SNDM – SOLAR NEBULAR DISK MODEL

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

1. Interstellar cloud of gas & dust (nebula)
BIGBANG THEORY (Georges Lemaitre – Belgian *from bigbang
cosmologist and a Catholic priest) *from explosion of different stars
 Expansion 2. Collapse
 Singularity (size of an atom “nucleus of an *quickly rotating in the middle
atom”) *nuclear reaction --> star
a) Inflation (electroweak era) 3. Protosun
10-35 seconds inflated *pulling the gas & dusts to make the sun bigger
1035 meters expanded 4. Accretion disks
b) Protons, neutrons, quarks (particle era) *origin of planets
c) Nucleosynthesis (hydrogen & helium) *rocks & metals, ice
d) Radiation era 5. Solar wind
e) Matter domination [matter (+) & anti- *release sun charge particles
matter (-)]
f) Galaxies
 Proofs/Evidences SUB-SYSTEMS
1. Red Shift (Edwin Hubble)
1. Geosphere
2. CMBR (Cosmic Microwave Background
[Sorry, can’t provide the exact diagram. You
Radiation) – remnant of radiation era.
can search for it or you can PM me (Phine
>made by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
Leon) so that I can give you a picture of its
>George Gamow – developed the Bigbang
diagram from my original copy]
Theory
2. Atmosphere – ‘atmo’ means air
3. Hydrogen and Helium Ratio (75% Hydrogen
[Sorry, can’t provide the exact diagram. You
& 25% Helium)
can search for it or you can PM me (Phine
Other Theories on the Origin of Universe Leon) so that I can give you a picture of its
diagram from my original copy]
1. Steady State Theory (Fred Hoyle, Hermann 3. Hydrosphere (by oceanographers)
Bondi, Tommy Gold) – universe is uniform in 71% of Earth’s Surface
space and has unchanging time.
 Discovery of quasars – older galaxies were
indeed located exceedingly farther than the
young nearby galaxies (favor in big bang 97% 3%
theory). saltwater freshwater
 CMB 77% frozen
2. Oscillating Universe Theory – universe 22% ground water
currently exists between the big bang and the big 1% lakes,
crunch. rivers, streams
3. Eternal Inflation Theory – inflation never
stops 4. Biosphere
Biomes – communities
Nebular Hypothesis (Immanuel Kant and Pierre
*forest *aquatic *dessert
Simon Laplace) – solar system formed from a slowly-
rotating cloud of gas or a solar nebula that collapsed and Goldilocks Zone – indicates that the distance of Earth
flattened with a hot central region known as the sun and from the sun such that the amount of energy received is
the remaining materials because the planets and just enough to make the temperature of Earth neither too
everything else; would not able to form the rings nor hot nor too cold.
planets.
Jovian Planets – are also called gas giants.
Solar Nebula Theory – combined the idea of a
flattening solar nebula with that of a condensing Current Information about Solar System
interstellar dust as the nebula cooled, which serves as a 1. Flat
condensation nuclei where matter accumulated. 2. Revolution of the planets are counter clockwise
3. Rotation = clockwise
Other members or Solar System:
1. Asteroids  main asteroid belt (between Mars
& Jupiter) = “mini planets”
2. Comets  ice (because they are from in the
edge of planets)  Kuper Belt
3. Meteoroids -----> space
Meteors ---------> atmosphere
Meteorite -------> surface
A PLANET should be:
1. Orbiting the sun
2. Round – for gravity
3. Clear its neighborhood
OCEANIC ZONES
Horizontal:
a. Coastal – sometimes covered by the water.
b. Pelagic – covered by the water
Vertical:
1. Epipelagic – ‘sunlight zone’
2. Mesopelagic – dim light or ‘twig light zone’
3. Bathypelagic – no sunlight or ‘The Midnight
Zone’
4. Abyssopelagic – invertebrates or ‘The Abyss’
5. Hadalpelagic – ‘The Trench’
Continental Drift Theory – states that the continents
drifted around the world and has once formed a giant
landmass or supercontinent.
Pangaea – supercontinent or giant landmass that existed
during Paleozoic era until early Mesozoic era.
Panthalassa – superocean that existed and surrounded
Pangaea.
Alfred Wegener – German polar researcher,
geophycist, and meteorologist. Was known for his work
on the continental drift theory. In his effort to defend his
work, he went to Greenland ice sheet where he died.
Evidences of Continental Drift Theory
1. Topographic
2. Fossils
3. Rock & Mountain correlation
4. Climatic
Plate Tectonics Theory – supported the idea that
continents were moving and gave a more convincing
explanation as to how it moved.
Plate boundaries – location where two tectonic plates
meet.
1. Convergent – plates that move towards each
other.
2. Divergent – plates that move away from each
other.
3. Transform – slide against each other.
Seafloor spreading – ocean floor is split along the
ridge and that is where the magma rises to form the new
ocean floor.
Volcanism – phenomena connected with volcanoes and
volcanic activity; release of Earth materials from the
surface of the earth from volcanoes.
Pacific Ring of Fire – arc around the Pacific Ocean
where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed.
Absolute Dating – method that uses unstable elements
to determine the exact age of a rock.
Relative Dating – method of arranging geological
events and the rocks left behind in sequence without
providing for the actual age of rocks.
TECTONIC PROCESSES
1. Folding – two plates collide with each other
where some of the layers of rock which make up
the crust buckle and form folds; like
convergence.
a. Anticline – forms mountains & hills
b. Syncline – forms valleys
2. Faulting – blocks of rock fracture or break
apart; like transformation
a. Dip-slip – inclined fractures where the
blocks have mostly shifted vertically.
b. Strike-slip – vertical fractures where the
blocks have mostly moved horizontally.
Tropical cyclones – typhoons (northwest pacific);
hurricanes (Atlantic and northeast region)
-storm system that characterized by rapid
spiraling storms, low pressure center, and intensely
strong winds.

o Tropical depression (45-62 km/hr)

o Storm (63-117 km/hr)
o Typhoon (118-239 km/hr)
o Super typhoon (240 km/hr or higher)

Geologic Time Scale – shows the correlation or relative

ages of rocks in all parts of the world and divided
Earth’s history into smaller blocks of time.

Hazards caused by Volcanic Eruptions

1. Lahars and floods

2. Lava flows and domes

BONUS QUESTIONS:

1. What is the connection between volcanic activity

and plate tectonics?
2. What is Bituminous Coal?

NOTE: This reviewer is not complete compared to the

lectures of this subject. You can only use this as a basis
during the study. Honestly, I don’t like this subject so if
you have some questions regarding with these topic to
me, I can’t assure you that I can give you a 100% of its
correct answer. Study hard!