ICTCBL3013A Perform Cable and System Test On Customer Premises LR

ICTCBL3013A
Perform cable and system test on customer

premises
Student Learning Resource

Student Name ________________________________________________
Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date Page
LR ICTCBL3013A NVR Standard 15.5 1 001 Perform cable and system test on customer premises 23/07/2014 Page 2 of 81
19/082013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STUDENT INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................................... 5
UNIT OUTLINES / PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ................................................................................................................ 5
UNIT DESCRIPTOR .................................................................................................................................................... 5

ICTCBL3013A PERFORM CABLE AND SYSTEM TEST ON CUSTOMER PREMISES ........................................................ 5
ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS .............................................................................................................................................. 8
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND JOINT STANDARDS; .............................................................................................. 8
WORK INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 9
TYPICAL CABLE INSTALLATION TOOLS ........................................................................................................................ 11
TEST EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
THE DECIBEL ............................................................................................................................................................ 15

CALCULATING DB FOR POWER VALUES ...................................................................................................................... 16
CALCULATING DB FOR VOLTAGE VALUES ................................................................................................................... 17
REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
CALCULATING GAIN AND LOSS IN SIGNAL STRENGTH (DBMV) .................................................................................. 18
DBMV EXAMPLES ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
REVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
SATELLITE ANTENNA DISH SIGNALS ................................................................................................................ 19

SIGNAL LEVEL METER .................................................................................................................................................. 19
TYPICAL SIGNAL LEVELS ............................................................................................................................................... 20
STRUCTURED CABLING ......................................................................................................................................... 21

PRACTICE ACTIVITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
STRUCTURED CABLE SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................................................... 23
NEAR END CROSSTALK (NEXT) .................................................................................................................................. 26
POWER SUM NEAR END CROSSTALK (PSNEXT) ...................................................................................................... 27
FAR END CROSSTALK (FEXT) .................................................................................................................................... 27
POWER SUM EQUIVALENT LEVEL FAR END CROSS TALK (PSELFEXT) ................................................................. 28
ATTENUATION TO CROSSTALK RATIO (ACR) ........................................................................................................... 28
TESTING ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29

TESTING CATEGORIES .................................................................................................................................................. 29
TEST EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................................... 32

TESTING OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
RECORDING OF TEST RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 33
COMMON TEST RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................. 34

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OPTICAL FIBRE ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
FIBRE OPTIC ENDFACE INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................... 36
OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBRE GENERAL CLEANING PRACTICES ................................................................................. 42
CLEANING PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................................ 43
TYPICAL FIBRE CONNECTOR INSPECTION REPORTING FORMAT (IEC CERTIFICATION) ........................................... 44
OPTICAL FIBRE TESTING .............................................................................................................................................. 46
STANDARD LOSSES ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
OLTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 46
OTDR (OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER) .................................................................................... 60

OTDR MEASUREMENTS AND LIMITS ........................................................................................................................... 64
1. DYNAMIC RANGE ...................................................................................................................................................... 64
2. MEASUREMENT RANGE ............................................................................................................................................ 65
INSERTION LOSS (IL) FOR EVENT MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................... 65
RETURN LOSS (RL) MEASUREMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 66
OTDR LINK LOSS (LL) AND INSERTION LOSS (IL) COMPARISON .............................................................................. 67
OTDR LAUNCH LEADS ................................................................................................................................................. 68
3. DEAD ZONES ............................................................................................................................................................. 68
4. RESOLUTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 69
5. PRECISION ................................................................................................................................................................ 70
CLEAN UP WORK AREA ................................................................................................................................................. 71
SELF TEST QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 72
PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 1 -‐ SATELLITE ............................................................................................................... 77

TESTING ANTENNA ALIGNMENT ................................................................................................................................. 77
PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 2 -‐ STRUCTURED .......................................................................................................... 78

STRUCTURED CABLE INSTALLATION AND TESTING .................................................................................................... 78
PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 3 -‐ OPTICAL ................................................................................................................... 79

PART A OPTICAL POWER METER TESTING ................................................................................................................. 79
PART B OTDR TESTING .............................................................................................................................................. 81
This is a modified document based on materials prepared by Innovation and Business

Skills Australia Ltd, the original of which can be found on the IBSA website
http://www.ibsa.org.au.

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STUDENT INFORMATION
Purpose:
The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and
theoretical knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package
contains a number of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency.
Please read all parts of this package to ensure that you complete and manage the process
correctly. These assessment tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of
competency including, evidence requirements, range statements and the required skills
and knowledge to achieve the learning outcomes indicated in the document. Performance
criteria are described below. The contents of this unit will contain some or all of the
following as required:
Unit outlines / Performance Criteria
Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from this
learning resource.
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1.Prepare for cable and 1.1.Establish purpose of the test to be conducted on cables and systems with
system test customer
1.2.Confirm customer's requirements and methods to comply with relevant
legislation, codes, regulations and standards
1.3.Select required tests according to site conditions, client documentation and
manufacturer's specifications
1.4.Arrange access to site and confirm service is available for testing
1.5.Select test equipment, tools and materials to meet required industry standards
2.Perform tests 2.1.Use tools and test equipment according to manufacturer's specifications
2.2.Perform work safely to remove risk of injury to operator, other users and equipment
2.3.Perform checks and adjustments to ensure operating environmental factors will
not prejudice test results
3.Interpret test results and 3.1.Read test results accurately and compare with manufacturer's and site
determine action specifications for cable performance
3.2.Evaluate test results taking into account measurement error margins against a
known reference where appropriate
3.3.Assess test results fairly and accurately using verifiable data
3.4.Rectify any faults or escalate to the appropriate level
4.Complete records and clean 4.1.Document test results and ensure test results remain current
up site 4.2.Verify test results and provide to client where required
4.3.Update site and installation files to ensure information on system performance is
traceable
4.4.Reinstate site according to customer and company requirements
4.5.Notify customer and obtain sign off
UNIT DESCRIPTOR
ICTCBL3013A Perform cable and system test on customer premises
This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and knowledge required to test the
performance of equipment on customer premises for the purpose of commissioning, fault
identification or routine maintenance. It includes ensuring a safe and secure work
environment while work is being undertaken. No licensing, legislative, regulatory or
certification requirements apply to this unit at the time of endorsement but users should
confirm requirements with the relevant federal, state or territory authority.

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ASSESSMENT
Overall Assessment Requirements
The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for
each form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes
of competent, for this assessment you will be required to re-sit a supplementary
examination within a reasonable time of the original examination date.
To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of
assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used.
Written Assessment
Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor)
Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”)
Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit)
Theory Examination
During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory
examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content.
Self Checks
Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer.
These exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall
assessment if deemed necessary by your Trainer.
Verbal Questions
Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the
competencies of this learning package.
Practical Observation / Assessment
Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -
Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes
the student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the
observation checklist.
Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical
activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this
Student Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s
performances.
Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be
present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The
student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with
an explanation of the task undertaken.
The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student
about the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this
contact will be recorded in the Practical Assessment.
Log Book or Training Record Book
It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record
based on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or
Supervising Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan,
which may be produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more

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than 3 months. Log Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence
relating to this unit of competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If
the required activity is not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to
complete the skill learning process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence
must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit.
Results
A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your
achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire
qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed.
RPL and Acceleration
Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for
being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the
allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this
process.
Methodology
This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of
competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience.
Due care
Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct,
but trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their
own training package.
Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act
1968, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is
prohibited without prior written permission.
Pre-requisites
There are no Pre-requisites for this unit
Feedback to the learner
The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment.
This learning package is intended for use by those completing the qualification –
ICTCBL3013A, Perform cable and system test on customer premises - as part of
Telecommunications Stream Skills within the Innovation and Business Skills Stream of
the National Competency Framework.

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Regulatory and Legislative Requirements
Regulatory and legislation requirements applicable to this unit of competency may be
found in:
Telecommunications Act 1997
Work Health and Safety Act 2011
Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011
Environmental Protection Act (1994)
You should make yourself familiar with and apply any
regulatory and legislative requirements to your relevant
work area.
Australian Standards
Standards are published documents setting out
specifications and procedures designed to ensure
products, services and systems are safe, reliable and consistently perform the way they
were intended to. They establish a common language, which defines quality and safety
criteria.
Standards can be guidance documents including:
Australian Standards®;
AS/CA S009:2013
AS/CA S008:2010
AS/NZS 3000:2007
International Standards and Joint Standards;

IEC 61300-3-35 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components
Codes;
Specifications;
Handbooks; and
Guidelines
ACMA Competency Requirements
Telecommunications Cabling Provider Rules 2000
NOTE: The AS/CA documents are available to download free from

http://www.commsalliance.com.au
These documents are practical and don’t set impossible goals. They are based on sound
industrial, scientific and consumer experience and are constantly reviewed to ensure they
keep pace with new technologies.
They cover everything from consumer products and services, construction, engineering,
business, information technology, human services to energy and water utilities, the
environment and much more.

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Work Instructions
Before commencing any job, you will need to receive specific work instructions. These are
often presented to employees in the form of a Works Order. The instructions may vary
according to the size of the task or project and there may even be some circumstances
where no work instructions are given e.g. emergencies.
Obtain, confirm and apply work instructions for the allotted task. Work instructions may
include:
Verbal or written and graphical instructions, signage, work,
schedules/plans/specifications, work bulletins, charts and hand drawings, memos,
safety data sheets (SDS) and diagrams or sketches
Plans and specifications
Quality requirements, including dimensions, tolerances, standards of work
and material standards
Safe work procedures related to the operation of small plant and equipment
on construction sites
All safety requirements for the tasks you have been asked to do should be written down in
the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) or Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) for the job. Read
this carefully and ask questions of your supervisor if these requirements are not clear to
you, so that you will correctly follow all safety requirements for the task. Furthermore
detail regarding any site safety requirements should be detailed in your organisation’s Site
Safety Management Plans.
Safe Working Procedures/Safe Operating Procedures
Many organisations standardise the way in which they carry out a task, or operate
machinery to ensure it is done to achieve a quality product and maintain safety. Previously
discussed in this manual is a safe work method statement, this is a form of Safe Working
Procedure. Another form is a Safe Operating Procedure (SOP), which is often a
standardised way of operating an item of plant or equipment.
Manufacturers Specifications
Manufacturers Specifications are written instructions, which outline the installation,
maintenance and safe use of the manufacturer’s product.
Environment
The environmental impact from Installing telecommunications
equipment can be easily controlled.
Safe work practices that consider working in the vicinity of
chemicals or harmful substances can identify the correct use,
storage and disposal.
The most common risk is the chemicals used in the wet and
dry wipes for the cleaning of fibre optic connections and
general waste. Proper waste management controls this issue.

