1.

Jun 7, 1494 CE: Treaty of Tordesillas

On June 7, 1494, the governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas,
which divided their spheres of influence in the "New World" of the Americas.
Treaty Of Tordesillas
The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the "New World" into land, resources, and people
claimed by Spain and Portugal. The red vertical line cutting through eastern Brazil represents the divide.
The treaty worked out well for the Spanish and Portuguese empires, but less so for the 50 million people
already living in established communities in the Americas.
On June 7, 1494, the governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas,
named for the city in Spain in which it was created. The Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the “New
World” of the Americas between the two superpowers. 
Spain and Portugal divided the New World by drawing a line in the Atlantic Ocean, about
370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, then controlled by Portugal. All lands east of that line (about
46 degrees, 37 minutes West) were claimed by Portugal. All lands west of that line were claimed by
Spain. 
Spain and Portugal adhered to the treaty without major conflict, and the results linger throughout
the Americas today. Most Latin American nations are Spanish-speaking countries, for instance, but
Portuguese is the leading official language in Brazil. This is because the eastern tip of Brazil penetrates
the line agreed to in the Treaty of Tordesillas, so the region was colonized by Portugal. 
  The treaty ignored any future claims of the British and French, the other European superpowers
of the time. The British, French, and Russian empires did not claim parts of the Americas for years after
the Treaty of Tordesillas.
  Most importantly, however, the Treaty of Tordesillas, completely ignored the millions of people
already living in established communities in the Americas. The treaty stipulated that any lands with a
“Christian king” would not be colonized. Christianity had not spread to the Americas, and the resulting
colonization proved disastrous for indigenous cultures such as the Inca, Taino, Aztec, Tupi, and
thousands of other bands throughout the Americas.

2. Treaty of Zaragoza
A 1529 peace treaty between the Spanish Crown and Portugal that defined the areas of Castilian
(Spanish) and Portuguese influence in Asia to resolve the "Moluccas issue," when both kingdoms claimed
the Moluccas islands for themselves, considering it within their exploration area established by the Treaty
of Tordesillas in 1494. The conflict sprang in 1520, when the expeditions of both kingdoms reached the
Pacific Ocean, since there was not a set limit to the east.
Spanish Exploration
An agreement was reached in 1494, with the Treaty of Tordesillas that divided the world
between the two powers.
In the treaty, the Portuguese received everything outside Europe east of a line that ran 370
leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese), and the islands reached by Christopher
Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain; Cuba and Hispaniola).
Of equal importance was the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
Therefore, Spain sought to enforce their rights in the Moluccan islands, which led a conflict with
the Portuguese, but the issue was resolved with the Treaty of Zaragoza (1525).
Following the Age of Discovery and the colonization of the Americas, the Spanish Empire became the
most powerful state in Europe: [Blue] Territories of the Portuguese empire during the Iberian Union
(1580-1640); [Purple] Territories lost before or due to the Treaties of Utrecht-Baden (1713–1714);
[Red] Territories lost before or during the Spanish American wars of independence (1808-1833);
[Orange] Territories lost following the Spanish-American War (1898-1899); [Green] Territories granted
independence during the Decolonization of Africa (1956-1976); [Brown] Current territories administered
by Spain.

Portuguese Explorers
Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration, discovering and
mapping the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil.
Between 1325–1357, Afonso IV of Portugal granted public funding to raise a proper commercial fleet and
ordered the first maritime explorations, with the help of Genoese, under command of admiral Pessanha.
In 1415, the city of Ceuta (north coast of Africa) was occupied by the Portuguese aiming to
control navigation of the African coast.
The aim of Portugal in the Indian Ocean was to ensure the monopoly of the spice trade.
An agreement was reached only with the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), attributing the Maluku to Portugal
and the Philippines to Spain.

