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Introduction To Pharmacology Antibiotic
Introduction To Pharmacology Antibiotic
Date
❖ BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY
● TOLERANCE
ABSORPTION movement of drug from GI
tract to body fluids by - begins require higher doses to produce
passive absorption, active same effects sa lower doses
absorption ex. heroin addiction= body metabolize drug more rapidly
than before
site to blood stream
ex. Cinchona bark - discovered by indians; used in - Antibiotics are agents made from living microorganisms,
treating and preventing diseases synthetic manufacturing, and genetic engineering that are
Syrup of ipecac - natives of brazil; amoebic used to inhibit specific bacteria.
dysentery
- They can be bacteriostatic, bactericidal, or both.
● William Harvey
● Broad spectrum Antibiotic
Subject : PHARMACOLOGY
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- Wide range of disease causing bacteria lethargy ( panlalata)begin to show up.
2 CLASSIFICATIONS
➢ ADVERSE EFFECT
● CNS: ototoxicity, irreversible deafness, ➢ PHARMACOKINETICS
vestibular paralysis, confusion, depression, characteristic interactions of carbapenems and the
disorientation, numbness, tingling, body in terms of absorption, distribution,
weakness metabolism, and excretion:
● Renal: renal failure
● Hematology: bone marrow depression,
leading to immunosuppression and
resultant superinfections ROUTE ONSET PEAK (of DURATION
effect)
● GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight
loss, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity IM, IV Rapid 30-120 mins N/A
● CV: palpitations, hypotension,
hypertension T1/2: 2-4 h
● Hypersensitivity reactions: purpura, rash, (half time,
naubos
urticaria, exfoliative dermatitis
kalahating
dose ng
➢ INTERACTIONS gamot)
● Penicillins, cephalosporins, ticarcillin:
synergistic bactericidal effect
Metabolism:
● Diuretics: increased incidence of
pwede
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and magbigay
neurotoxicity gamot sa
● Anesthetics, nondepolarizing NM blockers, may renal
succinylcholine, citrate anticoagulated failure, kase
metabolism
blood: increased NM blockade with niya direct na
paralysis sa inefctions
Excretion:
CARBAPENEMS -relatively new class of kidney (urine)
broad-spectrum / unchanged
antibiotics effective against
gram-positive and
gram-negative
bacteria
➢ CONTRAINDICATIONS AND CAUTIONS
● Known allergy to carbapenems or beta-lactams.
● Seizure disorders. Exacerbated by drugs.
THERAPEUTIC Exert bactericidal effect by ● Meningitis. Safety is not established.
ACTIONS inhibiting cell membrane ★ meninges = protects brain
synthesis in susceptible ● Lactation. Not known whether drug can cross into
bacteria, leading to cell death breast milk or not.
● Ertapenem is not recommended for use in patients
-binubutas cell memebrane
younger than 18 years of age.
★ di kaya ng younger
INDICATIONS - Serious intra-abdominal, ● Meropenem is associated with development of
urinary tract, skin and skin pseudomembranous colitis and should be used in
structure, bone and joint, and
caution in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(
gynecological infections
affected colon)
-Infections caused by ★ can cause colitis (pamamaga)
susceptible strains: pseudomonas colitis
● S.pneumoniae,
● H.influenzae
➢ ADVERSE EFFECT
● E.coli ● GI: pseudomembranous colitis, C.difficile
● K.pneumoniae diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration
● B.fragilis and electrolyte imbalance
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★ potassium, sodium, chloride
-less effective against
(electrolytes, help body & muscle gram-positive bacteria.
to contract)
● CNS: headache, dizziness, altered mental ● Third-generation
state Superinfections -effective against:
➢ PHARMACOKINETICS
CEPHALOSPORINS -first introduced in the
1960s. characteristic interactions of cephalosporins and the
body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
-There are and excretion:
currently four generations of
cephalosporins, each with a
specific spectrum of activity. ROUTE ONSET PEAK (of DURATION
effect)
- These drugs are similar to
penicillins in structure and ORAL N/A 30-60 mins 8-10HR
activity.
T1/2: 30-60
THERAPEUTIC -Exert bactericidal and min
ACTIONS bacteriostatic effects by (half time,
interfering with the naubos
cell-wall building ability of kalahating
bacteria during cell division. dose ng
gamot)
-prevent the bacteria from
bio synthesizing the
framework of Metabolism:
their cell walls N/A
● First-generation
- effective against: Excretion:
kidney (urine)
*same gram-positive / unchanged
bacteria affected by
penicillin G
*gram- negative bacteria
*P.mirabilis ➢ CONTRAINDICATIONS AND CAUTIONS
*K.pneumoniae* ● Known allergy to cephalosporins and bea-lacams.
E.coli.
Cross reacions are common.