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Reporting and Record Keeping
Make sure you record any action you have taken and talk to your supervisor and WHS
officer about the control strategies in place.
Reports and records include:
Risk assessment reports
Incident reports
Job safety analysis (JSA)
Safe work methods (SMWS)
Keeping records is important as they can help ensure
that any risk management activities are traceable.
Records also provide a basis for improving methods
and tools in the risk management process as well as improving the overall process.
Safety Data Sheets
The hazards of chemicals cannot usually be
identified by their name since they often have
a trade name, giving no information about how
to work with them safely. The information for
the safe handling and storage of chemicals
comes from the document that generally
accompanies the product, known as the Safety
Data Sheet (SDS).
The SDS will give information about the make-
up of the substance, how to store it, first aid
instructions and how to clean up spills or fires.
There is a great deal of useful information on a
SDD, which will assist in managing the
chemical
The other source of information is the label, with very strict legislative requirements for the
information that must be included. There are specific risk and safety phrases that form part
of the label, and these phrases assist in managing chemicals and training employees.
Site specific
Sites may have their own processes and procedures for working managing associated
hazards. Include in your development of SWMS (Safe work method statement) or JSA
(Job Safety Analysis) an authorised person who can inform you of any site-specific
considerations and ensure they comply with your company requirements
Convey any safety related information to the relevant people. This may include a site
supervisor, other work parties or the public as necessary. Communication can be through
relevant mediums e.g.
Email
Direct conversation/phone call
Toolbox talks
Signage

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Barriers
Typical cable installation tools
Hand Tools
Various hand tools may be required depending on the task. Ensure you have the correct
tools for the job and that it is in good condition. Check for burred or sharp edges, cracks
and excessive wear.
If tools are required to be insulated ensure that insulation is in good condition to be
effective.
Crimpers
Keep hands and foreign objects clear of crimper jaws while crimping as large amounts of
pressure are applied at the jaws due to the mechanical advantage. Injuries may occur or
jaws may be damaged by applying excessive force.

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NOTE: All tools and equipment should be cleaned and stored in the appropriate place after
use each day.
Cable Strippers
Cable strippers themselves are inherently relatively safe due to their design. Only use
them on the materials they are intended to strip and they will last a long time.
Cable strippers designed for use on coax can be used on structured cables with care.

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Punch Down Tool or Insertion Tool
A punch down tool, also called a punchdown tool or a krone tool (named after the KRONE
LSA-PLUS connector), is a small hand tool used by telecommunication and network
technicians. It is used for inserting wire into insulation-displacement connectors on punch
down blocks, patch panels, keystone modules, and surface mount boxes (also known as
biscuit jacks).
Test equipment
Test equipment must be in correct operating order. To maintain insulation resistance
insulation must be clean and in very good condition.
Most test equipment must be tested and calibrated each 12 months. Ensure that any
calibrated equipment is in current test date.

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Test equipment is generally more fragile than ordinary hand tools and more care must be
taken. Always return it to its protective case, keep clean and dry and do not use cleaning
chemicals as this may damage the plastic and seals, use a clean dry cloth.
Test equipment may include
Analogue transmission measuring Optical attenuators
sets Optical fibre power meters
Communication system analysers Oscilloscopes
Digital analysers Pattern generators
Error meter Power meters
Frequency measurer RF band noise measurer
Lap top computer Spectrum analysers
Laser source Sweep test coaxial and wave guide
Level meter antenna systems
Light meter Standing wave ratio (SWR) meters
Multimeters Video tester

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THE DECIBEL
The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal losses in telephone circuits.
These losses were originally measured in units of Miles of Standard Cable (MSC), where 1
MSC corresponded to the loss of power over a 1 mile (approximately 1.6 km) length of
standard telephone cable at a frequency of 795.8 Hz (5000 radians per second), and
roughly matched the smallest attenuation detectable to the average listener. Standard
telephone cable was defined as "a cable having uniformly distributed resistance of 88
ohms per loop mile and uniformly distributed shunt capacitance of .054 microfarad per
mile" (approximately 19 gauge or 1.1mm2).
Approximately every ten miles of telephone line the signal travelling down the cable
weakened to approximately 10% of its original strength/power. This loss is called
Attenuation.
100% Pin : 10% Pout
10 : 1
Units of bel’s is always a “ratio” measurement – it compares the input power to the output
power. (Unlike a measurement in volts or amps).
A 10:1 ratio of input to output power became a standard unit of measurement and named
“bel”. (After Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone).
As a 10:1 ratio of loss or gain is very high we often use a unit one tenth of this size – the
“decibel” “dB”.
The decibel is a much more convenient size of unit to measure the effectiveness of a
section of cable or particular components within a system.

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Calculating dB for Power values
dB is a logarithmic scale – not linear – and is calculated in base 10.
𝑃!"
𝑏𝑒𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑃!"#
If we use the example of 100% input power to 10% output power then: -
100%
1 𝑏𝑒𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
10%
1 𝑏𝑒𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔!" 10
1 𝑏𝑒𝑙 = 1
As we usually use decibels (10dB = 1 bel) multiply both sides of the equitation by 10
𝑃!"
10 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑃!"#
100%
10 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
10%
100%
10 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
10%
10 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!" 10
10 𝑑𝐵 = 10

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Calculating dB for Voltage values
When calculating signal level as opposed to power then the formulae alters slightly.
Ohms law states for power that : -
𝑉!
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 =
𝑅
Since resistance is a relatively constant value - Using the second formulae gives: -
𝑃!"
𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑃!"#
𝑉
( 𝑅!" )!
𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑉
( !"# !
𝑅 )
!
𝑉!"
𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑉!"# !
𝑉!"
𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑉!"#
Review
Decibels (dB) measure the ratio of power and voltage – not the actual level of voltage or
power (watts/mili-watts). The represent loss or gain.
0dB indicates zero loss or gain. I.e. the same power that is input into the system is output
from the system.
3dB indicates a loss of half the signal (2:1)
10dB indicates a loss of 90% of the signal (10:1)
Calculating for power values (in dB): -

𝑃!"
10 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑃!"#

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Calculating for voltage values (in dB): -
𝑉!"
𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔!"
𝑉!"#
Calculating gain and loss in signal strength (dBmV)

As the dB is a ratio – to measure gain or loss for a signal then we need to be able to
measure a “level”. To do this we reference against a pre-set value.
Since 1mV gave a good quality black and white reception on cable television, then the
value of 1mV has been adopted.
NOTE: For a quality signal for colour television a value of 3-4dBmV is required (1.4-
1.6mV)
E.g. If there is s certain level of signal in dBmV then this is the ratio of the signal against a
reference of 1mV.
dBmV examples
3dBmV is 3dB above a reference of 1mV – it contains twice the power of a 1mV signal.
If the signal is exactly 1mV then the level measured would be 0dBmV. i.e. zero gain or
loss – the ratio is 1:1 so there is a good signal equal to 1mV.
If there is a “loss” then there will be a negative dBmV value. E.g. “-3dBmV” represents
“half” the power of a 1mV signal.
dbBmV Voltage (millivolts) Power (nanowatts)
-4 -1.59 -33.49
-3 -1.41 -26.60
-2 -1.26 -21.13
0 1.00 13.33
2 1.26 21.13
3 1.41 26.60
4 1.59 33.49
6 2.00 53.08
8 2.51 84.13
10 3.16 133.33
Review
Signal level is measured and displayed in dBmV. A dBmV is referenced to a level of 1mV.
1mV = 0dBmV

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SATELLITE ANTENNA DISH SIGNALS
Testing procedures for satellite dishes receiving either TV or broadband signals are very
simple and requires only simple equipment.
To install and align a satellite dish more advanced equipment is required as it is necessary
to measure the “quality” of the RF signal as well as the strength. These measurements can
be taken with a signal level meter.
Signal Level meter

Quality signal level meters can be as simple as a single readout device or as complex as
multifunction metres that cost hundreds or thousands of dollars. These devices are often
called Field Strength Meters (FSMs). Because of the variation in these devices is not
possible to give specifics on how to use each one. As a rule, once you understand the
principles of measurement, you simply need to follow the instructions for the device you're
using.
Most measurements will be taken at the dish at the time of installation. You may also
measure the signal reaching appliances – TVs or computers. Most signal level meters will
take a measurement anywhere they can be coupled with a coaxial cable.

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The main measurements required are: -
Signal level in dBμV (decibel micro volt)
Bit Error Rate (BER)
Modulation Error Rate (MER) used in more complex functions such as
evaluating the effectiveness of amplifiers
You may also need to measure: -

Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N) (usually applied to analogue signals – soon to be obsolete)
Typical signal levels

Measurement Quantity Minimum, Maximum or Range
Power (Signal Level) 50dBμV – 86 dBμV Range
pre BER (depending on Meter) 1E-6 (one error per million bits) Minimum
post BER (depending on Meter) 2E-4 Minimum
MER 12 dB Minimum
C/N 13 dB Minimum

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STRUCTURED CABLING
Structured cabling refers to a telecommunications cabling system for a building or campus
that incorporates multiple outlets cabled back to common distributors.
The cabling can be broken into four main sections after the lead in cable.
1) Equipment room – Consisting of jumper frames, patch panels, switches, bridges and
routers. Additional equipment such as PABX systems and fibre/copper converters
may also be located here
2) Backbone cabling – This is the main cable(s) that run between buildings or floors. For
copper 20-100 pair is common but is limited to 90 meters, fibre is also used
particularly for longer hauls. This cabling is located in risers and ducts.
3) Horizontal cabling – is generally ran through trunking to the RJ45 outlets
(Telecommunications outlets – TO’s)
4) Workstation cabling – Patch leads and other adapters connecting the final equipment
(PC’s, Telephones, fax’s) using patch leads making “temporary/user” connections to
final equipment
Basic linear representation of a Structured cabling system
NOTE:
CD may also be known as MDF – Main Distribution Frame
BD may also be known as IDF – Intermediate Distribution Frame
TP may also be know as CP – Consolidation Point

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Practice Activity
Identify the TO’s, IDF’s and CD in the below diagram: -

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Structured Cable Systems Considerations
Wire map
Wiremap is used to identify installation wiring errors. For each of the 8 conductors in the
link, wire map should indicate:
Proper Pin Termination at Each End
Continuity to the remote end
Shorts between any two or more conductors
Transposed Pairs
Crossed Pairs
Reversed Pairs
Shorted Pairs
Any other miswires
Length
Length is measured using NVP (Nominal Velocity of Propagation) – A pulse is sent along
the cable and the time it takes the reflection to return to the initiating end is measured. The
NVP is used to calculate the length.
DC loop resistance
DC Loop Resistance is the total resistance through two conductors looped at one end of
the link. This is usually a function of the conductor diameter and varies only with distance.
This measurement is sometimes done to ensure there are no gross misconnections which
can add significant resistance to the link. Note that the wire map test automatically isolates
breaks but not high resistance connections.
Propagation Delay Skew
Propagation delay, or delay, is a measure of the time required for a signal to travel from
one end of the circuit to the other. Delay is measured in nanoseconds (nS). Typical delay
for category 5e UTP is a bit less than 5 nS per meter (worst case allowed is 5.7 nS/m).

