NAME:__________________________________________

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11
EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE
Semester 1 - Week 6
Compression, Tension and
Shearing of Rock

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter I - Week 6: Compression, Tension and Shearing of Rock
First Edition, 2021

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 Lesson 1
Compression, Tension and Shearing of Rock

MELC: The learners should be able to describe how rocks behave under different types of
stress such as compression, pulling apart and shearing (S11/12ES-Ia-e7)

Objectives:
1. Define compression, tension, and shearing;
2. Identify how rocks behave under different types of stress such as
compression, pulling apart and shearing; and
3. Discuss how compressional, tensional, and shearing of rocks affects
landforms and the living things.

Let’s Try
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.
_____1. Which type of stress is most common in high places where new mountains are
forming?
A. Compression C. Shear
B. Dynamic D. Tension

_____2. Which type of stress that act to elongate the crust are associated with?
A. Compression C. Shear
B. Dynamic D. Tension
_____3. Which of the following refers to a set of stress directed toward the center of a rock
mass?
A. Compression C. Strength
B. Metamorphism D. Tension

_____4. Which of the following property of rock is referred to when it is subjected to

enormous amount of stress, and it often rebound to its original shape?
A. Convexity C. Fracture
B. Elasticity D. Plasticity

_____5. When compression normally occurs in the Earth's crust, what would likely to
happen?
A. Continental drifts and long mountain ranges are formed.
B. It would move the oceanic crust away resulting to the rising of less dense
rocks from the mantle.
C. Mountains and hills could be formed when two plates collide.
D. Shaking of the Earth's core or earthquake would happen.
_____6. Which of the following are TRUE about the different stresses on the Earth's crust?
I. The different types of stresses could create different landforms.
II. The types of stresses use force to push and pull the rocks in different
directions.
III. All types of stress can lead to earthquakes.
IV. All types of stress happen along the plate boundaries.
A. I and II B. II and IV C. II and III D. I and IV
1
_____7. When a rock is being pulled in an opposite direction, what type of stress will it
experience?
A. compression stress C. shearing stress
B. continental stress D. tensile stress
_____8. Which of the following best describes rock under stress?
A. Change in surface color B. mayC.show
no changes
strain or at
deformation
all
B. may show strain or deformation7 D. rock may still be intact

_____9. Which of the following best describes tensional stress?

A. rock is being pulled in opposite direction
B. rock is pressed, pushed or squeezed together
C. rock is stretched apart or pulled apart
D. rock undergo metamorphosis

_____10. Which of the following is TRUE about how are rocks deformed?
A. change its size, volume, or shape
B. rock will undergo tectonic pressure
C. there will be an equal pull and pushes on the rock from different direction.
D. there will be unequal pull and pushes on the rock from different direction.

Let’s Explore and Discover

Unlocking of Rock is a great storyteller of Earth’s history. The part of
the Earth where life exists include living organism where rock
Difficulties
normally lies. Through natural process, chemical breakdown
Rocks are essential and decomposition of rocks happened. A rock is any naturally
part of our Earth’s occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid
crust; we have matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical
composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks repond
remarkable rock
differently to various types of stress under different conditions
formation all over
like weathering, slabs of rocks and crust smashing into each
the world. The other, sideways movement along faults, and magma rising
Puerto Princesa through solid rock - it’s no wonder rocks experience a lot of
Subterranean stress and turmoil. Given that Earth's surface is generally
River National consistent in region, you can't make outside layer without
Park is one of the devastating an equivalent measure of a crust.
most popular
tourist Given our planet earth’s circumstances where there are a
destinations that different environmental degradation takes place. Have you ever
has spectacular wondered if rock is also undergoing stress?
rock formation,
In this lesson, you should be able to learn the different
and most are
showing different types of stress that affect rocks through compression, pulling
behavior under apart, and shearing. In addition, we will know how rocks behave
stress. plates. under these stresses.

