CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

RESEARCH PAPER

ANALYSIS OF CRIME INVESTIGATING SYSTEM IN INDIA

SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:

AAYUSH VAJPAI
DR. JULIEN SEAL

4th SEMESTER (B) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

ROLL NO.: 908 NUSRL, RANCHI

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF STUDY AND RESEARCH IN

LAW, RANCHI

INTRODUCTION

The police of the state grasp the entire arrangement of internal regulation by which the state not
only safeguard the offences against the state, but also establish citizens communication. The
word 'police' is derived from the Greek word 'Politeia' or Latin word 'Politia' which signifies

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‘Civil administration1.’ "The term 'Police' is a body of servant whose essential obligations are
safeguarding order in society, identification and elimination of wrongdoings and enforcement of
the law. In ancient India, the law provider Manu stressed the need of police power for support of
peace. He recommended that police power could be endowed to those individuals who were all
around familiar with the local people and were devoted to the security of society against law
violators. Even though it is very well may be followed that in India police won in the reigns of
Hindu rulers and Mughal rulers. Yet, the British government instituted the classified police law
and therefore the police demonstration, 1861 for India was enacted. This Act had been
implemented for entire of India as the book of scriptures for police association until the state
police acts were set up after the Supreme Court of India gave orders in Prakash Singh and others
v. Union of India2. After the enactment of Act of 1861, different recommendations were made at
various stretches for the development of criminologist wing.

Consequently, the suggestion was made by the police commission in the year 1902-03 to shape
the criminal Investigation Department (CID) for every area. The proposal was made that there
ought to be agent examiner General of police who is having an obligation to gather the
information concerning organized crime. The CID would likewise explore the wrongdoings
where the specialized master is utilized. The proposals made by the commission was taken into
positive note by the legislature of India and on 21 st March 1905, gave guidance to begin the
office in each territory by 1907 so, under c.w.c, the main CID appeared in Bengal in first April
1906. The utilization of logical strategies and methods to issue under scrutiny is likewise
noteworthy, which can be followed from history too.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

 To understand the role of police in investigation.

 To analyze the process of investigation.
 To examine the misuse of power by police.
 To study and examine detailed guidelines to be followed by the police at the time of
arrest and detention.
1
N. V. Paranjape, Criminology & penology with Victomilogy, 39(CLP,15th edn, 2011).
2
(2006)8 SCC 1

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 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What are the circumstances under which police can arrest without warrant?
2. Is power of police to arrest without warrant is absolute?

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted is largely analytical and descriptive. This Paper shall be based on
reading of secondary sources which includes various books, journals and articles relating to the
topic.

 PRIMARY SOURCES: Code of Criminal Procedure,1973

 SECONDARY SOURCES: A number of case references have been made with the help
of online research databases which include Manupatra, SCC Online and Western India.
Online journals were referred from online databases Jstore and Heinonline.

CHAPTERIZATION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: ROLE OF POLICE IN INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 3: FIRST INFORMATION REPORT

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CHAPTER 4: MISCONDUCT OR ILLEGAL ACTION BY THE POLICE

CHAPTER 6: SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

CHAPTER I: ROLE OF POLICE IN INVESTIGATION

The essential duties of police are to secure life, freedom and property of residents. It is for the
security of these rights that criminal equity framework has been constitutive appointing
significant obligations to the police. They have different roles to play, and the most essential

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among them is to maintain peace in society and the Investigation of offences. In this manner, in
the criminal justice system, the police perform an essential duty of Investigation.

The Investigation is a fundamental stage directed by the police, for the most part, begins after the
record of first information report (F. I. R) in the police headquarters. 3 When the police come to
know about the commission of the wrongdoing, they will begin the criminal Investigation. Under
section 2(h) of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, "Investigation" incorporates all the
procedures under the code for the assortment of proof led by the police or by any individual
(other than a Magistrate) who is approved by the law. 4 According to the Supreme court, the
examination of an offence chiefly comprises of; the procedures at the place of offence, realities
and circumstance of the case, finding and capturing of the accused, search of evidences, for
example, the facts and circumstances which are fundamental for the Investigation and the
examination of different people alongside the accused. After that, the accused is put before a
Magistrate and a charge-sheet is filed under section 173 of the Crpc, 1973.