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Delay is the principle reason for a length limitation in LAN cabling. In the majority of
networking applications, such as those employing CSMA/CD, there is a maximum delay
that can be supported without losing control of communications.
Propagation Delay Skew (skew) is the difference between the propagation delay on the
fastest and slowest pairs in a UTP cable. Some cable constructions employ different types
of insulation materials on different pairs. This effect contributes to unique twist ratios per
pair and to skew.
Insertion Loss
When the signal propagates along a link or channel, its power is decreased. This
phenomenon is called attenuation. Attenuation is caused by the resistive and dielectric
losses of the link or channel and it can be seen as decreasing voltage and current when
the distance increases. The unit of attenuation is decibel, dB (for cables the attenuation is
expressed in dB/100 m). Attenuation sets limits for the length of a link and channel and the
highest signal frequency to be transmitted
.
Characteristic Impedance
Impedance is the ratio of voltage to current. In twisted pair cabling the characteristic
impedance is the ratio of the voltage between the conductors of the pair to the
current flowing on these conductors. The unit of characteristic impedance is ohm
(Ω). In a homogeneous twisted pair the characteristic impedance is constant along
the whole length of the pair. The voltage and current are decreased in the direction
of propagation, but the ratio of the voltage to the current remains constant. At low
frequencies and with short lengths the characteristic impedance is not meaningful,
because the wavelength of the signal is long compared with the length of the
transmission line. The characteristic impedance becomes important, when the
frequency is so high that the quarter of the wavelength is of same magnitude or
smaller than the length of the line. In practice this means usually a frequency higher
than 100 kHz. In the traditional analogue voice transmission the characteristic
impedance does not have a meaning, but at ISDN frequencies it begins to be an
important characteristic.
According to the standard EN 50173-1 the nominal characteristic impedance of

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twisted pair cabling is 100 Ω. The characteristic impedance of a link or channel is
affected by all the components of the link or channel: cables, cords and connecting
hardware. Thee input and output impedance of the equipment to be connected to
the channel shall have the same characteristic impedance as the channel within
certain tolerances.
In real links and channels the characteristic impedance never is perfectly constant,
because there are impedance inhomogenities in cables. Also connecting hardware and
terminations represent impedance inhomogenities. Each local change of characteristic
impedance causes a reflection, which depend of the magnitude of the change in
impedance. The greater the impedance change is, the greater voltage is reflected in
backward direction. If there is a break (open circuit) in the transmission line, the signal
voltage is totally reflected back. In this case the coefficient of reflection = 1. Another
extreme case is a short circuit, which also causes the total reflection. In this case, however,
the polarity of the voltage is changed to opposite and the coefficient of reflection = -1. If the
characteristic impedance is changed to any other value between 0...∞, the coefficient of
reflection depends on the magnitude of the change.
Return Loss
There are always innumerable number of greater or smaller changes of characteristic
impedance in a link and channel. At each point of change a reflection is born and the sum
of these small reflections can be measured at the near end of the link or channel. The
return loss is the measure of this total sum of reflections coming from the whole length of
the link or channel.
The return loss is a measure of the total reflected signal power from the cable pair
due to the impedance inhomogenities within the pair. Return loss is expressed in
decibels (dB). For example return loss of 20 dB means that 1 % of the signal power
and 10 % of signal voltage fed to a link or channel is reflected back to the near end.
Reflections are caused by the internal impedance inhomogenities in the link or
channel.
Cords, patch leads, cable and other components must have matching impedance
otherwise the impedances may attenuate and distort the signal so much that the received
signal is unoperable.
Quality installation methods will prevent additional reflections such correct bending radius,
not over tensioning/stretching the cable and compressing cable with zip/cable ties.

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Nominal Velocity of Propagation and Length of Cable
Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP) refers to the inherent speed of signal travel relative
to the speed of light in a vacuum (designated as a lower case c). NVP is expressed as a
percentage of c, for example, 72%, or 0.72c. All structured wiring cables will have NVP
values in the range of 0.6c to 0.9c. Similarly, if you know the physical length and the delay
of a cable you can calculate the NVP.
In most instances, length is derived from the shortest electrical length pair in the cable.
Because of delay skew, the length of the four pairs often appears slightly different. This is
normal and no cause for concern with the exception of significant (over 10%) variances.
Crosstalk
When a signal is sent along a pair in a multi pair cable the inductive coupling between the
pairs causes signal to appear in adjacent pairs causing noise. This noise is known as
crosstalk.
There are a number of crosstalk measurements taken when testing the installed cable.
These are:
1) Near end crosstalk [NEXT]
2) Power sum near end crosstalk [PSNEXT]
3) Far end crosstalk [FEXT]
4) Power sum far end crosstalk [PSELFEXT]
5) Attenuation to crosstalk ratio [ACR]
Near end Crosstalk (NEXT)

In the case of perfectly balanced link or channel there exists no electromagnetic coupling
from the pair to the environment. In practice there is, however, always more or less
electromagnetic coupling caused by imperfect balance. Unwanted electromagnetic
coupling from one pair to another pair is called crosstalk. In addition to imperfect balance,
also impedance mismatches and ways of termination affect the crosstalk phenomenon.
The unwanted crosstalk signal can be measured at near end and at far end. Near end
means the same end as where the (disturbing) signal is transmitted to the cable and far
end means the other end. Pair to pair near end crosstalk (NEXT) loss is the measure of
near end crosstalk from one pair to another pair. The unit of NEXT is dB (decibel).Far End
Crosstalk (FEXT)

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Power Sum Near End Crosstalk (PSNEXT)
While pair to pair NEXT means crosstalk between two pairs, power sum NEXT
(PSNEXT) takes into account the crosstalk from all other pairs to one pair. In a four-pair
cable each pair is subject to crosstalk from three other pairs. This means that in a four-pair
cable the power sum NEXT (PSNEXT) is the sum result of three crosstalk signals.
PSNEXT is expressed in dB.
NEXTxy = Pair to Pair NEXT between the pairs X and Y (dB)
PSNEXT = Sum result of the crosstalk from all three other pairs to one pair (dB)
Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)

Far End Crosstalk is similar to Near End Cross Talk (NEXT), except that the signal is sent
from the local end and crosstalk is measured at the far end.
Because of attenuation, signals that induce FEXT can be much weaker, especially for
longer cable lengths. This effect means that for a given quality of cabling, more FEXT will
be seen on a short link than a long link. For reason, FEXT results are not meaningful
without an indication of the corresponding attenuation on the link. Thus, FEXT is
measured but rarely reported. FEXT results are used to derive Equal Level Far End
Crosstalk (ELFEXT).
Equal level far end crosstalk loss between two pairs (ELFEXT) expresses, how much
lower the unwanted crosstalk signal in the far end of the disturbed pair is than the wanted
signal at the far end of the disturbing pair. If the unwanted crosstalk signal is too high
compared with the wanted signal, it may cause errors in transmission. ELFEXT is
expressed in decibels, dB.

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Power Sum Equivalent Level Far End Cross Talk (PSELFEXT)
While pair to pair ELFEXT takes into account crosstalk between only two pairs, power sum
ELFEXT takes into account the crosstalk from all other pairs to one pair. In a four-pair
cable each pair is subject to crosstalk from three other pairs. This means that in a four-pair
pair cable the power sum ELFEXT is the sum result of three crosstalk signals. PSELFEXT
is expressed in decibels, dB.
FEXTXY = Pair to Pair far end cross talk loss between pairs X and Y (dB)
ELFEXTXY = FEXTXY -attenuation (dB)

PSELFEXT = Sum result of the crosstalk from all three other pairs to one pair (dB)
PSELFEXT is critical, when all four pairs of the cable are used simultaneously in the same
transmission direction. Such situation is e.g. in the case of Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T.
Attenuation To Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)

ACR is obtained by subtracting insertion loss (attenuation [dB]) from near end crosstalk
(dB). ACR is normally stated at a given frequency. ACR presents an indication of quality
for the circuit expressed as 'head room'.
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) is the difference between NEXT and the attenuation
for the pair in the link under test. Due to the effects of attenuation, signals are at their
weakest at the receiver end of the link. But this is also where NEXT is the strongest.
Signals that survive attenuation must not get lost due to the effects of NEXT.
Using PSNEXT and attenuation, Power Sum ACR (PSACR) can also be calculated.
PSACR is not required by TIA/EIA 568-B. Some field testers will report it anyway. However,
if you desire PSACR you will need to specify it's requirement in the statement of works
document.
During signal transmission over twisted pair cable, both attenuation and crosstalk are
active simultaneously. The combined effect of these two parameters is a very good
indicator of the real transmission quality of the link. This combined effect is characterized
by the Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR). ACR is nearly analogous to the definition of
signal-to-noise ratio. (ACR excludes the effect of external noise that may impact the signal
transmission.)

19/082013
ACR is an important figure of merit for twisted pair links. It provides a measure of how much
'headroom' is available, or how much stronger the signal is than the background noise. Thus, the
greater the ACR, the better.
TESTING
Testing Categories
Installation of a cable requires confirmation of the cable’s ability to operate as intended
through testing and hence certification.
As per IOS/IEC 11801:2002 there are three different kinds of testing as follows:
Acceptance Testing
As a means of validating installed cabling, which is known to comply with the
implementation requirements of this standard and which is made up of elements
complying with the performance requirements for components for the relevant categories.
Compliance Testing
As a means of validating installed cabling, comprising known or unknown components.
Reference Testing
As a means for testing cabling models in laboratory environment and for comparing the
result of measurements performed with laboratory and field test instruments. Reference
testing in laboratory on cabling models is also used for verifying compliance for properties,
which cannot be tested in the field.