3. Ferdinand Magallanes
In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521) set out from Spain
in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. En route he
discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the
Pacific Ocean. The voyage was long and dangerous, and only one ship returned home three years later.
Although it was laden with valuable spices from the East, only 18 of the fleet’s original crew of 270
returned with the ship. Magellan himself was killed in battle on the voyage, but his ambitious expedition
proved that the globe could be circled by sea and that the world was much larger than had previously been
imagined.
Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish Fernando, orHernando, de
Magallanes, (born 1480, Sabrosa or Porto?, Portugal—died April 27, 1521, Mactan, Philippines),
Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both Portugal (1505–13)
and Spain (1519–21). From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan,
and across the Pacific. Though he was killed in the Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to
Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of Earth. The voyage was successfully terminated by the
Basque navigator Juan Sebastián del Cano.
Early Life
Magellan was the son of Rui de Magalhães and Alda de Mesquita, members of the Portuguese nobility.
At an early age he became a page to Queen Leonor, wife of John II (reigned 1481–95) and sister
of Manuel I (reigned 1495–1521), in Lisbon. In early 1505 he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de
Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India, whose expedition King Manuel sent to check Muslim sea
power along the African and Indian coasts and to establish a strong Portuguese presence in the Indian
Ocean. During a naval engagement at Cannanore (now Kannur) on the Malabar Coast of India, Magellan
is said by the chronicler Gaspar Correia (also spelled Corrêa) to have been wounded. Though Correia
states that during this early period of his Indian service, Magellan acquired considerable knowledge of
navigation, little is known of Magellan’s first years in the East until he appears among those sailing in
November 1506 with Nuno Vaz Pereira to Sofala on the Mozambique coast, where the Portuguese had
established a fort.
By 1507 Magellan was back in India. He took part, on February 2–3, 1509, in the great Battle
of Diu, in which the Portuguese defeated a Muslim fleet and thereby gained supremacy over most of the
Indian Ocean. Reaching Cochin (now Kochi, India) in the fleet of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, he
subsequently left for the Malay city-state of Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia). Magellan is mentioned as
being sent to warn the commander of the Portuguese ships in Malacca’s waters of impending attack by
Malays. During the subsequent fighting he saved the life of a Portuguese explorer, his close
friend Francisco Serrão. (Serrão, possibly a relative of Magellan’s, had sailed with Magellan to India in
1505.) Magellan attempted to return to Portugal afterward but was unsuccessful. At a council held at
Cochin on October 10, 1510, to decide on plans for retaking Goa—which the Portuguese had captured
earlier in the year but then lost—he advised against taking large ships at that season. Nevertheless, the
new Portuguese governor in India, Afonso de Albuquerque, did so, and the city fell to the Portuguese on
November 24. Magellan’s name does not appear among those who fought.
The Portuguese victories off the eastern coast of Africa and the western coast of India had broken Muslim
power in the Indian Ocean, and the purpose of Almeida’s expedition—to wrest from the Arabs the key
points of sea trade—was almost accomplished. Yet without control of Malacca, their achievement was
incomplete. At the end of June 1511, therefore, a fleet under Albuquerque left for Malacca, which fell
after six weeks. This event, in which Magellan took part, was the crowning Portuguese victory in the
Orient. Through Malacca passed the wealth of the East to the harbours of the West, and in command of
the Malacca Strait the Portuguese held the key to the seas and ports of Malaysia. It remained only to
explore the wealth-giving Moluccas (now part of Indonesia), the islands of spice. Accordingly, early in
December 1511 they sailed on a voyage of reconnaissance, and after reaching Banda they returned with
spice in 1512. The claim made by some that Magellan went on this voyage rests on unproven statements
by Italian geographer Giovanni Battista Ramusio and Spanish historian Leonardo de Argensola, and the
want of evidence argues against its acceptance. However, it is known that Magellan’s friend Serrão was
in command of one of the ships and that he later sent Magellan helpful information from the Moluccas
about those islands.
Allegiance To Spain
Magellan therefore went to Spain, reaching Sevilla (Seville) on October 20, 1517. He was joined in
December by the Portuguese cosmographer Rui Faleiro and possibly by Rui’s brother Francisco Faleiro.
Magellan and Rui Faleiro journeyed to the court at Valladolid, where they offered their services to King
Charles I (later, Holy Roman emperor Charles V). Magellan, until this point bearing the Portuguese name
Fernão de Magalhães, henceforward became known by the Spanish version of his name—Fernando de
Magallanes.
By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), all newly discovered and undiscovered territories east of a
line of demarcation (370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands) were assigned to Portugal; all that lay
west belonged to Spain. Magellan and Faleiro now proposed to sail west to give practical proof of their
claim that the Spice Islands lay west of the line of demarcation—that is, within the Spanish, not the
Portuguese, hemisphere. Magellan was convinced that he would lead his ships from the Atlantic to the
“Sea of the South” by discovering a strait through Tierra Firme (the South American mainland). This idea
did not originate with him; others had sought a passage by which vessels sailing continuously westward
would reach the East and thus avoid the African Cape of Good Hope, which was controlled by the
Portuguese.
On March 22, 1518, their proposal received royal assent. Magellan and Faleiro were appointed
joint captains general of an expedition directed to seek an all-Spanish route to the Moluccas. In the royal
agreement, Magellan and Faleiro were directed to find “the” strait, referring to the hypothetical passage
through Tierra Firme. The government of any lands discovered was to be vested in them and their heirs,
and they were to receive a one-twentieth share of the net profits from the venture. Both also were invested
with the Order of Santiago, a Spanish military-religious knighthood.
The Spanish seafaring community reacted strongly against the king’s acceptance of the
Portuguese-led expedition. The influence of Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, the bishop of Burgos and head
of the powerful Casa de Contratación (House of Commerce), an administrative entity that oversaw all
Spanish explorations, hindered the proper organization of the expedition, which was delayed more than
once. Agents of the Portuguese crown, outraged by Magellan’s transfer of allegiance, also made an
unsuccessful attempt to wreck the project. Ultimately, the number of Portuguese sailors assigned to the
expedition was strictly limited, Fonseca managed to install a Spanish officer as a sort of cocommander of
the fleet, and Magellan lost his Portuguese cocaptain, Faleiro, whose mental instability prevented him
from sailing. Conflicts between the Portuguese and Spanish officers on board would lead to
severe discipline problems.
Spanish officials furnished five ships for the expedition, prepared in Sevilla. Magellan’s flagship,
the Trinidad, had as consorts the San Antonio, the Concepción, the Victoria, and the Santiago. The ships
were old ones, not in the best condition or fitted as Magellan would have liked. Nevertheless, Magellan—
who in 1517 had married Beatriz Barbosa, daughter of an important official in Sevilla—said farewell to
his wife and infant son, Rodrigo, before his ships left Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 20, 1519.