Rocks are largely subjected to several kinds of stress. There are different behavior
affecting different types of stress. Any force exerted on a rock may result to deformation of
their shape and volume that may result to a strain. These geological stresses include
compression, tension, and shearing. Enormous slabs of lithosphere move unevenly over the
planet’s spherical surface, resulting in earthquakes. This module deals with two types of
2
1
geological activity that occur because of plate tectonics: mountain building and
earthquakes.
Types of Stresses in the Earth’s Crust
Compression causes the rocks
to push or to collide with each
other. This can make the rocks
come together or make the plates
rise. Mountains and hills could be
formed when two plates collide.
Tension is the opposite of
compression. The tension force
pulls the rocks away from each
other. This force created
continental drifts and mid-ocean
Figure 1. shows how rock behave under different stress ridges. It moved the oceanic crust
away from each other that resulted
in the rising of less dense rocks coming from the mantle. Shear force pushes the crust in
different directions. Shearing results in the breaking of the large parts of the crust into
smaller sizes. This force always happens along the plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are
the location where the two plates meet. When the two plates rub each other and move in
opposite directions, it creates friction. This friction leads to the shaking of the Earth’s
ground or earthquake.

Source: "the supercoloured rocks of fractured
creag dhubh" by tom clearwood is licensed
under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
Source: "Fault with fault breccia in interbedded
metagraywacke-slate (Lake Vermilion Formation,
Neoarchean, 2.695-2.722 Ga; Pike River Bridge
outcrop, just north of Peyla, Minnesota, USA) 13"
by James St. John is licensed under CC BY 2.0

Figure 2. shows that the tension force pulls the Figure 3. Shear in Igneous rocks
two plates apart in divergent plate boundaries.

Rock deformation in Earth’s crust takes many forms like changes its volume, shape,
appearance, and position. When stress force is applied deformation of rocks takes place.

The following are the types of Stress affecting the Rock

a. Tensional is what we called stretching resulting to increase the volume of a rock
b. Compressional squeezing takes place when there is a decreased in the volume of a rock
c. Shearing will change the shape of a rock

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1
How are rocks Deformed?
The unequal pull and push on the
rocks from different directions may become
greater than the elastic limit of the rocks,
hence rock maybe deformed. There are
different types of deformation or strain that
a rock may experience. These are elastic,
ductile, and fracture deformations. Elastic
deformation is an irreversible strain,
wherein the rock returns to its original
shape after the stress is released. This is Sources: "File:Stress-Strain Type V.png" by Meisam
only possible when the rock does not reach is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
its elastic limit during stress. On the other Figure 4. Stress and strain diagram the
hand, ductile deformation and fracture are varying types of response of geological
irreversible strains. Rocks bend or fold materials to stress. The straight dashed parts
during a ductile deformation, while rocks are elastic strain and the curved parts are
crack or break when it is fractured. plastic strain. In each case the X marks where
the material fractures. A, the strongest
material, deforms relatively little and breaks
We can tell that the rock is under at a high stress level. B, strong but brittle,
Strain if there is a change in its shape or shows no plastic deformation and breaks after
volume. Rock greatly responds and behave relatively little elastic deformation. C, the
differently depending on the pressure, most deformable, breaks only after significant
temperature (depth in Earth) and elastic and plastic strain. The three
deformation diagrams on the right show A and
mineralogic composition.
C before breaking and B after breaking

There are different kinds of stress that rocks experience, and these determine how the
rocks deform. Tensional stress is when rock is stretched apart. This is like pulling on a
string from both ends after the string has already been fully extended. Compressional stress
is when rock is pressed together. Here, rocks are squeezed together, like a car caught in the
middle of a long pile-up on the highway.

Shear stress is when rock is being pulled in opposite directions but on different ends.
To understand this, try putting your palms together and then rubbing them back and forth.
Now imagine that there is a rock in the middle and you can see how one end goes forward
while the other end gets pulled backward.

Rock undergoes plastic deformation when a differential stress occurs in the mantle
and in the lower continental crust. When a rock is subjected to increasing stress, it passes
through 3 stages of deformation. There would be an Elastic Deformation wherein the strain
is reversible, Ductile Deformation, wherein the strain is irreversible and irreversible strain
where in the material breaks is what we called Fracture.

