Impulse
Transmission
Impulses received by receptors are carried by dendrites to the
cell body of the nerve and the axon, which is then carried to the
other neurons
Stages of Impulse Transmission:
1. Resting stage (polarization)
Neurons do not conduct impulses,
extracellular has a positive (+) charge
and intracellular has a negative (-)
charge.

2. Depolarization stage
Neurons are stimulated, Na+ channel
opens and Na+ enters the cell. There's a
change electric charge: extracellular
negatively charged, intracellular
positively charged.

3. Repolarization stage
Na+ channels are closed, K+ channels
open, so K+ goes out. The Condition will
return to the resting stage.
 CENTRAL
04 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System

● Information of reflex actions also goes to the

brain. It is through nerves from spinal cord to
the brain.
● The spinal cord does not have the function of
reflex actions only but also sends the
information to the brain.
● The brain is the main coordinating centre
the human body. The brain receives
information from all parts of the body and
integrates it.
● The brain and spinal cord constitute the
central nervous system (CNS).
Human Brain

The brain is divided into

three main parts:

A. Forebrain
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain
A. FOREBRAIN

It is the main part of the brain.

It is divided into three
sub-parts:

(a) Cerebrum
(b) Thalamus
(c) Hypothalamus
(a) Cerebrum
● It is the most complex and largest part of the brain.
● The outer region of cerebrum is made up of densely
packed nerve cells called cerebral cortex.
● Cerebrum is divided into two parts called left
cerebral hemisphere and right cerebral hemisphere.
● These two hemispheres are joined together by a thick
nerve of band fibres called corpus callosum.
● Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes
carrying out different functions

1. Frontal- Associated with reasoning.

2. Parietal- Perception of general sensations like
pressure, touch and pain.
3. Occipital- Visual perception.
4. Temporal- Important for interpreting sounds
and the language we hear and formation of
memories
(b) Thalamus
It is located below the cerebral hemispheres. It
acts as a relay station for all sensory information
going to the cerebrum. Relay station means it
passes the received signals to correct part of
cerebrum.

(c) Hypothalamus
It is a small region present below the thalamus,
hence the name hypothalamus (hypo means
below). It controls and regulates heartbeat, blood
pressure, hunger, thirst and peristaltic
movements. It acts a connecting link between
endocrine and nervous system because it is
connected to pituitary gland and also controls
B. MIDBRAIN
It is present in the middle of
forebrain so it is named
midbrain (mid means middle).
It controls reflexes of eyes
(pupil size), ears and head.
C. HINDBRAIN
It is present behind forebrain
and midbrain, hence named
hindbrain. It is further divided
into three parts:

(a) Cerebellum
(b) Pons
(c) Medulla oblongata
(a) Cerebellum
● It is leaf-like and the largest part of
hindbrain.
● It is situated below the occipital lobes of
cerebrum behind pons and medulla
oblongata.
● It maintains body balance and posture
for example, walking in a straight line,
riding a bicycle etc.
● It controls and coordinates voluntary
muscular body movements.
● Alcohol affects the cerebellum adversely,
so the person who is drunk generally can't
move steadily.
(a) Pons
● It is present in front of cerebellum
and above the medulla oblongata.
● It acts as bridge between brain and
spinal cord (pons means bridge).
● It is also called biological clock. It deal
primarily with sleep and breathing.
(a) Medulla oblongata
● It is the lowermost portion of brain.
It is roughly triangular and continues
posteriorly into the spinal cord.
● It forms the brain stem along with
pons and midbrain.
● It is the reflex centre to control
activities like salivation, swallowing,
vomiting, breathing, coughing,
sneezing and heartbeat.
● It also controls sleep, consciousness
and activities of cerebrum.
 PERIPHERAL
05 NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Neurological
06 Disorders and
Diseases
 Common Neurological Disorders and
Diseases
Disease/Disorder
Alzheimer’s disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS)
Epilepsy and seizures
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Parkinson’s disease
Stroke
Description
Progressive, degenerative disease of the brain
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and brain
Occurs as a result of bursts of electrical signals that disrupt normal
brain functioning
Chronic disease of CNS
Myelin is destroyed
Progressive and degenerative motor system disorder
Brain cells die because of an inadequate blood flow; “brain attack”
 Parkinson’s Disease
Not enough neurotransmitter made to transmit message from brain to muscles

Red areas
show
where
chemicals
are stored
Teacher: “Okay that’s it for today”
The Students:
Thank
You