4. Christopher Columbus
Italian Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristóbal Colón, (born between August 26 and October 31?,
1451, Genoa [Italy]—died May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain), master navigator and admiral whose four
transatlantic voyages (1492–93, 1493–96, 1498–1500, and 1502–04) opened the way for European
exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. He has long been called the “discoverer” of
the New World, although Vikings such as Leif Eriksson had visited North America five centuries earlier.
Columbus made his transatlantic voyages under the sponsorship of Ferdinand II and Isabella I,
the Catholic Monarchs of Aragon, Castile, and Leon in Spain. He was at first full of hope and ambition,
an ambition partly gratified by his title “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” awarded to him in April 1492, and by
the grants enrolled in the Book of Privileges (a record of his titles and claims). However, he died a
disappointed man.
Life
Early career and preparation for the first voyage
Little is known of Columbus’s early life. The vast majority of scholars, citing Columbus’s
testament of 1498 and archival documents from Genoa and Savona, believe that he was born in Genoa to
a Christian household; however, it has been claimed that he was a converted Jew or that he was born
in Spain, Portugal, or elsewhere. Columbus was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo, a
Genoese wool worker and merchant, and Susanna Fontanarossa, his wife. His career as a seaman began
effectively in the Portuguese merchant marine. After surviving a shipwreck off Cape Saint Vincent at the
southwestern point of Portugal in 1476, he based himself in Lisbon, together with his
brother Bartholomew. Both were employed as chart makers, but Columbus was principally a
seagoing entrepreneur. In 1477 he sailed to Iceland and Ireland with the merchant marine, and in 1478 he
was buying sugar in Madeira as an agent for the Genoese firm of Centurioni. In 1479 he met and married
Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, a member of an impoverished noble Portuguese family. Their son, Diego, was
born in 1480. Between 1482 and 1485 Columbus traded along the Guinea and Gold coasts of
tropical West Africa and made at least one voyage to the Portuguese fortress of São Jorge da Mina (now
Elmina, Ghana) there, gaining knowledge of Portuguese navigation and the Atlantic wind systems along
the way. Felipa died in 1485, and Columbus took as his mistress Beatriz Enríquez de Harana of Córdoba,
by whom he had his second son, Ferdinand (born c. 1488).

