SOLID, LIQUID, GAS

SHAPE AND VOLUME OF SOLID, LIQUID AND

GAS

•The common way by which the solid, liquid and

gaseous phases of matter are distinguished is by
comparison of their shapes and volume.
 GAS LIQUID SOLID
Indefinite shape Indefinite Definite shape
shape
Indefinite volume Definite volume Definite volume

Highly Slightly Almost

compressible compressible incompressible
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
• Matter consists of very small particles.
• The particles are in constant motion therefore they
possess kinetic energy.
• The particles interact with each other through
attractive and repulsive forces.
• The kinetic energy of the particles increases with
increasing temperature.
• There is no loss in total energy when the particles
collide with each other.
PHASE CHANGES
 How substances change phase

• Phase change is the change in physical state of a substance.

• It depends on the nature of the substance, and on the
temperature and pressure of its environment.
• It involves absorption of heat (endothermic) or release of heat
(exothermic).
What changes in molecular order occur
during phase changes?
 Diagram of Energy Changes

Heat Energy Absorption/ Kinetic Energy Increase

Sublimation
S
Fusion Vaporization G
O L
(Melting) I (Boiling) A
L QU
Solidification I Condensation S
I (Freezing) D (Liquefying)
D Deposition

Heat Energy release/Kinetic Energy Decrease

How does a change in energy affect phase
changes?

• Addition of heat results in two ways:

a. The added heat increases the kinetic energy of the
particles and the particles move faster. The increase in
kinetic energy is accompanied by an increase in
temperature.
b. The added heat is used to break attractive forces
between particles. There is no observed increase in
temperature when this happens. Often a change in the
physical appearance of the substance is observed, such as
a phase change.
How does a change in energy affect phase
changes?

The removal or release of heat results in two ways:

a. A decrease in kinetic energy of the particles. The
motion of the particles slows down. A decrease in
temperature is observed.
b. Forces of attraction are formed, and a phase
change may occur. No change in temperature is
observed
 FUSION : from solid to liquid

• Heating a solid→ increases kinetic energy→

solid structure breaks down→ melting

• Melting point – the temperature at which the

solid melts to form liquid
SOLIDIFICATION: from liquid to solid

Cooling → decreases kinetic energy → unable to

move → fixed position → freezing

Freezing point – the temperature at which the

liquid freezes to form the solid
VAPORIZATION : from liquid to gas

• Heating a liquid→ vapor pressure rises →equals

the pressure of the atmosphere → boiling

• Boiling point –the temperature at which the liquid

begins to boil
 Example: Evaporation In The Atmosphere

Water molecules are constantly cycled through our atmosphere when

rain falls, then dries up and eventually falls again.
When the various sources of water on the planet "dry", evaporation is
occurring.
The water molecules gain enough energy through the sun's light or
heat radiating from the earth's surface to turn into water vapor.
Then, they are released into the atmosphere in the gaseous state.
CONDENSATION : from gas to liquid

• Cooling the vapor → lowers the kinetic

energy → particles are attracted back →
liquefying
 Example: Condensation In The Atmosphere

As the water vapor rises through the atmosphere, it cools down.

The cooler temperatures cause the molecules to condense back into
the liquid form.
These molecules, though very small, come together to form clouds.
As more and more condensed molecules join the cloud, rain drops
eventually form.
When the droplets become large enough, they fall to the ground as
rain.
SUBLIMATION : from solid to gas

• High vapor pressure of solid → weak

attractive forces → minimum energy →
change directly to gas or vapor →
sublimes
Example: Sublimation

• When solid iodine is

warmed, the solid
sublimes and a vivid
purple vapor forms.

• (Source: Chem Libretext)

Sublimation occurs when dry ice turns into gas.

Source: study.com
DEPOSITION : from gas to solid

•Vapor is cooled → particles are attracted

back → change directly to solid
 The formation of frost is an example of deposition.

Sources: study.com and amazonaws.com

 Formation of frost
• Frost is water vapor, or water in gas form, that becomes solid. Frost usually forms on objects like cars,
windows, and plants that are outside in air that is saturated, or filled, with moisture. Areas that have a
lot of fog often have heavy frosts.

Frost forms when an outside surface cools past the dew point. The dew point is the point where the air
gets so cold, the water vapor in the atmosphere turns into liquid. This liquid freezes. If it gets cold
enough, little bits of ice, or frost, form. The ice is arranged in the form of ice crystals.

Frost is most common in low-lying areas. Warm air rises, and cool air sinks—cool air is denser than warm
air. That means there are usually more water molecules in cool air than in warm air. As cool air collects in
valleys, frost forms.

Frost usually forms at night, when the air temperature is cooler. Once the sun rises and warms the air
around the frosted object, frost melts quickly.
Heat Movement during Phase Change
PROCESS PHASE CHANGE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF HEAT

from to

Fusion solid liquid heat goes into the solid as it melts

Solidification liquid solid heat leaves the liquid as it freezes

Vaporization liquid gas heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes

Condensation gas liquid heat leaves the gas as it condenses

Sublimation solid gas heat goes into the solid as it sublimes

Deposition gas solid heat leaves the gas as it solidifies

Another State of Matter: PLASMA

• A plasma is an ionized gas.

• A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by
magnetic fields.
• Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
• Plasma is the common state of matter.
Some places where plasmas are found:

1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
4. The sun is an example of a star in its plasma state
Bose-Einstein Condensate: 'Fifth State of Matter'

• Bose-Einstein Condensate is a state of matter created when

particles, called bosons, are cooled to near absolute zero (-273.15
degrees Celsius, or -460 degrees Fahrenheit).
• At such low temperatures there is insufficient energy for the
particles to move into positions that might cause their distinct
quantum characteristics to interfere with one another.
• Without differences in energy to set particles apart, the whole
group comes to share the same quantum identity, effectively
becoming a single 'super-particle' cloud, operating under its own
rules.
Plasma vs. Bose Einstein Condensate
• If plasmas are super hot and super excited atoms, the
atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are total
opposites. They are super unexcited and super
cold atoms.