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In Table B.1 below from standard ISO11801, the type of test to be carried out for each
channel or permanent link is indicated by an “I” (Informative) or “N” (Normative).
Parameters, which are computed from the measured parameters, are indicated by a “C”.
The tests indicated by “I” may be carried out as part of an acceptance test. The tests
indicated by “N” shall be carried out as part of an acceptance, reference or compliance test.

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Visual Inspection
A visual inspection should be done after the wiring rough in. It should note any cases of:
• Kinks, knots, torn cable jacket
• Bend radius violation especially in outlet enclosure
• Excessive pull tension used
• Cable crushed in supports due to over loading or spacing farther than 1.5m apart
• Cable geometry distorted by over tight cable ties
• Tight round coils of service loop
• Cable bound together continuously in long runs
• Failure to support on the back of patch panels
• Maximum 13mm untwisting
• Maximum 25mm jacket strip-back
• Wires properly seated in IDC – no “Camel-backs”
• No nicks on wires from jacket removal

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TEST EQUIPMENT
Test sets can perform a number of tests, some of which are listed below. Field certification
test set parameters are set to the requirements of AS/NZS ISO/IEC 61935.1 for installed
balanced twisted pair cabling. Once calibrated for the standard most test sets will perform
a complete suite of tests automatically and give a simple summary of the results.
The following tests will normally be completed:
Wire map
Length
DC loop resistance
Delay skew
Insertion loss IL (Attenuation)
Near end crosstalk - NEXT
Power sum next loss - PSNEXT
Far end crosstalk - ELFEXT
Return loss - RL
Attenuation to crosstalk ratio - ACR
Some of the tests are explained below. Most of these tests are performed automatically by
the test set.
Testing Overview
Tests on structured cable systems are conducted with a cable test set. There area a
number of commercially available test sets. Each has its own unique features and settings.
Permanent link test checks the performance of the installed cabling. It tests the fixed
cabling and terminations.
Channel test checks the overall cabling including the patch leads and the cross connects
and fly leads connection the equipment at the workstation.

19/082013
Maximum Lengths of cable for Permanent Link and Channel
For a permanent link, the maximum length is 90 meters at 20°C and has to be de-rated if
the ambient temperature is higher.
For a channel, the maximum length is 100 meters including 10 metres of patch cable and
fly leads.
Test Page Summary
Pass and *Pass

Some testers will have two indications of pass. The * indicates a conditional Pass. This
means that the test is within the accuracy of the tester and may be accepted by the
customer as a Pass result.
To get an unconditional Pass you may need to re-terminate the cable or check the cable
for kinks, tight bending radius or squashed cable.
Fail and *Fail
Similarly those testers may have two indications of fail. The * indicates a check of the
cable is required and faults repaired. The cable then has to be retested. A *Fail shows that
the result appears to be below the required standard and tolerance of the tester but is
possibly a simple repair for a pass. The cable will still need to be re-tested and a pass
result achieved.
Recording of test results

Testers are able to save test results and export them to a print out or computer for printing
and record keeping. This data will include the cable number if input correctly.
The print out can then be given to the customer as a record of certification. You must also
keep a copy of the results for 1 year.
Notes when setting up test equipment
Check Calibration – Meters and testing equipment needs to be calibrated every 12 months
for correct results.

19/082013
Always ensure you read the manufacturers instructions to familiarise yourself with the
individual test set requirements.
Continue to follow guidelines such as minimum bend radius, twist ratios and correct
termination techniques. These guidelines are often overlooked during testing and have a
high impact on test results – partly due to these conditions having the most impact when
temporarily connecting equipment (e.g. sharp bends in cables to allow connection of the
test instrument at the test location)
Flat batteries – advanced test equipment is usually not as susceptible to fluctuating results
due to low battery it is still a possibility and also it is a terrible inconvenience to have
batteries go flat while trying to perform testing.
Set NVP to suit the cable being tested. This is usually between 67% - 71% for balanced
twisted pair cable. The NVP must be set correctly for any TDR (Time Domain
Reflectometer) type tests.
Common test results

Return loss values for channel at key frequencies
Insertion loss values for channel at key frequencies
NEXT values for channel at key frequencies

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Power sum NEXT values for channel at key frequencies

19/082013
OPTICAL FIBRE
Fibre optic endface inspection and certification

NOTE: As this unit deals with certification we do not discuss manual microscopes and
laser safety associated with them.
Cleanliness of fibre optic connections are of upmost importance – for example the core of
a single mode fibre is 9µm and a speck of dust may be 5µm – hence one speck of dust
can block over 60% of the light path and render the signal unrecognisable.
Cleaning does not “guarantee” cleanliness of the connector plus it also risks further
contamination and scratching of the end face.
Visual inspection on the other hand guarantees cleanliness and does not risk scratching
from unnecessary cleaning.
Video inspection microscope
Liquid crystal display (LCD) allows a completely visually safe inspection of the connector
end face even if the fibre is live is accidently left in ‘live’ mode during inspection.
Connector end face video inspections are performed through two methods. If the cable
assembly is accessible, the connector ferrule can be inserted directly into the microscope.
This is generally referred to as a patch cord inspection. If the connector is within a mating
adaptor on a device or patch panel, an ‘inspection probe’ microscope can be inserted into
the open end of the adaptor to view the connector inside; this is known as bulkhead or
through adaptor connector inspection. Portable handheld LCD display units (with 200x
and/or 400x magnification) allow a completely visually safe inspection of the connector
end face. The unit may utilise a plug-in style adaptor for viewing connectors (a patch cord
viewing port). Video inspection microscopes use precision optics to produce a magnified
video image of the fibre end face using an integrated camera. The probe uses various
styles of interchangeable tips to view the connector end faces directly (patch cords or
pigtail) or inspect connectors installed through an adaptor (bulkhead).
Typical inspection probe interface displays
To view the end face of the connector the video inspection probe can interface with
various devices as illustrated below:

19/082013
Fibre connector end face inspection zones
Inspection zones are a series of concentric circles that identify areas of interest on the
connector end face. The innermost zones are more sensitive to contamination than the
outer zones. It is common to divide the image into a series of concentric circles that begin
with a small one centred on the core (also known as ‘zone A’) and then radiate out from
there. This creates a bull’s eye pattern sometimes called a grading overlay. The overlay is
used to grade the fibre by determining the number and size of each particle that is present
in each of the four fibre zones.

19/082013
Fibre inspection acceptance criteria
Acceptance criteria are a series of failure thresholds that define defect limits for each zone
on the fibre connector end face. All loose particles must be removed. If a defect is non-
removable, it must be within the specified criteria as set out in table below, to be
acceptable for use.
The acceptance criteria for connectors from an installer’s point of view will be based on
customer requirements. In most cases the installation acceptance of a patch cord or pigtail
connector performance will be based on the IL and RL customer specifications.
Secondly, certain customers may require ‘proof’ of end face connector cleanliness upon
installation completion and may rely on standard specifications such as those listed below

19/082013
(IEC 61300-3-35). Pass/fail analysis is becoming very common practice in the field. IEC
61300-3-35 guarantees optical performance and ensures a lifetime connection.
The requirement for pass/fail analysis is not a mandatory practice and it at the customer’s
discretion.
The tables below list the Acceptance Criteria standardized by the International Electro-
technical Commission (IEC) for single-mode and multi-mode connectors as documented in
IEC 61300-3-35 Ed. 1.0.
The tables below refer to single-mode APC connectors. For other styles of single-mode
connectors such as UPC and PC refer to International Standards Specifications IEC
61300-3-35.
Single Mode PC connectors: IEC 6130-3-5
Single-mode Zone name (diameter) Scratches Defects

(PC)
Core zone
A None None
(0–25µm)
No limit < 2µm

5 from 2–5µm
None > 5µm
No limit < 3µm
Cladding zone
B None > 3µm
(25– 120µm)
Adhesive zone
C No limit No limit
(120– 130µm)
Contact zone
D No limit None =>10µm
(130– 250µm)

19/082013
Single-mode APC connectors: IEC 61300-3-35
Single-mode Zone name (diameter) Scratches Defects

(APC)
Core zone
A <= 4 None
(0–25µm)
No limit < 2µm

5 from 2–5µm
None > 5µm
Cladding zone
B No limit
(25– 120µm)
Adhesive zone
C No limit No limit
(120– 130µm)
Contact zone
D No limit None =>10µm
(130– 250µm)

19/082013
Multi-mode connectors: IEC 61300-3-35
Zone name
Multi-mode Scratches Defects
(diameter)
4 < 5µm
Core zone No limit < 3µm
A None > 5µm
(0–65µm) 0 > 5µm
No limit < 2µm

Cladding zone No limit < 5µm
B 5 from 2 – 5µm
(65– 120µm) 0 > 5µm
None > 5µm
Adhesive zone (120–
C No limit No limit
130µm)
Contact zone
D No limit None => 10µm
(130– 250µm)
Fibre end face defects
There are many types of defects including contamination, particles, pits, chips, scratches,
loose contamination and embedded contamination, etc. There are two categories of
connector end face defects:
1) Scratches – Permanent linear surface features
2) Defects features – These include contamination particles, debris, pits, chips, etc
Scratches are typically created during incorrect cleaning practices or mishandling of fibre
connectors. Scratches near and/or across the core are problematic because they create
back reflection.
Dirt is ubiquitous – a typical dust particle (2–15µm in diameter) can significantly affect
signal performance and cause permanent damage to the connector end face. Most field
test failures can be attributed to dirty connectors that begin to cause problems that often
go unnoticed until permanent damage occurs.
If dirt particles contaminate the core surface the light will be occluded, creating
unacceptable levels of insertion loss and back reflection (return loss). Furthermore, those
particles can permanently damage the glass interface, digging into the glass and leaving
pits that create further back reflection if mated. Also, large particles of dirt on the cladding
layer and/or the ferrule can introduce a barrier that prevents physical contact and creates
an air gap between the fibres resulting in transmission failure. To further complicate
matters, loose particles also have a tendency to migrate into the air gap.
Clean fibre Dirt/contamination

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Pits/chips Scratch
Oil/cleaning fluid residue Multi-fibre contamination
Overview of optical fibre general cleaning practices

This section details the cleaning procedures employed from the manufacture down to the
installer that are necessary for maintaining a consistent level of product quality and
performance.
Conventional cleaning may be used for any fixed optical interface, such as optical
connectors, where it is possible to touch the surface with the cleaning material.
Conventional cleaning is ineffective on non-contact lens interfaces, which are common on
optical transceivers.
Below is a list of the general principles of optical interface cleaning.
Optical components (e.g. connectors, transceivers) must be clean to work
optimally or in some cases to work at all
Use connector dust caps, they may prevent damage however they do not
ensure cleanliness
Foam and cotton materials are not suitable for cleaning optics as they can
breakdown and deposit debris on the optical end face
Compressed air is ineffective in cleaning optical connectors or transceivers
Use a solvent cleaner only after attempting a dry cleaning method. Only use
a designed-for-optics solvent or IPA (Isopropyl alcohol), such as Medi-swab
Do not saturate the optical interface with solvent. Always follow up a solvent
application with a dry cleaning process.
Cleaning machines that use solvent without mechanical action may be
exempt from the above cautions regarding over use of solvents.
Inspect every time before you connect. This is the only way to ensure that
interconnecting optic fibre interfaces are acceptable for use.