5. Amerigo Vespucci
Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian-born merchant and explorer who took part in early voyages
to the New World on behalf of Spain around the late 15th century. By that time, the Vikings had
established settlements in present-day North America as early as 1,000 A.D. and Christopher
Columbus had already “discovered” several Caribbean and Central American islands, yet it’s
Vespucci’s name that prevailed. Early accounts of Vespucci’s voyages, now believed to have
been forgeries, had quickly spread throughout Europe. In 1507, using these letters as his guide, a
German cartographer created a new map, naming the territory now known as South America in
Vespucci’s honor. For the first time, the word “America” was in print.
Vespucci’s Voyages
The period during which Vespucci made his voyages falls between 1497 and 1504. Two series of
documents on his voyages are extant. The first series consists of a letter in the name of Vespucci
dated from Lisbon, Portugal, September 4, 1504, written in Italian, perhaps to
the gonfalonier (magistrate of a medieval Italian republic) Piero Soderini, and printed in
Florence in 1505; and of two Latin versions of this letter, printed under the titles of “Quattuor
Americi navigationes” and “Mundus Novus,” or “Epistola Alberici de Novo Mundo.” The second
series consists of three private letters addressed to the Medici. In the first series of documents,
four voyages by Vespucci are mentioned; in the second, only two. Until the 1930s the documents
of the first series were considered from the point of view of the order of the four voyages.
According to a theory of Alberto Magnaghi, on the contrary, these documents are to be regarded
as the result of skillful manipulations, and the sole authentic papers would be the private letters,
so that the verified voyages would be reduced to two. The question is fundamental for the
evaluation of Vespucci’s work and has given rise to fierce controversy; attempts to reconcile the
two series of documents cannot generally be considered successful.
Vespucci’s Namesake and Reputation
The voyage of 1501–02 is of fundamental importance in the history of geographic discovery in
that Vespucci himself, and scholars as well, became convinced that the newly discovered lands
were not part of Asia but a “New World.” In 1507 a humanist, Martin Waldseemüller, reprinted
at Saint-Dié in Lorraine the “Quattuor Americi navigationes” (“Four Voyages of Amerigo”),
preceded by a pamphlet of his own entitled “Cosmographiae introductio,” and he suggested that
the newly discovered world be named “ab Americo Inventore…quasi Americi terram sive
Americam” (“from Amerigo the discoverer…as if it were the land of Americus or America”).
The proposal is perpetuated in a large planisphere of Waldseemüller’s, in which the name
America appears for the first time, although applied only to South America. The suggestion
caught on; the extension of the name to North America, however, came later. On the upper part
of the map, with the hemisphere comprising the Old World, appears the picture of Ptolemy; on
the part of the map with the New World hemisphere is the picture of Vespucci.

6. Nunez de Balboa
The 16th-century Spanish conquistador and explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519)
helped establish the first stable settlement on the South American continent at Darién, on the
coast of the Isthmus of Panama. In 1513, while leading an expedition in search of gold, he
sighted the Pacific Ocean. Balboa claimed the ocean and all of its shores for Spain, opening the
way for later Spanish exploration and conquest along the western coast of South America.
Balboa’s achievement and ambition posed a threat to Pedro Arias Dávila, the Spanish governor
of Darién, who falsely accused him of treason and had him executed in early 1519.
Early Life and Career of Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Balboa was born in 1475 in Jerez de los Caballeros, a town in the impoverished
Extremadura region of Spain. His father was believed to be a nobleman, but the family was not
wealthy; like many of his class, Balboa decided to seek his fortune in the New World. Around
1500, he joined a Spanish expedition that explored the coast of present-day Colombia, then
returned to the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and sought
to make his living as a farmer. After falling into debt, he fled his creditors by stowing away on
an expedition carrying supplies to the colony of San Sebastian, located on the coast of Urabá
(now Colombia), in 1510.
Balboa Catches Sight of the Pacific
By 1511, Balboa was acting as interim governor of Darién. Under his authority, the
Spaniards dealt harshly with native inhabitants of the region in order to get gold and other riches;
from some of these Indians, they learned that a wealthy empire lay to the south (possibly a
reference to the Incas). In September 1513, Balboa led an expedition of some 190 Spaniards and
a number of Indians southward across the Isthmus of Panama. Late that same month, Balboa
climbed a mountain peak and sighted the Pacific Ocean, which the Spaniards called the Mar del
Sur (South Sea).
Balboa’s Later Explorations and Downfall
Though suspicious of each other, the two men reached a precarious peace, and Pedrarias
even betrothed his daughter María (in Spain) to Balboa by proxy. He also reluctantly gave him
permission to mount another expedition to explore and conquer the Mar del Sur and its
surrounding lands. Balboa began these explorations in 1517-18, after having a fleet of ships
painstakingly built and transported in pieces over the mountains to the Pacific.

