COTTON BREEDING

By

MUHAMMAD ANAS
Roll No.250 Bs.c (Hon) 7 th semester

Department of Plant Breeding And Genetics

Submitted to

Prof. Dr. FARHATULLAH SIR

Acting Dean in the Faculty of Crop Production Sciences
The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

INTRODUCTION
Scientific Name: Gossypium spp

Family: malvaceae
Chromosome No.: 2n =26, 4n=52

GEOGRAPHICAL Distribution: Cultivated all over the world

Area: 7-8 m ha

Production: 2.6 m bales

India ranks first in area and second in production

China first in production

Leading countries are India, USA, Russia, China, Brazil Pakistan, Egypt.

All the four species are growing in India

Progenitors: Gossypium africanum, G. raimondii, Gossypium africanum – reached India by traders and
travelers and differentiated into two species G. herbaceum and G. arboretum.

BOTONY
 Cotton plant has very prominent erect stem leaves are arranged alternately and spirally around
the Stem.
 leaves are petioled and lobed
 The stem and leaves are pubscent the large leaf veins bear external glands known as nectaries
and excrete a sweetish fluid.

FLOWER
 Cotton flowers occur singly (solitary)
 Produced on sympodial branches from the terminal buds
 Base of flower surrounded by three leaf like triangular bracts (epicalyx)
 The calyx is reduced to a small cup shaped structure with five lobes

The branching of cotton 2 types

A) monopodial branching
B) fruiting or sympodial branching

Vegetative structurally like main stem sympodial branches bears flowers and fruits

COROLLA
 Bright yellow
 5 petals
 Gamopetalous
 In interior petals united to base of staminal column

ANDROECIUM
 Numerous stamens
 Filaments are united to form a tubular staminal column (Monadelphous) around the style
 Anthers arranged in five rows on staminal tube
GYNOECIUM
 Pistils consists of 3-5 carpels corresponding to locules in fruit
 Ovary – superior,
 Style – Single
 Ovary develops into a capsule or bole
 Each locule have 8-12 ovules
 5-9 ovules mature

ANTHESIS
 Twisted corolla emerges from the bracts
 Variation in time of flower opening
 Maximum flower opening – 8 to 10a
 Temperature also affects flower opening
 Stigma becomes receptive soon after flower opening
 Stigma receptivity – 24 hrs
 Pollen viability – 12 hrs

POLLINATION
 Self-Pollinated crop because pollen is shed directly on stigma
 Cross pollination due to insects
 Cross pollination ranges from 5-25% sometimes exceeds 50%
 Hence cotton is an often-cross pollinated crop

FERTILIZATION & FRUIT SET

 Fertilization is completed in 36-40 hrs after pollination
 6 to 8 weeks from first flower to ripe fruit
 Fruit is boll
 Young fruit or fruit bud is called a square

SELFING TECHNIQUES
 Paper bag method
 Ring method
 Mud smear
 Other methods

CROSSING TECHNIQUES
 Emasculation
 Pollen collection
 Artificial pollination

SELECTION OF FLOWER BUD

 The crossing work is initiated after one week of flower initiation.
 The flower buds of proper stage (buds which are likely to open the next day) are selected for
emasculation.
 Such buds have generally cream colour and are well developed.
Emasculation and crossing techniques
 Hand emasculation and crossing
 Humphrey and tuller method

EMASCULATION
 An incision is made at the bottom near calyx
 A circular shallow cut is given so that the corolla and stamen tube surrounding style come off
 Bag with butter paper and tag it

Hand emasculation and crossing

 Done in female parent on the evening
 Using nails of thumb of both the hands the staminal column along with anthers and attached
petals are removed
 During next day morning the anthers of male flowers are rubbed against the stigma of
emasculated flower and then bagged

POLLEN COLLECTION
 Collect flowers from the male parent during early morning hours
 Collect pollen in straw tube
 Pollinate next morning between 8am to 1pm
 Insert the straw tube containing pollen, on emasculated flower stigma

Fertilization and fruit set

 In hand emasculation 65-70% success will be seen
 After fertilization white flowers turn to pink or red

Cultivated Species:

I. Asiatic cottons or old-world cotton (Diploid cotton – 2n = 26)

1. G. arboretum
2. G. herbaceum
II. New world cotton (Tetraploid cottons – 2n = 52)
3. G. hirsutum – American / upland cotton
4. G. barbadense – Egyption / sea island cotton

G. hirsutum is predominant species which contributes about 90% to the current world production.
Besides cultivated species there are about 46 wild species India is the only country where all the 4
cultivated species are grown for commercial cultivation

ORIGIN & EVOLUTION

Genus Gossypium is originated in Central Africa

 G. arboreumand G. herbaceum origin in Asia

 G. barbadense origin in Egypt
 G. hirsutum origin in America

Ancestor: G.herbaceum (AA) and G.raimondii (DD)

Cotton belongs to genus Gossypium. The genus has 35 diploid (ABCDEF genomes) and 6 tetraploid
species out of these only two diploid and two tetraploid species are categorized as cultivated.

Sr.No Botanical Name Chromosome Genome Remarks

No

1. G.hebacium 2n=26 A1A1 Deshi or old world cotton

2. G.arboreum 2n=26 A2A2 Deshi or old world cotton

American or new world
3. G.hirsutum 2n=52 A1A1D1D1 cotton
American or new world
4. G.barbadense 2n=52 A2A2D2D2 cotton

The new world tetraploid species are allapolyploids, which originated by hybridization between old
world and the new world diploid species.

Diploid old world species X Diploid new world species

2n = 26 (AA) 2n = 26 (DD) F1 2n=26 (AD)

Chromosome doubled 4n=52 (AADD)

Tetraploid new world species

Gossypium hirsutum was first time introduced into Bombay in 1790 and most early introductions failed
due to attack of Jassids and leaf minor. During recent years many agricultural varieties are developed.
New varieties originated from crosses involving older varieties races or species.

The cultivated new world Allotetraploid cotton species dominate world cotton production Gossypium
barbadense is known for extra log fine and strong fiber. Cultivated Gossypium hirsutum upland cotton
accounts for major world production.

IMPORTANCE
 Cotton constitutes 85% of raw material for textile industry
 Around 80% of the pesticide is consumed by cotton only
 Cotton seed oil used in lubrication industry
 Seed contain alkaloid gossypol

Breeding Objectives:
1. High yield and early maturity.
2. Resistant to disease and pests
3. Breeding for staple length, fiber strength, fineness of fiber.
4. Increased lint to seed ratio.
Breeding Methods:
i. Introduction:
Cambodia cotton in 1906 from America, Andrews from sea Island.
ii. Pure Line Section:
Pure line selection is practised for maintainers of genetic purity of existing varieties and
development of new by selection within hybrid population. Pure lines varieties developed
one Ganga-1, CC-2, MCU-5, SRT-1, Eknath, Sanjay.
iii. Hybridization:
Normally pollen shed directly on the stigma when anthers open. Pollen is rarely wind born,
as it is heavy and sticky. Cross – pollination to the extent of 5 to 30 % is possible by insects,
mostly honeybees.
For hybridization emasculation is done one day earlier of the flower opening. Corolla is
removed by hand or cut away with scissors. The stamens are removed with forceps. Ripe
anthers are collected from pollen parent in straw tube and slipped over emasculated stigma
and stigma immediately enclosed with bract by wire. Similarly, ripe anthers can be rubbed
on the stigma of the emasculated flower. The pollination is usually done a day after
emasculation. The emasculation may be done
1) By taking circular cut at the base and piercing needle through staminal tube or
2) Removed of anthers by pointed forceps. It is also be done by thumb and nail method
and instead of bagging small piece of straw tube inserted over stigma of emasculated
flower and tied along with bracts with thread.
iv. Pedigree Method:
This method practised by crossing two complementing parental lines. In the early
generations the individual both plant progenies are grown as in the self-pollinated crops and
selection is practised both between and within rows for favorable traits. In later segregating
generations promising lines for plant type, insect pest and disease varieties.
v. Heterosis Breeding:
India is created first country where hybrid cotton (H4) was used on commercial scale in 1970
on seed production by hand emasculation. Later on number of hybrids were released for
commercial cultivation.