19/082013
An ideal fibre end face should be free from defects, or scratches as shown below. Optical
interface cleaning workflow procedure
Cleaning Procedure
1) Before cleaning:
a) Inspect the connector
b) If it is clean, do not clean it – connect it.
c) If it is dirty, try a dry cleaning method:
d) Use approved cleaner
e) Repeat two or three times if needed
2) If the contaminant cannot be removed using a dry cleaning method try a wet- to-dry
method
3) Inspect after each cleaning attempt. If after dry cleaning it is still dirty, try a wet-to-dry
cleaning method:
a) Use approved solvents only
b) Do not saturate the cloth or tape – damp is effective
c) Wet cleaning must be followed immediately by dry cleaning
d) Repeat two or three times, as required.
4) If the contaminant cannot be removed, particles may have become embedded into
the surface or the surface may be scratched.
5) Inspect after each cleaning attempt. If the defect remains and cannot be removed the
connector may need to be replaced subject to customer requirements, such as
pass/fail specifications.
Typical industry specification procedures for pass/fail of connectors

Select the appropriate profile and test the connector end face in compliance to any
company specifications. Some organisations may use inspection applications such as
FiberChek2 (aligned to single-mode fibre IEC-61300-3-35 specifications).

19/082013
If it passes, make the final connection.
Typical fibre connector inspection reporting format (IEC certification)

It may be a mandatory company requirement that a pass/fail certified inspection report be
provided by the installer for each fibre/connector in the network as part of the installation
process.
Video inspection probes attached to a laptop (or similar device) now make it possible to
use pass/fail software to capture and report end face inspection based on IEC certification.
Fiber Inspection
Inspection Date 6/22/2014 9:39:43 AM
Company Name
Location
Operator
Fiber Information
File Name dirty connector fil.html
Fiber Type
Fiber ID
Simplex
0
FAIL
Inspection Summary
Profile Name SM UPC (IEC-61300-3-35)
Zone Defects Scratches
Zone A (0 - 25) FAIL PASS
Zone B (25 - 120) FAIL PASS
Zone C (120 - 130) PASS PASS
Zone D (130 - 250) FAIL PASS
Low Magnification High Magnification
Show Overlays Show Overlays

Zone A: [DEFECTS] More than 0 defects.
Zone B: [DEFECTS] Defect > 5 µm, More than 5 defects > 2.0 µm in diameter.
Analysis Details Zone D: [DEFECTS] Defect > 10 µm.
© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation. All rights reserved. Page #1

19/082013
Fiber Inspection
Inspection Date 6/22/2014 9:47:34 AM
Company Name
Location
Operator
Fiber Information
File Name wet clen connector pss 1.html
Fiber Type
Fiber ID
Simplex
0
PASS
Inspection Summary
Profile Name SM UPC (IEC-61300-3-35)
Zone Defects Scratches
Zone A (0 - 25) PASS PASS
Zone B (25 - 120) PASS PASS
Zone C (120 - 130) PASS PASS
Zone D (130 - 250) PASS PASS
Low Magnification High Magnification
Show Overlays Show Overlays
Analysis Details
© 2014 JDS Uniphase Corporation. All rights reserved. Page #1

19/082013
Optical Fibre testing
Depending on the types of results required – the use of an OLTS (Optical Loss Test Set)
or an OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) will be incorporated.
OTDR’s are provide much more information on the link(s) being tested and have the
advantage of only needing to be connected at one end – however due to their complexity
and expense OLTS’s are more often used.
Even though an OLTS requires connection at both ends of the link(s) under test it has the
advantage of providing a true “loss” measurement rather than a calculated value.
Standard Losses
Typical industry values for factory fitted connectors (patch cords and pigtails):
Loss
Insertion loss (IL) Single-mode 0.25 dB
Multi-mode 0.50 dB
Return loss (RL) Physical contact (PC) 45 dB
Ultra physical contact (UPC) 50 dB
Angle physical contact (APC) 60 dB
OLTS
An OLTS consists of two instruments – an optical light source – and a power meter.
Sometimes one of these devices may incorporate both instruments in the one device.
Light sources may emit light at several different wavelengths 850nm, 1300nm, 1310nm
and 1550nm. It is recommended to perform tests at different wavelengths – and in both
directions along the fibre - as different faults will be more apparent at the different
wavelengths. (e.g. Bend radius violations will be more apparent at 1550nm).
If the light source has multiple wavelengths, the power meter should also have multiple
wavelengths. This allows the fibre characteristics to be quoted at any required wavelength.
The power levels are normally indicated in decibels as dB, relative to one milliwatt. They

19/082013
are available with internal memories to store the day’s work and a thermal printer for hard
copies.
The power source and power meter should be calibrated by an authorised company at
least every 12 months or as required by the manufacturer.
If connector access is available at both ends of the cable then this method is a good
combination of fast and reliable. Whist it will not show up all faults on a fibre it will give a
very good indication especially as a pre-check prior to installing the new cable from the
drum.
All test devices require a connector interface (such as a bare fibre adaptor, mechanical
splice or fusion splice).
While these are an additional cost during installation – it is relatively cheap when
compared to needing to remove and re-install a faulty cable particularly for multiple fibres
after being terminated.
There are different methods for the testing of Single mode and Multimode cables.
The method suggested by the supplier “Australian Fibre Optics Communications” is
outlined in their flyer on the following pages.

19/082013
Page 1 of 6
Application Instructions
AFC Link Loss Test Lead Kit Part Number AFCTESTLEADS-SM
Singlemode 9µm OS1/OS2 (YELLOW)
APPLICATION
Ŕ AS/NZS 3080 & AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14763-3 LSPM Optical Link and Channel Testing – Three and One Test
Reference Cord Methods.
Ŕ ISO/IEC 14763-3:2006/FDAM 1:2009(E), IEC/PAS 62614 and IEC 61280-4-1 Encircled Flux (EF) Multimode
launch conditions.
Ŕ This kit is designed to test Single Mode OS1/OS2 optical links using SC test equipment interfaces. Customised
test lead kits for other lead and connector types are available upon request. Use interchangeable meter adapters
if available to match leads to test equipment.
Ŕ All connectors and couplers are reference grade high tolerance single mode type.
Ŕ Dual wavelength bi-directional testing is required under AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14763.3:2007.
Ŕ Duplex Test Lead Kits are required when using a Loss Test Set (LSPM in one unit) for simultaneous
bi-directional testing.
Step 1: Connector Inspection and Cleaning

Ŕ All test lead and network connector end faces are to be inspected and cleaned prior to mating with
through adapters.
Ŕ Minimum inspection requirement is via a 200X microscope (video scope inspection preferred).
Ŕ A one-click style cleaner is the preferred method for connector cleaning.
Step 2: Test Equipment Set up

Ŕ The Light Source and Power Meter OR Loss Test Sets need to be set up, e.g. adapters, power supply,
data entry, etc.
Ŕ Consult the respective test equipment user manuals for this operation.
Ŕ Please note that some equipment requires warm up time for source stabilisation.
Step 3: Test the Test Leads

Ŕ Test your Tail and Field Calibration Cord.
Ŕ Check tested losses against factory test results on lead.
Step 4a: Light Source and Power Meter Referencing (Simplex)

Ŕ Consult the units user manuals for this operation.
Ŕ Select the Referencing and Testing Method (Three or One Cord) and connect the leads as shown below .
Ŕ Once the reference is set DO NOT unplug the source connector.
Ŕ Reference the meter at both 1310nm and 1550nm.
Standards Default Simplex Three Test Cord Reference Method
For further information, please visit www.afcgroup.com.au

Call Australia: 1300 232 476 or New Zealand: 09 927 7140
MELBOURNESYDNEYPERTHBRISBANEADELAIDECANBERRAAUCKLAND
AFC Link Loss Test Lead Kit – Singlemode 9µm OS1/OS2 (YELLOW)
Page 2 of 6
Alternate Simplex One Test Cord Reference Method
Step 4b: Loss Test Set Referencing (Duplex Bi-directional)

Ŕ Once the reference is set DO NOT unplug the source connectors.
Ŕ Reference both testers at both 1310nm and 1550nm.
Standards Default Duplex Bi-directional Three Test Cord Reference Method
Alternate Duplex Bi-directional One Test Cord Reference Method

Page 3 of 6
Step 5a: Optical Insertion Loss (Optical Link) Testing (Simplex)
Ŕ Remove the Field Calibration Cord and dependant on the Reference Method chosen (Three or One Cord) use
the respective Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link Method (Three or One) and connect to the Link Under
Test, using the through adaptors mounted in the coupler panels.
Ŕ Conduct the link test at 1310nm and 1550nm and then perform the testing in the opposite direction.
Standards Default Simplex Three Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link
Alternate Simplex One Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link

Page 4 of 6
Step 5b: Optical Insertion Loss (Optical Link) Testing (Duplex Bi-directional)
Ŕ Testing fibre 1 and fibre 2 then .
Standards Default Duplex Bi-directional Three Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of

Installed Link
Alternate Duplex Bi-directional One Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link

Page 5 of 6
SINGLEMODE KITS CONTENTS
Customised test lead kits for other lead and connector types are available upon request.
Note: All the below kits contain:

Ŕ 8 x Wipe Lint Free Outdoor (Individual Foil Sealed)
Ŕ 1 x IBYC Quick Start Guide to Fibre Inspection, Cleaning and Test
Ŕ 1 x Applicable Application Notes
These are in addition to the leads in the kits.
SIMPLEX
AFCTESLEADS-1 AFCTESLEADS-1-FC
SC/SCA/LC SIMPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT FC SIMPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
1 x SC-SC OS1/2 Launch Cord 3m 1 x SC-FC OS1/2 Launch Cord 3m
1 x SC-LC OS1/2 Launch Cord 3m 1 x SC-FC OS1/2 Tail Cord 2m
1 x SC-SCA OS1/2 Launch Cord 3m 1 x FC-FC OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m
1 x SC-SC OS1/2 Tail Cord 2m 2 x FC SM Couplers
1 x SC-LC OS1/2 Tail Cord 2m
1 x SC-SCA OS1/2 Tail Cord 2m AFCTESLEADS-1-ST
1 x SC-SC OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m
ST SIMPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
1 x SC-LC OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m
1 x SCA-SCA OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x SC-ST OS1/2 Launch Cord 3m
2 x SC SM Couplers 1 x SC-ST OS1/2 Tail Cord 2m
2 x SCA SM Couplers 1 x ST-ST OS1/2 Field Calibration Cord 2m
2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers 2 x ST SM Couplers
DUPLEX
AFCTESLEADS-1D-SC AFCTESLEADS-1D-LC
SC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT LC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
2 x SC-SC Duplex OS1/2 Launch-Tail Cord 3m 2 x SC-LC Duplex OS1/2 Launch-Tail Cord 3m
1 x SC-SC Duplex OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x LC-LC Duplex OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m
2 x SC SM Duplex Couplers 2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers
AFCTESLEADS-1D-SCA AFCTESLEADS-1D-ST
SCA DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT LC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
2 x SC-SCA Duplex OS1/2 Launch-Tail Cord 3m 2 x SC-ST Duplex OS1/2 Launch-Tail Cord 3m
1 x SCA-SCA Duplex OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x ST-ST Duplex OS1/2 Calibration Cord 2m
4 x ST SM Duplex Couplers
FIBRE OPTIC ATTENUATION AND LOSS VALUES

Maximum Cable Attenuation (dB/km) as per AS/NZS 3080 (Table 26 P49)
MMF 50 / 125um MMF 62.5 / 125um SMF 9 / 125um
850nm 1300nm 850nm 1300nm 1310nm 550nm
3.5 1.5 3.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
Maximum Fusion Splice Loss (dB) as per AS/NZS 3080 (Table 46 P63)
MMF SMF
0.3 0.3
Maximum Channel Attenuation (dB) as per AS/NZS 3080 (Table 23 P44)

Channel MMF SMF
850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm
OF-300 2.55 1.95 1.80 1.80
OF-500 3.25 2.25 2.00 2.00
OF-2000 8.50 4.50 3.50 3.50
ISO IEC 11801 maximum channel insertion loss for IEEE 802.3 10G Base-SR/SW applications on
OM3 (50/125) fibre, OF-300 channel (Table F.3 P110) and AS/NZS 3080 (Table F.3 P98)
dB Wavelength
2.55 850nm
Note: Channel loss includes patching cables
Maximum Connector Insertion Loss (dB) as per AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14763.3 (P10 & P21)
Reference Reference Reference Random Random Random
MMF SMF MMF SMF MMF SMF
≤0.10 ≤0.20 ≤0.30 ≤0.50 ≤0.75 ≤0.75

Page 6 of 6
FIBRE OPTIC COLOUR CODING
Fibre ID# Colour
1 BLUE
2 ORANGE
3 GREEN
4 BROWN
5 SLATE
6 WHITE
7 RED
8 BLACK
9 YELLOW
10 VIOLET
11 ROSE
12 AQUA
LINK LOSS TEST RESULTS

Testing Company Date and time
Project ID Report/File No
Site ID Source Model:
Link ID Serial No:
Job No Date of Calibration
Fibre Type Meter Model:
Link Length Serial No:
Termination Method Date of Calibration:
Operator End A Connector:
End B Connector:
Comments
Cable ID:
Link Loss (dB)
A to B B to A
Fibre No: 850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm 850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm
0239 AFC Link Loss Test Lead Kit – Singlemode 9µm OS1/OS2 (YELLOW) 05.12

Whilst due care has been taken to ensure the contents of this document are accurate, AFC Group cannot accept liability for any errors or omissions that may occur. Nor can they make any warranties in
connectionwith the use of the product or its application. The information and specifications contained in this document are subject to change without notice. This document and all its components are
protected by copyright. No part may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of AFC Group Pty Ltd.
Page 1 of 6
Application Instructions
AFC Link Loss Test Lead Kit Part Number AFCTESTLEADS-MM
Multimode 62.5µm OM1 (GREY)

Multimode 50µm OM3/4 (AQUA)
APPLICATION
Ŕ AS/NZS 3080 & AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14763-3 LSPM Optical Link and Channel Testing – Three and One Test
Reference Cord Methods.
Ŕ Test Reference Grade (Controlled Geometry) 50/125µm fibre is used in all 50/125µm OM3/4 test lead kits.
Ŕ ISO/IEC 14763-3:2006/FDAM 1:2009(E), IEC/PAS 62614 and IEC 61280-4-1 Encircled Flux (EF) Multimode
launch conditions.
Ŕ These kits are designed to test Multimode OM1 & OM3/4 optical links using SC test equipment interfaces.
Customised test lead kits for other lead and connector types are available upon request. Use interchangeable
meter adapters if available to match leads to test equipment.
Ŕ All connectors and couplers are reference grade high tolerance single mode type.
Ŕ Dual wavelength bi-directional testing is required under AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14763.3:2007.
Ŕ Duplex Test Lead Kits are required when using a Loss Test Set (LSPM in one unit) for simultaneous
bi-directional testing.
Step 1: Connector Inspection and Cleaning

Ŕ All test lead and network connector end faces are to be inspected and cleaned prior to mating with
through adapters.
Ŕ Minimum inspection requirement is via a 200X microscope (video scope inspection preferred).
Ŕ A one-click style cleaner is the preferred method for connector cleaning.
Step 2: Test Equipment Set up

Ŕ The Light Source and Power Meter OR Loss Test Sets need to be set up, e.g. adapters, power supply, data
entry, etc.
Ŕ Consult the respective test equipment user manuals for this operation.
Ŕ Please note that some equipment requires warm up time for source stabilisation.
Step 3: Test the Test Leads

Ŕ Test your Tail and Field Calibration Cord.
Ŕ Check tested losses against factory test results on lead.
Step 4a: Light Source and Power Meter Referencing (Simplex)

Ŕ Once the reference is set DO NOT unplug the source connector.
Ŕ Reference the meter at both 850nm and 1300nm.
Standards Default Simplex Three Test Cord Reference Method

AFC Link Loss Test Lead Kit – Multimode 62.5µm OM1 (GREY) – Multimode 50µm OM3/4 (AQUA)
Page 2 of 6
Alternate Simplex One Test Cord Reference Method
Step 4b: Loss Test Set Referencing (Duplex Bi-directional)

Ŕ Once the reference is set DO NOT unplug the source connectors.
Ŕ Reference both testers at both 850nm and 1300nm.
Standards Default Duplex Bi-directional Three Test Cord Reference Method
Alternate Duplex Bi-directional One Test Cord Reference Method

Page 3 of 6
Step 5a: Optical Insertion Loss (Optical Link) Testing (Simplex)
Ŕ Conduct the link test at 850nm and 1300nm and then perform the testing in the opposite direction.
Standards Default Simplex Three Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link
Alternate Simplex One Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link

Page 4 of 6
Step 5b: Optical Insertion Loss (Optical Link) Testing (Duplex Bi-directional)
Ŕ Testing fibre 1 and fibre 2 then
Standards Default Duplex Bi-directional Three Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of

Installed Link
Alternate Duplex Bi-directional One Test Cord Attenuation Measurement of Installed Link

Page 5 of 6
SINGLE MODE KITS CONTENTS
Customised test lead kits for other lead and connector types are available upon request.
Note: All the below kits contain:

Ŕ 8 x Wipe Lint Free Outdoor (Individual Foil Sealed)
Ŕ 1 x IBYC Quick Start Guide to Fibre Inspection, Cleaning & Test
Ŕ 1 x Applicable Application notes
These are in addition to the leads in the kits.
SIMPLEX (Mandrel)
OM1 OM3/4
AFCTESLEADS-6 AFCTESLEADS-3
SC/ST SIMPLEX OM1 TEST CORD KIT SC/LC SIMPLEX OM1 TEST CORD KIT
1 x SC-SC OM1 Launch Cord 3m 1 x SC-SC OM3/4 Launch Cord 3m
1 x SC-ST OM1 Launch Cord 3m 1 x SC-LC OM3/4 Launch Cord 3m
1 x SC-SC OM1 Tail Cord 2m 1 x SC-SC OM3/4 Tail Cord 2m
1 x SC-ST OM1 Tail Cord 2m 1 x SC-LC OM3/4 Tail Cord 2m
1 x SC-SC OM1 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x SC-SC OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m
1 x SC-ST OM1 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x LC-LC OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m
2 x SC SM Couplers 2 x SC SM Couplers
2 x ST SM Couplers 2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers
AFCTESLEADS-6-LC AFCTESLEADS-3-ST
LC SIMPLEX OM1 TEST CORD KIT ST SIMPLEX OM3/4 TEST CORD KIT
1 x SC-LC OM1 Launch Cord 3m 1 x SC-ST OM3/4 Launch Cord 3m
1 x SC-LC OM1 Tail Cord 2m 1 x SC-ST OM3/4 Tail Cord 2m
1 x LC-LC OM1 Field Calibration Cord 2m 1 x ST-ST OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m
2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers 2 x ST SM Couplers
DUPLEX OM3/4 (Mandrel)
AFCTESLEADS-3D-SC AFCTESLEADS-3D-LC
SC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT LC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
2 x SC-SC Duplex OM3/4 Launch-Tail Cord 3m 2 x SC-LC Duplex OM3/4 Launch-Tail Cord 3m
1 x SC-SC Duplex OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x LC-LC Duplex OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m
2 x SC SM Duplex Couplers 2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers
AFCTESLEADS-3D-ST
SCA DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
2 x SC-ST Duplex OM3/4 Launch-Tail Cord 3m
1 x ST-ST Duplex OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m
4 x ST SM Couplers
DUPLEX OM3/4 (EF) Modal Controlled
AFCTESLEADS-3D-LC-EF-V1 AFCTESLEADS-3D-LC-EF-V2
LC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT LC DUPLEX OS1/2 TEST CORD KIT
2 x SC-LC Duplex OM3/4 Launch-Tail Cord 3m 2 x SC-LC Duplex OM3/4 Launch-Tail Cord 3m
1 x LC-LC Duplex OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m 1 x LC-LC Duplex OM3/4 Calibration Cord 2m
2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers 2 x LC SM Duplex Couplers
* For testers with SC Source & SC Meter Ports * For testers with SC Source & LC Meter Ports
FIBRE OPTIC ATTENUATION AND LOSS VALUES