● Second-generatio ● Hepatic or renal impairment. These drugs are toxic
n to the kidneys and could interfere with the
- effective against: metabolism and excretion of the drugs.
● Pregnancy and lactation. Potential effects on the
*previously mentioned fetus and infant are not known; use only if benefits
strains clearly outweigh the potential risk of toxicity to the
*H.influenzae fetus or infant.
INDICATIONS *E.aerogenes ● Reserve cephalosporins for appropriate situations
*Neisseria spp. because cephalosporin-resisant bacteria are
Subject : PHARMACOLOGY
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appearing in increasing numbers. Perform culture
● S.epidermidis
and sensitivity test before start of therapy. ● N.gonorrhoea
e
● group D
streptococci
Ciprofloxacin= was
approved in 2001 for
➢ ADVERSE EFFECT prevention of anthrax
● GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, infection in areas that
abdominal pain, flatulence, might be exposed to
germ warfare. It is also
pseudomembranous colitis effective against
● CNS: headache, dizziness, lethargy, typhoid fever.
paresthesias
● Nephrotoxicity in patients who have
predisposing renal insufficiency ➢ PHARMACOKINETICS
● Superinfections characteristic interactions of fluoroquinolones and the
● Phlebitis and local abscess at the site of body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism,
IM injection and/or IV administration. and excretion:
➢ INTERACTIONS
● Aminoglycosides: increased risk for ROUTE ONSET PEAK (of DURATION
effect)
nephrotoxicity
● Oral anticoagulants: increased bleeding ORAL VARIES 60-90mins 4-5HR
● Alcohol: avoided for 72 hours after
discontinuation of the drug to IV 10 MIN 30 MIN 4-5 HR
prevent disulfiram-like reaction (e.g. flushing,
throbbing headache, nausea and vomiting, chest T1/2: 3.5-4H
(half time,
pain, palpitations, dyspnea, syncope, vertigo, naubos
convulsions, etc.) kalahating
dose ng
gamot)
➢ INTERACTIONS
● Penicillin G: decreased
effectiveness of penicillin G
● Oral contraceptives: decreased
effectiveness of oral
contraceptives and additional
➢ PHARMACOKINETICS
form of birth control is needed
● Digoxin: increased digoxin toxicity
ROUTE ONSET PEAK (of DURATION ● Calcium salts, magnesium slats,
effect) zinc salts, aluminum salts,
bismuth salts, iron, urinary
ORAL Varies 2-4h N/a
alkalinizers, and charcoal:
Topical Minimal N/A N/A decreased absorption of
absorption tetracyclines
occurs
-Mycobacterium
Metabolism: tuberculosis causes
N/A tuberculosis, the leading
cause of death from
infectious disease in the
Excretion: ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS world.
kidney (urine)
-Mycobacterium leprae
causes leprosy or
Hansen’s disease,
characterized by disfiguring
➢ CONTRAINDICATIONS AND CAUTIONS skin lesions and destructive
● Known allergies to tetracyclines or to tartrazine effects on
the respiratory tract.
● Pregnancy and lactation. Effect on developing
bones and teeth
● Fungal, mycobacterial, or viral ocular infections. THERAPEUTIC ACTION Act on the DNA and/or
Ophthalmic preparations can kill both undesired RNA of the bacteria,
bacteria and normal flora leading to lack of growth
and eventually to bacterial
● Use in caution in children below age of 8. Can death.
potentially damage developing bones and teeth.
● Hepatic or renal dysfunction. Drugs are
concentrated in the bile and are excreted in urine. INDICATIONS Tetracyclines are indicated
for the following medical
conditions:
➢ ADVERSE EFFECTS
● GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal ● Treatment of
pain, glossitis, dysphagia, fatal tuberculosis and
hepatotoxicity leprosy.
● Skeletal and bones: weakening the
structure and causing staining and pitting ➢ PHARMACOKINETICS
of teeth and bones
● Dermatological: photosensitivity and rash
ROUTE ONSET PEAK (of DURATION
● Superinfection
effect)
● Local: pain and stinging with topical or
ocular applications ORAL Varies 2-4h N/a
Subject : PHARMACOLOGY
Date
T1/2: 1-4H They are used to treat
(half time, severe infections when
naubos penicillin or other less
kalahating toxic antibiotics cannot
dose ng be used.
gamot)
LIPOGLYCOPEPTIDE antibiotics introduced
S in 2010.
Metabolism:
liver They are used to treat
complicated skin and
skin-structure
Excretion: infections caused by
kidney (urine) susceptible strains of
gram-positive
organisms.
● LIPOGLYCOPEPTIDES Metabolism:
liver
T1/2: 8-9.5H
(half time,
naubos MONOBACTAM indicated for treatment of
kalahating ANTIBIOTICS gram-
dose ng negative enterobacterial
gamot) infections.