The principal rationale of examination is to gather confirm and secure the offenders. The police
can scrutinize any individual expected to be familiar with the facts and conditions of the case,
and any such individual has to provide genuine information to all inquiries under such matter. A
witness may, in any case, abstain from giving that information which will open him to any
criminal allegation.5 The police may record the appropriate answers orally presented by the
witness. The witness is not required to depose anything in writing nor sign those documents
recorded by the police.6 In Investigation, police can bring an individual to be a witness who
seems to have some information of the offence under investigation, provided he is under the
Jurisdiction of such the police or in an adjoining police station 7. The witness is supposed to show
up before the police, though a woman or a child under 15 years old can deny to for such
examination other than their own home. A witness appearing in police investigation may take
help of a legal counsellor in addressing composed inquiry put to him/her. 8 In the police Act
1861, section 23 provides that it will be the duty of each police to gather and impart insight

3
Section 154 of CRPC, 1973
4
section 2(H)of the CRPC, 1973
5
Section 161 of CRPC.
6

7
Section 160 of CRPC.
8
Section 160 Proviso

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influencing the open aggravation; to identify wrongdoer and to apprehend people whom he is
legitimately approved to, and for whose apprehension adequate ground exists.

The Crpc categorized the offence as cognizable and non-cognizable. Sec 2(1)(c) characterizes
the cognizable and non-cognizable offences. "cognizable offences" signifies an offence for
which, and cognizable case implies a case where police may as per the first schedule or under
any other law arrest a person without warrant.9 And as indicated by section 2(I) "Non cognizable
offences" signifies an offence, for which, and "Non cognizable case implies a case wherein,
police has a no position to arrest a person without warrant. 10 A cognizable offence can be
investigated by an officer in charge of police headquarters without warrant. Under section 154 of
Crpc, each information identifying with the commission of a cognizable offence whenever given
in the oral form to an official should be converted to writing. 11 A copy of the data as specified
under section (1) should be provided to the informant12.

CHAPTER II: FIRST INFORMATION REPORT

Under section 154, the statement which is recorded of the information usually mentioned in first
information report (F. I. R) The principal object of first information report is to set the criminal
law in motion. The first information report means an information recorded by a police officer on
duty given either by the aggrieved person or any other person to the commission of an alleged
offence. The police commence its investigation on the basis of first information report. Section
154 of the code of criminal procedure 1973 defines as to what amounts to first information

The said section reads as under:- ‘Information in cognizable cases (1) every information relating
to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer-in-charge of a police
station, shall be reduced to writing by hm or under his direction, and be read over to the
informant; and ever such information, whether given in writing or reduced it to writing as
aforesaid shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a

9
Section 156(1) of CRPC.
10
Section 155 CRPC.
11
Section 154(15) CrPc.
12
Section 154(2) Crpc.

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book to be kept by such officer in such form as the state government may prescribe in this
behalf13.’

CHAPTER III: MISCONDUCT OR ILLEGAL ACTION BY THE POLICE

Now-a-days custodial torture has become a common phenomenon and a routine police practice
of interrogation these days. Though there is no specific and separate protection against torture.
Accused is beaten or starved or tortured in many ways during the course of investigation by the
police. Development human rights demand that this is a dangerous practice and should be
eliminated. There is a huge gap between rate at which crime are committed and F. I. R's are
lodged, public complaints are not addressed properly and there is always delay in FIR. Quality of
investigating standards is deteriorating work load is also one of the major reasons for
inefficiency of police. There is delay in justice in India due to conventional method of
investigation. Third degree torture is usually assumed to be a shortcut method of investigation by
the police due to hierarchical pressures14. The primary duty of police officials is to serve
mankind, to prevent crime, to uphold and protect human rights and to investigate and detect and
activate the prosecution of offences, to curb public disorder, to deal with major and minor crisis
and help those who are in distress. But it is often seen that while discharging official duties,
police officials do not undertake their responsibilities in a proper way and abuse their power for
personal or official gain.

These improper actions by police officials or use of excessive power than that is reasonably
necessary lead to miscarriage of justice, discrimination and involve obstruction of justice.
Though the goals and objectives of police are noble but they have been criticized and condemned
for committing acts which are just contrary and this is because the powers given to them to fulfill
their social responsibilities are capable of being abused by them to trample the constitutional
rights of the community15. If we see the misconduct of police the first thing comes in our minds
are corruption and other forms of police crimes. As they violate the human rights to the extent

13
Section 154Crpc.1973
14
Arvind Verma, the Indian Police A Critical Evolution (Daya Books 2005).
15
available at https://blog.ipleaders.in /remedies-illegal-police-action/amp

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with which no other agency violated it. It is strange that a democratic country such as India does
not trust one of the most important administration organs of its elected government – the police.

The lower income classes, of course, feel intimidated by them and in constant fear of their
convenient authority. It follows that there is a grim lack of understanding about the nature and
functions of the police in the country. The problems of the Indian police which run as deep as the
design, structure, culture and leadership remain hidden. The case of State of UP v Ram Sagar
Yadav16 was central to the 113th report of the Law Commission of India which discussed the
issue of injuries in police custody. Though there is no specific and separate protection against
torture during the course of investigation by the police. However, In D.K Basu v/s State of West
Bengal17, the Court has laid down detailed guidelines to be followed by the police at the time of
arrest and detention.