7. Lima Sawa
Limasawa, small island of historic importance near the island of Leyte, east-central Philippines.
Located about 4 miles (6 km) off the southern tip of the island of Leyte just outside the mouth of Sogod
Bay, Limasawa rises to about 700 feet (200 m). On this island, Ferdinand Magellan first made extended
contact with Filipino natives on March 28, 1521. There also the first Roman Catholic mass was celebrated
(March 31, 1521) in the Philippines. The island is inhabited by Visayan peoples who practice subsistence
agriculture and fishing.

8. Rajah Humabon
Rajah Humabon was the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity in the Philippines. He is
regarded as the bravest and wisest man in the island of Cebu. When Ferdinand Magellan landed
on Cebu on April 7, 1521, Sunday, Rajah Humabon made a blood compact with Magellan as a symbol
of their newfound friendship. A similar ritual was done in Bohol during the Sandugo: Blood
Compact between Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship between the
Spaniards and Filipinos.
Captivated by the noble teachings of Ferdinand Magellan, Rajah Humabon was converted to
Christianity. The following Sunday morning (April 14, 1521) after the landing of Magellan, Rajah
Humabon and his wife Humamai, and about 800 Cebuanos were baptized by Father Valderama. Rajah
Humabon was given the name Carlos in honor of King Charles V of Spain and his wife Queen Juana
after King Charles’ mother.
Rajah Humabon is also known as Hamabar or Hamabad. He is the King and Lord of over eight
chieftains and over 2,000 lancers. During his reign, Cebu was a depot and commerce site with nearby
countries such as Thailand (which was named Siam during that time), China and Borneo, among others.
This was apparent in the ornaments embellished on the bodies and clothes of Rajah Humabon and his
people as well as the fine porcelains (or chinaware) used in the royal houses and court.
Magellan’s real mission was to sail to Moluccas, but when he entered the water of the Philippines, he
decided for a side trip. When Ferdinand Magellan and his troops arrived in Cebu, they found Rajah
Humabon at his royal residence, which is across the landing place in an open space. Magellan came face
to face with Rajah Humabon to discuss friendship and other concerns. Christianization became a
precedence, almost as the same priority as colonization for trade and resources. The delirious Magellan
was very excited to impress the Datu with what Christianity can do to him and his people, making the
Datu accept the conversion.
On April 28, 1521, Magellan’s troop voyage to Mactan, a nearby island of Cebu. The troop was
engaged in a battle with Lapu-lapu, the native chieftain. This made Rajah Humabon lose trust to the
Spaniards and turn into a retaliator. He ordered his people to kill all the Spaniards who remained in the
island to avenge their rape of Cebu’s women during their entire stay. Rajah Humabon became the first
Filipino to avenge the honor of women.
Because of Magellan’s death in the Battle of Mactan, Duarte and Barbosa became the two new fleet
commanders. In a later event, Rajah Humabon invited the remaining Spaniards to a banquet. With less
notice, the unwary guests found themselves at the mercy of Humabon’s warriors. Learning of the
massacre, the Spaniards remaining in Cebu immediately left the island.

