= Thus the symbol |@ cd | Tepresents a second order determinant and its mes janie its meaning or value is 4, b =ad- be c . | Fig. 5.01 For example, | § Bl asx 1-ex-9-5-6) u The numbers a, b, c and dare called the elements of the determinant and the expression ad - be on R.H.S. is called the expansion of the determinant. The elements a and b are said to be in the first row, the elements c and din the second row, the elements a and c in the first column and the elements band d in the second column. Thus a determinant of second order contains 2 rows and 2 columns, The first element, i.e., a is called the leading element and the diagonal ad the leading diagonal. If we consider the two simultaneous equations: aneartl ayx+by=0 Elimination of x and y gives a,b,-a,b, = 0 aa ,) im the determinant form as | @! A We may write the expression (a, by =a, a, b,\° Thus it d first column by ,,, an element in the first row and rs element in the first row an i sect cai (i ra ‘and an element in the second row and first column by a,, and an element in the second a and second olumn by dy, (the frst subscripts refer to rows while the second subscripts refer to columns) then we may denote @ second order determinant by a 42 = ay ay — 94) 91 ny 22 2 ay 2 Ch5-1 > fe— a,b, ras the vale Cele: 64 4 h fused with the absolute value — 3), e ay 3 shoud not BE . Caution, The determinant hy OD. = Note. We may name 2 gi 13 Ex. 1. Evaluate the determinant |4 2" =2+12=14. a 1-3) oy e2-4x-3)=2 4 12= 4 Sol. a 2 © Ex. 2, Find the value of the determinant cos A sal =sin A cos A Sol. A = cos Ax cos A (~sin dx sin A) = cos? A + sin? 4=) 1. Evaluate the following determinants: an : ab +2 2x45) 0 a) (iti) | ay | +5 4 iv) | ' ra “ba Ol sr-t xed @ ioe me 9 [PF - y-y sin®cos® tay a y Ptaysy h 2. Prove that ae ale, sin cos80°| ~ ** | 3, find the value of m. 4, (i) Find the value of x, if fe x72 x x33 _|8 7 -| (AICBSE1"! 5. Determine the value of for which oo <8.02. Determinant of orden 5 = Anexpression of the form Determinants ——— is called a determi inant A determinant of third ‘ 5.03. Value of a Consider the three ax a,x ax From the second : by the method of cros > Substituting the a,(b The expression o by C; is repres Thus The above gives the R.H.S. of (4) is ¢ This may be ren 5.04. The rule Sarmus gave a nu not exist for determt Rule. Write d and repeat the first are obtained from t from the top to botto the elements runnin beginning being ma column. Ex. 3. Evaluathere weer? pereene 1 wet. js te fret 1% nant af ander + vo fate 3, We may porn vist that each ebennest 4 He 8 © 4 funetion is satahilebed, The ordered pairs are (4% elemet ivan by any rere OF coluenn x determinant therefore, ererrminant 19 pasted ih particular minor , its minor) using minors, we may Keep in s Noted, While expanding a deter 1a)nd the following scheme af signe for a Hird onde 1 consists of all 2er0s, the value of the = Note §, In row oF w column of w determinan! ‘Coterminant is zero, 24 4 mY 1s ~ e minors of the Do fix, 9, Express the value of the determinant ' a in terms of th elements of the third row, Value of the determinant sum of the elements each multiplied by the associated co-factor 4| fet Arcat fe aArarfe ft f On evaluating each of the Ind order determinants the value 130 is obtained. 