When a body of rock is compressed in one direction it is typically extended (or

stretched) In another direction. This is an important concept because some geological
structures only form under compression, while others only form under tension. Most of the
rock is limestone, which is relatively easily deformed when heated. The dark rock is chert,
which remains brittle. As the limestone stretched (parallel to the hammer handle) the brittle
chert was forced to break into fragments to accommodate the change in shape of the body
of rock. A fault is a rock boundary along which the rocks on either side have been displaced
relative to each other

14
Factors Affecting Rock Behavior
Temperature – At high temperature molecules and their bonds can stretch and move,
thus materials will behave in more ductile manner. At low Temperature, materials are
brittle.
Confining Pressure – At high confining pressure materials are less likely to fracture
due to surrounding pressure. At low confining stress, material will be brittle and tend to
fracture sooner.
Strain rate – At high strain rates material tends to fracture. At low strain rates more
time is available for individual atoms to move and therefore ductile behavior is favored.
Composition – Some minerals, like quartz, olivine, and feldspars are very brittle.
Others, like clay minerals, micas, and calcite are more ductile This is due to the chemical
bond types that hold them together. Thus, the mineralogical composition of a rock will be
a factor in determining its deformational behavior. Another aspect is the presence and
absence of water. Water appears to weaken the chemical bonds and forms films around
mineral grains along which slippage can take place. Thus, wet rock tends to behave in
ductile manner, while dry rocks tend to behave in brittle manner.

(Source: “Earth & Environmental Sciences 1110 Physical Geology”. This page last updated
on 01-Dec-2017. Accessed July 15, 2020.
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/deform.htm)

1
5
 Let’s Practice

Directions: Match each definition with the correct term. Write the letter of your answer
on the space provided.

____ 1. A type of stress that squeezes rocks together A. Compression

B. Deformation
____ 2. Change in the shape of rock due to stress
C. Fracture
____ 3. break in rock D. Shearing
E. Stress
____ 4. stress that pulls rocks apart F. Tension
____ 5. pressure exerted on a material object. It is the
force applied in a specific amount of area.
____ 6. A type of stress tending to cause deformation of
a material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel
to the imposed stress.

Directions: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.

1. ___________________ and _____________________ are the two kinds of stress that occurs
mostly in rocks.

2. ________________, _________________, and _________________ are the three types of rock

stress.

3. Rocks will experience __________________ when it undergone a strain.

4. ________________ deformation is the type of deformation that leads to formation of

fractures or breaks in the rocks.

5. A _______________ is a break in rocks that serves as pathway for water and shows little
or no movement at all.

1
6
 Let’s Do More

Directions: 4 Pics 1 Word gameplay is very simple! Each level displays four pictures linked by one word –
your aim is to look for the correct word from the given set of letters opposite the pictures.

HETAORMPMRIMS
5

A. Change of minerals or geologic texture in pre-

existing rocks, without the protolith melting into
liquid magma.

SPERSUER

B. Factor affecting metamorphism.

MTEEREATUPR

C. Factor affecting metamorphism.

UIARBL

D. Another type metamorphism which occur

when sedimentary rock undergone diagenesis is
buried deeper on the Earth’s core.

ERIGNLAO

E. Type of metamorphism affecting rocks over an

extensive area as a result of the large-scale action
of heat and pressure.

7
1
Activity: Concept Map.
Directions: Fill in the boxes to complete the concept.

8
1
 Let’s Sum It Up
Congratulations! Your journey towards the rock formation and deformation has been
successful. You were able to identify different types of stress that are affecting the
behavior of rock..
Directions: share your thoughts by completing the following sentence prompts. Write your
answer on the space provided.

I have learned that ____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Assess
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.