9. Raja Kolambu

10. Pacto de sangre

The Pacto de Sangre (Blood Compact), despite its crucial significance in Filipino conceptions of
history, is seldom interrogated in Philippine historiography. The event that happened in Bohol in 1565,
involving Sikatuna and Legazpi, was narrativized in the late nineteenth century and became integral to the
nationalist emplotment of the past. However, the two principal narrative strands of Marcelo del Pilar and
Andres Bonifacio differed owing to divergent political projects. This article revisits the making of a
founding myth of Filipino nationhood in light of scholarship on ancient blood oaths and the historical
account of the encounter of Sikatuna and Legazpi.
11. Victoria

12. Juan Sebastián Elcano

Juan Sebastián Elcano (sometimes misspelled del Cano;[1] c.1486–4 August 1526) was a Spanish
explorer of Basque origin who completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth. After Magellan's death
in the Philippines, Elcano took command of the carrack Victoria from the Moluccas to Sanlúcar de
Barrameda in Spain. Elcano was born in around 1486 to Domingo Sebastián Elcano and Catalina del
Puerto. He had three brothers: Domingo Elcano, a Catholic priest, Martín Pérez Elcano, and Antón Martín
Elcano. Elcano fought in the Italian Wars under the command of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba in Italy,
and in 1509 he joined the Spanish expedition organized by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
against Algiers.
Elcano served as a naval commander of the emperor Charles V, and took part in the expedition to
the Philippines. In 1519, this 241-man expedition set sail with five ships, Trinidad, Concepción, San
Antonio, Santiago, and Victoria. Elcano participated in a fierce mutiny against Magellan before the
convoy discovered the passage through South America, the Strait of Magellan. He was spared by
Magellan and after five months of hard labour in chains was made captain of the galleon. Santiago was
later destroyed in a storm. The fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern coast of Brazil and into
Puerto San Julián in Argentina. Several months later they discovered a passage now known as the Strait
of Magellan located in the southern tip of South America and sailed through the strait. The crew of San
Antonio mutinied and returned to Spain. On 28 November 1520, three ships set sail for the Pacific Ocean
and about 19 men died before they reached Guam on 6 March 1521. Conflicts with the nearby island of
Rota prevented Magellan and Elcano from resupplying their ships with food and water. They eventually
gathered enough supplies and continued their journey to the Philippines and remained there for several
weeks. Close relationships developed between the Spaniards and the islanders. They took part in
converting the Cebuano tribes to Christianity and became involved in tribal warfare between rival
Filipino groups in Mactan Island.
Elcano never married but he had a son by María Hernández Dernialde named Domingo Elcano,
whom he legitimized in his last will and testament. Elcano also fathered a daughter with a different
woman named Maria de Vida Urreta

13. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Miguel López de Legazpi also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish
navigator and governor who established the first Spanish settlement in the East Indies when his
expedition crossed the Pacific Ocean from the Viceroyalty of New Spain in modern-day Mexico, arrived
in Cebu of the Philippine Islands, 1565. He was the first Governor-General of the Spanish East Indies
which included the Philippines and other Pacific archipelagos, namely Guam and the Marianas Islands.
After obtaining peace with various indigenous nations and kingdoms, he made Cebu the capital of the
Spanish East Indies in 1565 and later transferred to Manila in 1571. The capital city of the province of
Albay bears his name.
In 1528, Hernán Cortés established settlements in North America and López de Legazpi traveled
to Mexico (New Spain) to start a new life. This was due to the death of his parents and his dissatisfaction
with his eldest sibling, who inherited the family fortune. In Tlaxcala, he worked with Juan Garcés and
Juan's sister, Isabel Garcés. López de Legazpi would go on to marry Isabel and have nine children with
her. Isabel died in the mid-1550s.
 Between 1528 and 1559, he worked as a leader of the financial department council and as the
civil governor of Mexico City.
In 1564, López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy, Luis de Velasco, to lead an
expedition in the Pacific Ocean, to find the Spice Islands where the earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan
and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by
King Philip II of Spain, after whom the Philippines had earlier been named by Ruy López de Villalobos.
The viceroy died in July 1564, but the Audiencia and López de Legazpi completed the preparations for
the expedition. López de Legazpi and his men sailed the Pacific Ocean for 93 days. In 1565, they landed
in the Mariana Islands, where they briefly anchored and replenished their supplies. There they fought with
Chamorro tribes and burned several huts.
López de Legazpi governed the Philippines for a year before dying suddenly of a stroke in Manila
on August 20, 1572 after scolding an aide.He died bankrupt, leaving a few pesos behind,[quantify] due to
having spent most of his personal fortune during the conquest. He was laid to rest in San Agustin Church,
Intramuros.
By the time of López de Legazpi's death, the parts of the Visayas had passed to Spanish rule. The
Spanish met strong resistance from Muslim sultanates on the island of Mindanao, the Zambal tribes of
Zambales, and the Igorot of the Cordilleran mountains, as well as some Wokou pirates from China and
Japan