1, Write minors and cotactors of etements of determinant K ‘| (NCERT) 204 1 2. Write down the minors of 2and din] 123 , 204 10 2 4, Write down the co-tactors of Vand of the determinant {412 4 8 6 4 CO Write the oot , a te the co factory of elements of the second row af the determinant | 46 a / Ysing cotactors of elements of second row evaluate : , I sat in v-J2 04 A Lad cvoRrRD o 2g Write the minors anal co-tactory of each elemento ot the fiewt . Ge _wnevaluate the determinant i each case john of ihe fathow ing dororminane 5 0 Va bk . EO Jo | wy lo Yds | , wlts oeDeterminants St Chae 6. Evaluate | 2 3 3 20 uso 7. Find the value of the determinants a x+h @ | 2 6 10 re 7? poy 3 )}x xan y iy) 122 31 11 38 ‘ Gi) |2? 3g? x x+h 2 4 3 8. a " “seminars by minors of the given row or column. 2-1 4 ; Sei @ [2.1 4 |scotumnt ia f et @))3 0 1); cotumn 2 (i) |2 3 -tl row z I 42 3 9. Solve for x: x00 Bae @ [2 1 3}=3 (| 0 2 1]=28 0: ieee 3.14 lab 10. Show that}-a@ 1 cl =1+ @+B+c2, -b -c 1 11. Expand and simplify the following: it x y 0 tan@ 1 sind 1 0 () |0 cosx siny (| 1 sec 0 (iii)| 0 cos -cos® 0 sinx cosy seco tan@ 1 sing 0. 1 16x 12. Ifone root of |2. x 2|=0isx=-9, find the other roots. (HT 1992) 3.7 ANSWERS 1. Minors : M, 5, M,,=cand M;,=a Cofactors: 4, cand 4, =a 2. Minor of - 2 = 5, Minor of 3. Cofactor of 3 = — 10, Co-factor of -2= 19 4. (i) Co-factor of - 4 =~ 39, Co-factor of 3 = 3, Co-factor of 6 = 11 (ii) 7 Si) My =~ 1, Myy = 20, Ay, =-1, Ay = 20 b ca b be] _|a be i) Mn=| ogy p Mam]. os pan i b ca a be| , ja be Au | 6 abl Je abl |b ea9.0/7. “Applications of determinants Area of a triangle. . a 1), (yep ; You have lames class XI that the area of a triangle whose vertices are (x), ¥,), (x, y ah (yy) 1 Y— y)—¥>) is given by the expression = 7 B02 -¥)) + Oy-¥) #34) -¥y)] = FB 0)-¥)-9) G4) Hy, — 9] This expression is the expansion of the determinant x yl xy I yy I 1 2 Remark. Since the determinant for the area, Hence, area has to be a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the area of a triangle whose vertices are (91) Co Ya), (45.95) is piven by 41 dy lft. se vertices are ; ©2, ~ 3), (3, 2), C1,~8), Sol. The area of the triangle is given by a=/473 3} ala 1 2F-1 3 | ! = [40C2442)-146-5 +1(-4 s 2 He 449 (by expanding along the third column) - [pens] 15, Heke, required area = 15 Sq units, Ex.-il. If the points (a, 5), (a’, 5) an Sot., The given points are collineay | a 6 1 ifS a a I =0 ‘4fa-a b-b 1 id (a~a’ pp, . A hea, %) *re collinear, Show that ab’ =a'b. oF the triangle formed by them is zer0-Expanding along the third Column, w 7 Ch 5-11 . ate “ a! = Vig val la—a' bolt peo 5 => a'(b-b’)-b’ OTB i. ib! ~a'h cp . 7 ab’ ~a'h = > a'b-a'b’ ~ ab’ + ay ee = abl -a'b=0 = ab’ = a's Note : After doing Properties of determinants you can easily by applying =0, simplify more Ry RyRy and Ry —> Ry -Ry and expanding along Geol aen yee A -a eh 9 EXERCISE 5 (0) | 1, Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are: () 8, ~2), (-4,-6), 1,5) (ii) (3, 5), (3, - 6), (7, 2). 2. Using determinants, prove that the follow; (i) (11, 7), (5,5), (= 1, 3) (ii) (0, 3), (4, 6), (= 8, - 3) 3. Show that the points (b, ¢ + a), (c, a +b) and (a, b +e) are collinear. 4. Find x so that the points, (3, - 2), (x, 2) and (8, 8) be on a line. ing points are collinear x 5. If (x, y), (a, 0), (0, b) are collinear, then using determinants prove that - ANSWERS 1.) Wequnits (ii) 46 sq units 4x25 ropet jinants eee Hi ied that are useful by virtue of the fact that they permit to ee qual determinants with different and simpler configurations of entries. This, in turn, 7 ps i ie values of determinants. In other words, they help us in their transformations. Me Per Properties as shown below, and illustrate them by using third order determinants, but the p y i order. i al pn teen any row, or each entry in any column, of a determinant sO, then a be determinant is equal to 0. 