Maximum Cable Attenuation (dB/km) as per AS/NZS 3080 (Table 26 P49)
MMF 50 / 125um MMF 62.5 / 125um SMF 9 / 125um
850nm 1300nm 850nm 1300nm 1310nm 550nm
3.5 1.5 3.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
Maximum Fusion Splice Loss (dB) as per AS/NZS 3080 (Table 46 P63)
MMF SMF
0.3 0.3
Maximum Channel Attenuation (dB) as per AS/NZS 3080 (Table 23 P44)

Channel MMF SMF
850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm
OF-300 2.55 1.95 1.80 1.80
OF-500 3.25 2.25 2.00 2.00
OF-2000 8.50 4.50 3.50 3.50

Page 6 of 6
ISO IEC 11801 maximum channel insertion loss for IEEE 802.3 10G Base-SR/SW applications on
OM3 (50/125) fibre, OF-300 channel (Table F.3 P110) and AS/NZS 3080 (Table F.3 P98)
dB Wavelength
2.55 850nm
Note: Channel loss includes patching cables
Maximum Connector Insertion Loss (dB) as per AS/NZS ISO/IEC 14763.3 (P10 & P21)
Reference Reference Reference Random Random Random
MMF SMF MMF SMF MMF SMF
≤0.10 ≤0.20 ≤0.30 ≤0.50 ≤0.75 ≤0.75
FIBRE OPTIC COLOUR CODING

Fibre ID# Colour
1 BLUE
2 ORANGE
3 GREEN
4 BROWN
5 SLATE
6 WHITE
7 RED
8 BLACK
9 YELLOW
10 VIOLET
11 ROSE
12 AQUA
LINK LOSS TEST RESULTS

Testing Company Date and time
Project ID Report/File No
Site ID Source Model:
Link ID Serial No:
Job No Date of Calibration
Fibre Type Meter Model:
Link Length Serial No:
Termination Method Date of Calibration:
Operator End A Connector:
0238 AFC Link Loss Test Lead Kit – Multimode 62.5µm OM1 (GREY) – Multimode 50µm OM3/4 (AQUA) 05.12
End B Connector:
Comments
Cable ID:
Link Loss (dB)
A to B B to A
Fibre No: 850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm 850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm

Whilst due care has been taken to ensure the contents of this document are accurate, AFC Group cannot accept liability for any errors or omissions that may occur. Nor can they make any warranties in
connectionwith the use of the product or its application. The information and specifications contained in this document are subject to change without notice. This document and all its components are
protected by copyright. No part may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of AFC Group Pty Ltd.
OTDR (OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER)
OTDR operation
The OTDR transmits an optical pulse (one way only) through the fibre and measures the
optical power reflected back to the receiver in the OTDR.
This enables it to see “inside” the fibre indicating mated connections, splices, pressure
points, excessively tight bends and the end of the fibre.
Backscatter uses for OTDRs

OTDR uses backscatter to identify events along the fibre, determines distance to an event
such as a joint, end of fibre, break or irregularity such as macro-bend (pressure point). It
also determines the loss of the fibre – dB/km, loss of a splice, connector or a pressure
point.
Illustration outlines a typical OTDR trace with no ‘events’ along the fibre
For each pulse launched into the fibre, the power reflected back to the OTDR is caused by
“Rayleigh Scattering” and “Frensel reflections”
The part of the scattered energy that travels back to the OTDR is called ‘backscatter’

19/082013
The OTDR measures the backscatter return power at discrete points in time for each pulse
launched into the fibre. For each discrete sampled data point:
The OTDR calculates distance based on the interval between the time the
pulse is launched into the fibre and the time reflected energy is detected by the
receiver
Loss is calculated by comparing the receiver power (backscatter level) from
one point to the next point in the fibre
For each pulse launched thousands of data points corresponding to distance
and relative power are gathered

19/082013
Fresnel reflections
The diagram below illustrates Fresnel reflections on a typical OTDR trace. Fresnel
reflections on the OTDR trace are referred to as ‘reflective events’.
Typical causes of non-reflective and reflective events along a fibre link
Typical OTDR responses

The OTDR display screen is divided up into an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis. The ‘x’ axis represents
losses, and the ‘y’ axis indicates distance. Note that as all cable have inherent losses the
19/082013
signal will always move in a downwards direction as the injected test laser signal travels
along the cable link. As particular events are detected, the sloping signal will show
different peaks rises and drops for a particular location in the cable link. An example of a
graph of an OTDR trace has been included below2. It shows the following conditions:
1) Reflection from un-terminated fibre
2) Reflection from a connector
3) Reflection from a splice
4) Reflection from hairline crack in fibre
5) Backscatter
6) Matched fibres with no reflection, but no attenuation

19/082013
Common ODTR settings and measurements
Wavelength Typical wavelengths for a SM module: 1310nm, 1550nm and
1625nm.
Typical wavelengths for a MM module: 850nm and 1300nm.
Index of reflection 1.47 (SM only), 1.48 (MM fibre).
(IOR)
Distance range Always select a range greater than the length of the fibre link: 1km,
2km, 5km, 10km, 20km, 50km, 100km or 200km.
Averaging mode Timing of the OTDR to perform a specified number of averages to
provide a usable trace, for example, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 3
minutes.
Pulse width Pulse width is the length of the time the laser is on during each
sampling acquisition. Narrow pulse widths produce high resolution
displays but the OTDR can only perform over short distances. Wider
pulse widths produce poor resolution, but the OTDR can perform
over longer distances.
OTDR measurements and limits

There are five general measurements limits of an OTDR. All of which may compromise the
outcome of a good measurement.
7) Dynamic range
8) Measurement
9) Dead zone
10) Resolution
11) Precision
1. Dynamic range
If dynamic range is 30dB and at 1550nm the fibre loss is 0.20dB/km. Therefore the
dynamic range of the OTDR is 142km.

19/082013
2. Measurement range
Measurement range is the ability of how far the OTDR can identify and measure a 0.5 dB
loss event along the optical link.
OTDR measurements
Insertion loss (IL) for event measurements

Insertion loss measurements are performed by placing the A marker and the B marker
either side of an event. IL accuracy depends on the placement of the markers and the
measurements technique – LSA or TPA. Because OTDRs measure backscatter light the
insertion loss of an event must be taken with an OTDR in both directions. The average of
the two IL measurements will indicate the true loss of the event. Typical industry standard
for the IL loss of a splice is 0.10 dB (maximum).

19/082013
Least squares approximation (LSA) versus two point approximation (TPA) splice
loss measurements
There are two loss analysing methods used by the OTDR to determine the fibre loss and
splice/connector losses.
Least squares approximation (LSA) – Splice loss The LSA method is based upon fitting a
best fit straight line to the backscatter data between two distance cursors and takes into
account the highs and troughs occurring on the trace between the two points.
Two point approximation (TPA) – 2-point splice loss TPA calculates the level variation
between two points selected by the two distance curses. This method doesn’t account for
the highs and lows and troughs between the points.
Event insertion loss – slope calculation
Return loss (RL) measurements

OTDR return loss measurements for reflective events are
measured by placing the A marker on the fibre
backscatter section before the event and place the B
marker on the peak of the reflective event.
OTDR gainers
An OTDR displaying a ‘splice gainer’ is caused by the jointing of two dissimilar mode field
diameter (MFD) fibres. If an
OTDR measuring a link and a larger MFD
fibre is splice to a smaller MFD fibre the
display will produce a ‘gainer’. Conversely,
when measuring from the opposite
direction the smaller MFD to the larger
MFD, the measurement will result in an
exaggerated loss. The magnitude of the gainer will always be smaller than positive loss
step when measured. The averaging of the two losses will produce a zero loss or a minor
positive loss step.

19/082013
OTDR link loss (LL) measurements
OTDR link loss measurements calculate the accumulative losses of all the events along
the link excluding the connector losses at either end of the link. Insertion loss
measurements using a light source and power meter measures the entire fibre link loss
which includes the connector losses at either end of the fibre link. By subtracting the
OTDR link loss (LL) from insertion loss (IL) of the fibre link we can estimate the loss
performance of two connector/pigtail splice combinations.
Loss of the two (connectors/pigtail splices) at both ends of the link = X – Y.
Generally, the calculation if proven correct should be less than 1 dB, considering the
maximum insertion loss performance of two connectors and two pigtails is approximately
0.8 dB (2 x 0.3 + 2 x 0.1).
This method of determining the combined loss performance of both connectors plus pigtail
splices is fine so long as they meet the ‘less than 1 dB’ criteria. If it doesn’t then the only
choice is to determine which of the four components does not meet the expected
specifications.
OTDR link loss (LL) and insertion loss (IL) comparison

19/082013
OTDR launch leads
The OTDR dead zone limits any front end fibre measurements by the OTDR.
However, a very common OTDR technique in determining the connector loss and/or the
pigtail splice at either end of the fibre link is to use an OTDR launch lead. This technique
effectively places the connector/pigtail splice in the ’open’ and therefore makes it easy to
perform measurements.
The diagram below illustrates how to measure connector loss at either end of the fibre link.
3. Dead zones
When an OTDR pulse is launched into the fibre, the OTDR receiver becomes saturated
(due to the reflective event) and is unable to perform any measurements until the receiver
has resumed fibre backscatter level. The length of the time limit is determined depending
upon the pulse width selected – the wider the pulse width the longer the dead zone.
The diagram below shows the dead zones on an OTDR trace. For this illustration the
OTDR can effectively ‘see’ a reflective event after the event dead zone. Similarly, the
OTDR could effectively ‘see’ a 0.5 dB event after the attenuation dead zone.
Note: It is a common myth that dead zone ‘eliminators’ reduce front end OTDR dead
zones. In actual fact, this is not quite so. Dead zone eliminators are basically only a launch
lead that contain a known fibre length that could be anywhere from 150m to 1km in length.

19/082013
The introduction of fibre onto the link effectively only increases the fibre loss and thus
reduces the power level that is subsequently reflected back to the OTDR.
OTDR launch leads are best suited for measuring the loss of a matted connector at the
front end of the fibre link (including the pigtail splice loss). The OTDR launch lead in this
case extends the connector and pigtail splice out into the ‘open’ allowing the OTDR
operator to measure the loss across the connector.
4. Resolution
The ability of the OTDR to differentiate between two different events along the link
depends on the resolution of the OTDR. Small pulse widths produce sharper events
compared to wider pulse widths. In the first OTDR display, below, the two events 100
meters apart are well defined and can easily be measured. In the second OTDR display,
below, a wider pulse width restricts the OTDR from ‘seeing’ the second event due to ‘dead
zone’ effect.