14. Juan de Salcedo

Juan de Salcedo was a Spanish conquistador. He was born in Mexico in 1549 and he was the
grandson of Miguel López de Legazpi and brother of Felipe de Salcedo. Salcedo was one of the soldiers
who accompanied the Spanish colonization of the Philippines in 1565. He joined the Spanish military in
1564 for their exploration of the East Indies and the Pacific, at the age of 15. In 1567, Salcedo led an
army of about 300 Spanish and Mexican soldiers and 600 Visayan (Filipino) allies along with Martín de
Goiti for their conquest of Islamic Manila (then under occupation by the Sultanate of Brunei). There they
fought a number of battles against the Muslim leaders, mainly against Tarik Sulayman (ironically named
from the Arabic ‫ طارق بن زياد‬Tāriq, Islamic conqueror of Spain before the Christian Spanish expelled the
Muslims during the Reconquista). The Spanish officers, Mexican recruits and Filipino warriors coalesced
in 1570 and 1571 to attack the Islamised areas of Luzon, for control of lands and settlements.
In May 1572, Salcedo led an exploration expedition of 45 Spaniards northward. Leaving 30 of his
men at Vigan, Salcedo proceeded to sail around the northern coast, and down the eastern shore, with 15
men in 2 open boats. He returned to Manila 3 months later with 50 pounds of gold.nIn 1574, Salcedo
hurried back to Manila, when that city was threatened by Limahong and he fought with his 600 warriors
(300 Mexicans and Spaniards plus 300 local Filipino Militia) against 6,500 Chinese pirates and Japanese
Ronins. After the Spanish success in the Battle of Manila (1574), Salcedo pursued Limahong to
Pangasinan in 1575. There the Spaniards besieged the pirates for four months, before Limahong made
good his escape.[2][3][1]
Salcedo died in March 1576, probably of dysentery, at the age of 27. His body is interred at the
San Agustin Church in Intramuros.

15. Martin de Goiti

Martín de Goiti was one of the soldiers who accompanied the Spanish colonization of the East
Indies and the Pacific, in 1565. From his main base in Mexico City, he was the leader of the expedition to
Manila, ordered by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1569. There, he fought a number of battles against the
Muslim, Tariq Suleiman/Soliman the Hindu Rajah Matanda and the Taoist Lakandula of the kingdoms in
Luzon; for control of the lands and its settlements. He is also known for his statesmanship by betrothing
his sister to Batang Dula, the eldest son and successor apparent of Lakan Dula of Tondo the paramount
ruler of Manila. Eventually their descendants unified the 3 royal houses of Tariq Suleiman, Rajah
Matanda and Lakan Dula with the Basque Goiti family. The Dula y Goiti family eventually married with
the Mendoza family who came over from Latin-America, who were Sephardic Hebrews that were
practicing Catholics. Afterwards, the Dula y Goiti surname was shortened to Dulay. However, during the
Spanish era, some descendants changed their surnames even further in order to avoid persecution and
among which; the Salonga and Macapagal families are known descendants of these royal houses albeit
only through a different family name.
The Spaniards arrived in Luzon on May 8, 1570, and camped on the shores of Manila Bay for
several weeks, while forming an alliance with the Muslims. On May 24, 1570, disputes and hostility
erupted between the two groups. The Spaniards occupied the city of Tondo where they were greeted with
thousands of warriors. There, they defeated most of Tariq Suleiman's ( ‫)سليمان‬, Rajah Matanda's (ऋअज
ंअतन्द), and Lakan Dula's ( 王 杜 拉 ) people. The Spaniards marched their armies towards the Pasig
River, and occupied the settlements in Manila on June 6, 1570 and burned them.
In 1574, De Goiti fought in the war during the invasion of about 3,000 Chinese sea pirates who had sailed
from the South China sea. Their leader, Limahong, besieged on the Spanish settlements in Manila. De
Goiti was killed by these pirates. Most of the Spanish reinforcements came from Vigan and Cebu. Martín
de Goiti's second in command, Juan de Salcedo left Ilocos Sur, after hearing the news and traveled to
Manila where he discovered their settlements had been ceded to the pirates. Salcedo's forces attacked and
drove the pirates out of Manila. Limahong and his fleets retreated to Pangasinan where they re-organize
their forces.
In 1575, Salcedo's army marched north to Pangasinan, in pursuit of the pirates, and besieged them
for three months. There the Spaniards captured Limahong and his fleets in the river of Pangasinan and
executed them.
De Goiti's remains were laid to rest in a tomb inside the San Agustin Church, in Intramuros.