(1) The police personnel carrying out the arrest and handling the interrogation of the
arrestee should bear accurate, visible and clear identification and name tags with their
designations. The particulars of all such police personnel who handle interrogation of
the arrestee must be recorded in a register.
(2) That the police officer carrying out the arrest of the arrestee shall prepare a memo of
arrest at the time of arrest and such memo shall be attested by at least one witness, who
may be either a member of the family of the arrestee or a respectable person of the
locality from where the arrest is made. It shall also be counter signed by the arrestee and
shall contain the time and date of arrest.
(3) A person who has been arrested or detained and is being held in custody in a police
station or interrogation center or other lock-up, shall be entitled to have one friend or
relative or other person known to him or having interest in his welfare being informed,
as soon as practicable, that he has been arrested and is being detained at the particular
place, unless the attesting witness of the memo of arrest is himself such a friend or a
relative of the arrestee.
(4) The time, place of arrest and venue of custody of an arrestee must be notified by the
police where the next friend or relative of the arrestee fives outside the district or town

16
1985 SCR (2) 621.
17
(1997) 1 SCC 416; AIR 1997 SC 610

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 through the Legal Aid Organization in the District and the police station of the area
concerned telegraphically within a period of 8 to 12 hours after the arrest.
(5) The person arrested must be made aware of this right to have someone informed of his
arrest or detention as soon as he is put under arrest or is detained.
(6) An entry must be made in the diary at the place of detention regarding the arrest of the
person which shall also disclose the name of the next friend of the person who has been
informed of the arrest and the names and particulars of the, police officials in whose
custody the arrestee is.
(7) The arrestee should, where he so requests, be also examined at the time of his arrest and
major and minor injuries, if any present on his/her bed, must be recorded at that time.
The “Inspection Memo” must be signed both by the arrestee and the police officer
effecting the arrest and its copy provided to the arrestee.
(8) The arrestee should be subjected to medical examination by a trained doctor every 48
hours during his detention in custody by a doctor on the panel of approved doctors
appointed by Director, health Services of the concerned state or union territory.
Director, Health Services should prepare such a penal for all tehsils and districts as well.
(9) Copies of all the documents including the memo of arrest, referred to above, should be
sent to the Magistrate for his record.
(10) A police control room should be provided at all district and state headquarters, where
information regarding the arrest and the place of custody of the arrestee shall be
communicated by the officer causing the arrest, within 12 hours of effecting the arrest
and at the police control room it should be displayed on conspicuous notice board. In
Kishore Singh v State of Rajasthan18, the Supreme Court showed its deep concern
regarding the police atrocities in the following words “No police life style which relies
more of fists than wits and on torture more than on culture can control crime because it
means boomerang on ends and re-fuel the vice which it seeks to extinguish.

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION

18
AIR 1954 Raj 264.

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The criminal justice system and in particular, the police have remained unchanged for the last
140 years. There has been no difference in the behavioral aspect of police personnel either.
Police personnel see themselves as rulers and guardians of the state, emphasizing order
maintenance rather than service to the people. India is a nation where bureaucrats of every rank
indulge in notorious dealings undaunted by the police, the so-called enforcers of law and order,
because these officials are practiced in the art of bribery and influence. The criminalization of
politics has affected police performance more than that of any other State institution. While there
are numerous provisions in the Constitution of India along with other laws, most of these
provisions are not implemented. It is usually the poor and deprived sections of the society who
are victims of custodial crimes and police atrocities." Poor people regard the police as agents of
oppression, not protection. Over and over again, poor people said that justice and police
protection are only for rich businesses, rich people and those with connections" As the law
stands at present, there is no special provision as to the burden proof where injuries were
received by a person in police custody.

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 REFERENCES

N. V. Paranjape, Criminology &

penology with
Victomilogy, 39(CLP,15th edn, 2011).
N. V. Paranjape, Criminology &
penology with
Victomilogy, 39(CLP,15th edn, 2011).
1. Sunipun (2017) Remedies Against Illegal Action by Police.
https://blog.ipleaders.in/remedies-illegal-police-action/
2. Tresolini, Taylor and Barnett (1955). Arrest Without Warrant: Extent and Social
Implications. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 2.
3. Horace L., Wilgus (1924). Arrest without a Warrant. The Michigan Law Review
Association,22, 541-577.
4. Heera, Prabhavathi (2017). Power of arrest is under arrest: A critical analysis in light of code
of criminal procedure. International Journal of Law, 3; Issue 1; 01-06.

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