19/082013
5. Precision
The ability of an OTDR to accurately measure the distance to an event is determined by
the sampling rate and the pulse width. Smaller pulse widths produce sharper displays and
therefore provide more accurate cursor placement to measure the event distances from
the OTDR.
Approximately distance
Pulse width Typical test distance
width
10ns 1 metre up to 1km
50ns 5 metres up to 5km
1μs 100 metres up to 100km
10μs 1 kilometre up to 150km

19/082013
Clean up work area
All too often construction sites are left in a

mess and are very dangerous to work
around. There are some simple things that
can help decrease the amount of injuries
and in turn keep the site cleaner and safer
for those working around it. Here are some
guidelines in keeping your construction
site clean and safe
Construction sites that are not kept clean are the frequent cause of workplace incidents
and work injuries. Often these types of incidents can be easily be prevented just by
cleaning up the construction site. A clean site makes jobs more efficient and safe.
Scraps and off cuts that come from construction come in all shapes and sizes, so it can be
a hassle to clean up. Also as workers are busily working packaging gets removed and
then just thrown on the ground. This creates tripping and slipping hazards. If the ground is
covered then it also makes other potential problems hard to see. When the site is not
cleaned up, no one cares about leaving garbage where it drops. This is extremely
dangerous!
Just by carefully making sure that the job
site is clean is one of the easiest ways to
improve the safety of the workers during
the job. When the workplace isn't
continually kept clean then this creates
incidents waiting to happen.
It is easy to keep a construction site clean.
The problem is that far too often workers
are careless about the mess that is made.
Cleaning up on the job means cleaning up
scrap material, trash and debris and
putting it in the appropriate containers, and
making
All waste should be recycled where possible.

Here are some other key things you can do to help keep your construction site clean and
safe during the life of the job:
• Don't handle materials multiple times. Have one person take it and throw it out to
ensure others aren't dropping pieces as they walk.
• Minimize how far workers have to take the materials to where they are being used.
• Make sure that materials can easily pass to where they need to go. Keep all walkways
and paths clear.
• Clean all equipment during the day and especially at the end of the day to ensure the
next day will start clean and safe and ready for work

19/082013
SELF TEST QUESTIONS
1) There needs to be a minimum of two parties involved in a communication. Name
them
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2) Name the two (2) key documents that provide for administration and enforcement of
health and safety
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3) Describe the purpose of manufacturer’s specifications.
______________________________________________________________________
4) Describe the purpose of a Safety Data Sheets (SDS).
______________________________________________________________________
5) List six items of PPE you may utilise.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6) What is the formula for calculating power voltage values (in dB)?
______________________________________________________________________
7) What voltage are measurements usually referenced against when taking a reading in
dB?
______________________________________________________________________
8) A signal measured at 1mV would be represented as what value?

____ dBmV

19/082013
9) When measuring the signal from a satellite dish antenna – what are the two criteria
being considered?
a. _____________
b. _____________
10) What is the minimum (pre) BER for a good quality signal?
______________________________________________________________________
11) List the tests that are required for compliance level certification testing of structured
cable (13)?
12) What does NVP represent?
______________________________________________________________________
13) What is the normal range of NVP for balance twisted pair cable?
______________________________________________________________________
14) Prior to commencing any testing what should be checked for? (List 5)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15) What is the difference between NEXT and PSNEXT
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
16) What is the maximum level of delay skew permitted?
______________________________________________________________________

19/082013
17) Will a pair that is crossed over itself only (e.g – blue to blue white and blue white to
blue) appear as a fault on a wire map?
______________________________________________________________________
18) What is the standard temperature given for correct performance of a Structured cable
permanent link? (i.e. – if operating at above this temperature then the cable must be
de-rated)
a. 20°C
b. 22°C
c. 30°C
d. 32°C
_____
19) Why should fibres be tested at different wavelengths if possible?
______________________________________________________________________
20) What is the purpose of an EF Modal Controller? (EFC compliant test leads)
a. It has no purpose – is an unnecessary expense

b. Extends the range of the test signal
c. Used to change the mating connector between what is in the field and on the
test instruments
d. Strips away excess modes of light
e. Boosts the Electronic flux during testing
_____
21) What is the expected loss through a fibre splice connection
a. 0.001 dB
b. 0.005 dB
c. 0.1 dB
d. 1.2 dB
e. 1.2-1.5 dB

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22) Which image represents a properly terminated Connection?
a.
b.
_____
38. Write the correct letter that corresponds to the points in the image below of an
OTDR screen shot
Pressure Point ___

Backscatter Light ___
Fresnel Reflections ___
Pressure Point ___
Fresnel End Reflections ___
Fusion Splice ___

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23) Why is a Launch cable used on an OTDR?
a. Compensate for Deadband

b. Flexibility so that OTDR can be placed on a better surface to view rather than a
poor position to work with such as behind a break out box
c. Filter the optical signal
d. To introduce a loss into the system
____
24) Name two (2) types of safety measures or environmental controls that must be
removed from the work site at the completion of operations?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 1 - SATELLITE
Testing Antenna Alignment

Equipment required
Satellite dish in installed position
Signal level meter
Various Coax type connectors and suitable crimpers
Procedure
Obtain a signal level meter and ask you instructor to explain its operation if it is not one
you have used before. Ideally you should be using the same meter the instructor explained
and demonstrated during the training session.
Conduct a simple test on an antenna to determine if it is properly aligned. If it is not you
can either re-align it or report your findings to your instructor.
1) Organise access to the antenna ensuring all safety requirements are met. Complete
a job safety analysis, if you are not sure.
2) Obtain and record signal strength readings of the antenna and compare them with
recommended levels.
3) Organise access to cable terminations inside the customer premises and take signal
readings.
4) Identify any significant differences and either rectify the fault or recommend action to
your instructor.
5) Document readings and actions.
6) Reinstate site.

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PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 2 - STRUCTURED
Structured cable installation and testing

Equipment required
A level 3 tester set suitable for permanent link and channel testing
Testing patch leads of the same category cable being tested
Various connectors of the same category as the cable being tested
Procedure
1) Check that the batteries are charged – if the battery is low then faulty tests may result
2) Inspect the tester heads and cables to ensure they are in good condition
3) Set up the tester to test a permanent link using the manufacturer’s handbook – note
that some testers will cancel out the test leads when testing – the actual setup will
vary dependent on the tester
4) Start the auto test to test the link to the “Compliance” test requirements
5) When test is finished check the results in the tester memory
6) Number the cable
7) When both cables are tested and recorded, patch both cables together at the patch
panels
8) Test the cables from outlet to outlet using the patch panel as a CP and compare the
results with previous tests.
your instructor.
11) Reinstate site.

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PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 3 - OPTICAL
Part A Optical power meter testing

Use light source and power meter to test three cables and answer the questions.
Equipment required
OLTS (Optical Light source and Optical Power Meter)
Test leads to suit cables being tested
o SM “Test Leads” for SM cable
o EFC Test leads for MM cable
Connectors
Cleaning/Inspection equipment
Three Test Cables
Procedure
NOTE: Throughout testing procedure Clean/inspect connections prior to making any
connections!
1) Perform power loss budget for each test cable
2) Set up tester using manufacturers handbook using test method such as one cable
test method, three cable test method – actual setup will vary dependent on the tester
3) Zero out the test cables
4) Insert test cable as per manufacturers procedure
5) Compare test results with expected test results
your instructor.
8) Reinstate site.
Cable 1
1) What is the optical fibre cable type you are testing?
2) What maximum power loss reading should you read for this fibre cable link?
3) What is the calibration loss reading?
4) What is the fibre cable link loss?
5) What is actual cable link loss?
6) Is the fibre cable link acceptable?
Cable 2

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Cable 3
Specifications
Your assessor will be looking for whether you have:
1) Performed three calibrations by measuring and recording the losses across two
reference cables, prior to testing the optical fibre cable link
2) Connected the fibre optic cable to be connected and measure the loss of power
across it
3) Found the difference in power loss between the calibration reading and the reading
with the fibre optic cable
4) Performed testing in accordance with organisational procedures and OHS guidelines
5) Correctly recorded results on appropriate workplace documentation

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Part B OTDR Testing
You will be given access to an optical fibre installation that has a deliberate fault in order to
diagnose and rectify the problem.
Equipment required
OTDR
Launch and Receive leads to suit cable being tested
Connectors
Cleaning/Inspection equipment
Test Link with fault
Procedure
NOTE: Throughout testing procedure Clean/inspect connections prior to making ANY
connections!
1) Set up OTDR
a) Connect launch lead
b) Connect test lead
c) Connect receive lead
2) Start automated test as per manufacturers handbook
3) Identify fault and either rectify the fault or recommend action to your instructor.
5) Reinstate site.
Specifications
Your assessor will be looking for whether you have:
1) Used a power meter and an OTDR to test an optical fibre installation that has a
deliberate fault in it (part b)
2) Correctly identified the fault in the system (part b)
3) Corrected the fault in the system in accordance with organisational procedures and
OHS guidelines (part b)
4) Correctly recorded results on appropriate workplace documentation (part b).

19/082013

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Student Learning Resource

UNIT DESCRIPTOR .................................................................................................................................................... 5

THE DECIBEL ............................................................................................................................................................ 15

SATELLITE ANTENNA DISH SIGNALS ................................................................................................................ 19

STRUCTURED CABLING ......................................................................................................................................... 21

TESTING ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29

TEST EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................................... 32

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OLTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 46

OTDR (OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER) .................................................................................... 60

SELF TEST QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 72

PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 1 -­‐ SATELLITE ............................................................................................................... 77

PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 2 -­‐ STRUCTURED .......................................................................................................... 78

PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 3 -­‐ OPTICAL ................................................................................................................... 79

This is a modified document based on materials prepared by Innovation and Business

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International Standards and Joint Standards;

NOTE: The AS/CA documents are available to download free from

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Typical cable installation tools

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Calculating for power values (in dB): -

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Calculating gain and loss in signal strength (dBmV)

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Signal Level meter

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You may also need to measure: -

Typical signal levels

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According to the standard EN 50173-1 the nominal characteristic impedance of

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Near end Crosstalk (NEXT)

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NEXTxy = Pair to Pair NEXT between the pairs X and Y (dB)

Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)

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ELFEXTXY = FEXTXY -attenuation (dB)

Attenuation To Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)

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PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 1 -‐ SATELLITE ............................................................................................................... 77

PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 2 -‐ STRUCTURED .......................................................................................................... 78

PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 3 -‐ OPTICAL ................................................................................................................... 79