16. Battle of Bangkusay

The Battle of Bangkusay (Filipino: Labanan sa Ilog Bangkusay; Spanish: Batalla de Bangkusay),
on June 3, 1571, was a naval engagement that marked the last resistance by locals to the Spanish Empire's
occupation and colonization of the Pasig River delta, which had been the site of the indigenous polities of
Maynila and Tondo. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of Macabebes, refused to ally with the Spanish and
decided to mount an attack at Bangkusay Channel on Spanish forces, led by Miguel López de Legazpi.
Sulayman's forces were defeated, and a chief was killed. The Spanish victory in Bangkusay and Legazpi's
alliance with Lakandula of Tondo, enabled the Spaniards to establish themselves throughout the city and
its neighboring towns. Miguel López de Legazpi was searching for a suitable place to establish the
Spanish colonial capital after being forced to leave first Cebu and then Iloilo by Portuguese pirates. In
1570, Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo, with food stocks diminishing, discovered a rich
kingdom on Luzon and saw its potential. De Goiti anchored at Cavite, and tried to establish his authority
peaceably by sending a message of friendship to Maynila. Rajah Sulayman, its ruler, was willing to
accept the friendship that the Spaniards were offering, but did not want to submit to its sovereignty. Thus,
Sulayman declared war. As a result, De Goiti and his army attacked Maynila in June 1570. After a stout
fight, Sulayman and his men were forced to flee uphill. After the Spaniards had left, the natives returned.
In 1571, the Spaniards returned with their entire force consisting of 280 Spaniards and 600 native
allies, this time led by Legazpi himself. Seeing the Spanish approaching, the natives set the city on fire
and fled to Tondo. The Spaniards occupied the ruins of Maynila and established a settlement there. On
May 19, 1571, Legaspi gave the title "city" to the colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19,
1572.
A Kapampangan leader of the Macabebe tribe, later identified as Tarik Sulayman, refused to
submit to the Spaniards and, after failing to gain the support of the chieftains of Maynila and Tondo
(Lakandula, Matanda) and nearby old settlements of the present day Bulacan province mostly Hagonoy,
Bulacan, gathered a force composed of Bulacan and Kapampangan warriors.

17. Raja Lapu-Lapu

 Lapu-Lapu was a ruler of Mactan in the Visayas. Modern Philippine society regards him as the
first Filipino hero because he was the first native to resist Imperial Spanish colonization/colonization. He
is best known for the Battle of Mactan that happened at dawn on April 27, 1521, where he and his
soldiers defeated Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who was killed in the battle.[1] Magellan's
death ended his voyage of circumnavigation, and this delayed the Spanish occupation of the islands by
over forty years until the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1564. Monuments to Lapu-Lapu have
been built in Cebu and Manila, while the Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Fire Protection use
his image as part of their official seals.
Besides being a rival of Raja Humabon of neighbouring Indianized Cebu, very little is known
about the life of Lapu-Lapu. The only existing documents about his life are those written by Antonio
Pigafetta, and according to historian Resil B. Mojares, he was never seen in person by any European who
left a historical record.[2] His name, origins, religion and fate are still a matter of controversy.
Lapu-Lapu is also known under the names Çilapulapu, Si Lapulapu, Salip Pulaka, Cali Pulaco,
and Lapulapu Dimantag.
The historical name of Lapu-Lapu is deleted. The earliest record of his name comes from Italian
diarist Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Magellan's expedition. Pigafetta notes the names of two
chiefs of the island of "Matan", the chiefs "Zula" and "Çilapulapu”. In an annotation of the 1890 edition
of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, José Rizal spells this name as "Si Lapulapu". The
honorific Çi or Si is from si (plural siná), an article in Philippine languages used to indicate personal
names. Patanñe (1999), however, proposes that in this usage, it was derived from a corruption of the
Sanskrit title Sri. The Aginid chronicle calls him "Lapulapu Dimantag"