315 ; _ Poreee et too: 0] — 3 * {Expanding by using 2nd row] inant remains id columns into rows, the determ o “oper 2. If rows be changed into columns and col a a % a A 4 Forexampte, |b, | = [a2 & & oo Pa a aeApplying C; —> Cyto Ist det, Applying C, —> C,, to Ist det. = |1 lx x =(1+payzy|1 yy? Pz z Applying R, = plying R, + R, RyRy Ry-R,, we get lx gg an lox 7 =(1+pryz) 0 y-x y-x7!=(14 pyzylo vox 0 z-x 2 0 z-x 1 x x =(1+pxyz)(y-x)(@-x)|0 1 y+x 01 zx Expanding along C,, we get = (I+ poz) v-9(e- [IE +2) - + 0] (1 + pxyz) (vy - x) (2- x) (2 -y) = (1+ pxyz)(x-y) (v-2)(2- RUS atly comnomesie) x (@) Without evaluating problems (i) to (x) state why each statement is true. 231 313 210 wo 0 of-0 wmlot of-0 in} 3 4 1}=0 =1b 270) 12 -420 1 6132 2 2014 = i) =0 f°9 ©) 3 6 1 2h 0 4 SUB alo! 5——_—_ = 3 Ch 5-34 oT 2 3 2l 7 ud is4 3 1 pee \ of waft go 1S ow [40 7] ]F OL 2) 13 -1 a ss af feral st 2] [2 -! 2 2 2+ : +[4 0 4 “a , ol por] [eo co] fart of 4 3 0f [5 3 4 uy fo o wBf=-/t : as 3 0 gs 3 : core! Jot t stating and using the theorems oy, etel ant bul (4) Without actually expanding the determi determinants, show that i 23) [t2 3 23 4/-jr tt 345 10 -l 2. Without expanding the determinant show that: a _ 2 5 1s -25 o ” ; A 0 a) 7 21 30/=0 wy syedy 4x 2v}ox! 1432 84 42 lox+8y 8x 3x (AICBSE 2014, 2009, 20026, Va a* be Low (my [6B cal <0 (yf @? 1 | = O,where a is one of the cube roots of unity ~ Ive ab oo 1 o 3. Using the properties of determinants, show that 0 p-q p-r q-p 0 q-rl=0 r-pr-qg 0 @ (EAMCET 1993, NMOC 1995) Gi) JL ytz ye =(-)y-=2) (2-2) a | 239 iil) | a b c “8 WW) }13 17 5 bte c+a ath 1S 20 12 veh oxy fox oxth ox =R Gra), oe / (EAMCET 1994 sin? yea I (i feos ar si Il=0 10 aithout expanding the determin; a 7 wil fant at any stage, prove that + yo} x4 x0 y-2 ¥-3 x-B =0, where a, y are in A.P yel x-2 x-y7 , (NMOC 1996, CBSE 2007) gsing properties of Determinants, evaluate; a-b b-c c-a s|o-¢ cma a-b aN 1 Oo) be USC, CBSE 2009, NCERT) « - 11 Poe x 6} i -b ot (Roorkee (SP) 1992). 7)2 3 ge uso hot ot Pag 3 3, Solve the following equations: a 15-2x 11 10 (afl -2 5 |=0 7) (ii) |11-3x 17 16|=0 (NMOC 1998) 1 2x 5x? qx 14 13 x-l rool (ij| 1 x-1 1 |=0 (CET (Karnataka) 1992) 11 oxo By le (| -1 5-4-1 |=0 (ISC 1999) 1-1 3-4 aa bte 9. |b B atc} =(b-c)(c—a)(a-b) (at b+e) cc atb (Type ISC 2013, CBSE 2008, 200C, NCERT) Using properties of determinants, prove that a la bte i= mataka) 4) wll 6 cral-o (SCRA 90, PET (Raj), CEE (Bihar), CET (Kar ES lc a+b 2 Sina. cosa cos(a+5) ov ML. |sinB “ cosB cos (B +5) |= siny cosy cos (y+9) Yez 2 y | zx = |= 4208 y x xtycorse Cie eee -b +a) atrbee , seem orot -¢ atrbre - . b cg atbee a] I ay 2 wityte) (CBSE 20130) 1 ee es ESC 19 fi: | | incom [See Solved Ex. 29] (Commit £0 memory) (USC, HP. Pb) jroruod .{a By =(a-B)B-NA-® By ya af 2.2 i : 1 bare be 1 be be(b+e) 2. a2 | C, + C, + C, and use 1 + @ + @?= 0. 7 Apply C. + C,-40,.6, > 6,-9¢, 9 Operate C, — C, + C,, take out (a + 6 + c) common, IL. Apply C, + C, = (sin 8) C,~ (60s 8) C,. Fem mec, GIG * Gy then Ry > Ry ~ Ry and then expand, = ee bn EG te PBR +By Rs Ry Ryan expand along 17. Apply R, > R. RR RR, Operate R, > Ry ~ Ry, Ry > Ry ~R, ey & Apply C+ C+ 6, +6, then C9 ¢ -¢, imerchange R,.R, and RR? 2S > G.-C). Now, Q3¢,- (+GF 1. Apply R, > R, +R +R, Then apply gq >6-C and. >C,-c 2 In all pans apply cc +¢, ae Ry RR, TT G* Cand take out common factor, Then, R, -&: (i) Applying C, + S+G+C, (04 b+ 1. Take a,b and ¢ common fiom ¢ » Cy and : 2 Apply > Rag, 2G, "spectively Apply C.40,-¢. LDperate C, PO +Gs6, 4 Expand along R 3.Yake out commen fom p : Ped 47Expand by C, 2and R,, 2 > RR and RRR, L.spperate C, G+Gt+e 3 3. Now operate R, + R, _ p R 2 ou 3 % sek + 1. Wperate ay, bRs cR, ang dy, “common from C,.