_____1. Which type of stress is most common in high places where new mountains are
forming?
C. Compression C. Shear
D. Dynamic D. Tension

_____2. Which type of stress that act to elongate the crust are associated with?
C. Compression C. Shear
D. Dynamic D. Tension
_____3. Which of the following refers to a set of stress directed toward the center of a rock
mass?
C. Compression C. Strength
D. Metamorphism D. Tension

_____4. Which of the following property of rock is referred to when it is subjected to

enormous amount of stress, and it often rebound to its original shape?
C. Convexity C. Fracture
D. Elasticity D. Plasticity

_____5. When compression normally occurs in the Earth's crust, what would likely to
happen? 9
E. Continental drifts and long mountain ranges are formed.
1
 F. It would move the oceanic crust away resulting to the rising of less dense
rocks from the mantle.
G. Mountains and hills could be formed when two plates collide.
H. Shaking of the Earth's core or earthquake would happen.
_____6. Which of the following are TRUE about the different stresses on the Earth's crust?
V. The different types of stresses could create different landforms.
VI. The types of stresses use force to push and pull the rocks in different
directions.
VII. All types of stress can lead to earthquakes.
VIII. All types of stress happen along the plate boundaries.
B. I and II B. II and IV C. II and III D. I and IV

_____7. When a rock is being pulled in an opposite direction, what type of stress will it
experience?
A. compression stress C. shearing stress
B. continental stress D. tensile stress
_____8. Which of the following best describes rock under stress?
E. Change in surface color B. mayG.show
no changes
strain or at
deformation
all
F. may show strain or deformation7 H. rock may still be intact

_____9. Which of the following best describes tensional stress?

A. rock is being pulled in opposite direction
B. rock is pressed, pushed or squeezed together
C. rock is stretched apart or pulled apart
D. rock undergo metamorphosis

_____10. Which of the following is TRUE about how are rocks deformed?
A. change its size, volume, or shape
B. rock will undergo tectonic pressure
C. there will be an equal pull and pushes on the rock from different direction.
D. there will be unequal pull and pushes on the rock from different direction.

10
1
 Answer Key
Let’s Practice

1. Tensional/Tensile, Compression
1. A 4. F 2. Compression, Shear, Tensional/Tensile
2. B 5. E 3. Deformation
3. C 6. D 4. Brittle
5. joint
6.

Let’s Do More

1. METAMORPHISMS
2. PRESSURE
3. TEMPERATURE
4. BURIAL
5. REGIONAL

Let’s Sum it up

Answers May Vary

Let’s Try 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D

Let’s Assess 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D
Adequate
Criteria Needs Improvement 2 pts Quality 4 pts Exemplary 5 pts
3 pts
Content Answers are partial or Answers are not Answers are accurate Answers are
(5 pts) incomplete. Key points comprehensive or and complete. Key comprehensive, accurate
are not clear. Question completely stated. Key points are stated and and complete. Key ideas
not adequately points are addressed, but supported. are clearly stated,
answered. not well supported. explained, and well
supported.
Organization Organization and Inadequate organization or Organization is mostly Well organized,
(5 pts) structure detract from development. Structure of clear and easy to coherently developed,
the answer. the answer is not easy to follow. and easy to follow.
follow.
Writing Displays over five errors Displays three to five errors Displays one to three Displays no errors in
Conventions in spelling, punctuation, in spelling, punctuation, errors in spelling, spelling, punctuation,
(5 pts) grammar, and sentence grammar, and sentence punctuation, grammar, grammar, and sentence
structure. structure. and sentence structure. structure.

11
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 References

Books

Aileen C. Dela Cruz et al. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth and Life Science.
Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016

Online Sources

Canoy, Warlito Z. “Metamorphism and Its Effects in Rock Formation Accessed May 5, 2020.
https://www.facebook.com/notes/earth-and-life-science/25- metamorphism-and-
its-effects-in-rock-formation/1970480716521908/.

courses.lumenlearning.com. “Reading: Stress In Earth’s Crust.”, Accessed June 6, 2020.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-stress-in-earths-crust-
2/.

Professor Stephen A. Nelson. “Earth & Environmental Sciences 1110 Physical Geology”.
Accessed July 15, 2020. https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/deform.htm

www.ck12.org. “Earth Science Concept for High School.”, Accessed June 1, 2020.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-earth-science-concepts-for-high-
school/section/7.1/.

www.opentextbc.ca. “Geological Stresses.”, Accessed May 28, 2020.

https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/12-1-stress-and-strain/.

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