MATRICES Itis often desirable to present andcolumns. The table of values oftrigonomete ee ite columns have the headings sine cosine tare angles, expressed in degrees. It is convention) een s conventio : ce nal to call the vertical lines columns and the horizontal 1, Here is @ Bowling Analysis in cricket set of numb i "S (oF other elements) ina rectangular array of rows Overs | Maidens Runs | Wickets Yogesh 15 7 70 John 18 6 fs a Aslam 10 3 21 ' 2, Here is an example of simultaneous linear equations: 2x-3y = 7 e +5y =9 These may be set down as below: Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant term 2 -3 1 1 : 5 9 Tables are a concise method of presenting a mass of information. When we construct a table from acollection of data, we generally arrange the data in rows and columns. We extract the information from the table by reading the entry corresponding to a row and column intersection. Any table is @ matrix. Definition. A Matrix (plural is matrices) is an array of real numbers (or other suitable | entities), arranged in rows and columns. Entries. The entities are called entries, or elements, of a matrix. In this book we shall consider only real numbers as entries. A matrix is customarily displayed in a pair of brackets or parentheses. Ifa matrix appears in an understood context, we may ‘omit the row and column headings. Thus the matrices of illustration Nos. | and 2 above can be represented as nS 770° 5}. [2' -3 7 ig 6 55 4{and|1 , 10 3 21 1 2 Ch6-1 respectively. Scanned with CamScannera 16 Mathematics — The folloy ng are all matrices: eral i 6.02. The order of a matri: ‘The order or dimension ofa mat first component the number, ix. Thus, “four by four”) mar then the number of columns, an mx m (read “by n) mattis, aetna mats and then vo subsets are appended, the it subseript ling oy in which row the entry occurs, and the second telling which column, Thus, we write Element ith row and theoluma, ‘Where a, isthe element inthe second row and frst column, second column. Generalising, a, isthe element in ith row ‘The general form of a matrix with m rows and n columns is the element in the third row and jth column, 1 2 sm om Oy tm ty %, Aang =| 82 4%, This mx) matrix canbe denoted compactly a8 (4), petted s 3 7) setae ta ay o14 3 matrix. The element 7 occurs in the second row and third column. 176, rents, what are the possible orders it can have ? What will b the possible orders ements? Sol, We know that a mat mx has mn elements. Hence, to ind all possible orders of ‘matrix having 12 element, ind all ordered paits the product of whose component ‘The possible ordered pairs having the property stated above are (1, 12), (12, 1), (2, 6), (6,2) (3,4), (4, 3). Hence possible orders are 112,12 1,2%6,622,3%4 and 4x3, Scanned with CamScannerRemark. IF the matiix hogy 7 "Ments, Bx.3.(0) Construct a2 5 Matrix 4 — : (0) Construct a2 5 a lah, whose Clements are given by ay= G+ a0 i 1 Whose. Clements are nlven by q, = = 24" Sol.(a) Letty 5 [‘ 4, ea 4, “] Potting i= 1, jy aloe Similarly, ay = Caray 95 . 2 2 ye Qt2nF @sren? E fr z yg = hey 8 ‘| () Given, gy = = 2 2 where lisa, 1. ay A ay Then, 4 2-2 a, = G29 The required matrix is My 2 a3 5 2: 2 8g La eal? 2 M2 ayy 02 Ex. 4. Construct a 3 x 4 matrix whose elements area, = i+ M1 42 3 Oy Sol. Let the 3 4 matrix be | dy ay 3 ayy 4%) 52 33 yg Since i+, therefore, 5 f a = 1+1=2, ag=1+2=3, ay=143=4, a,=1+4=5 = 24153, ay=2+2=4, a,=24+3=5, ay=2+4=6 Gy = 34+1=4, ay=34+2=5, a=343=6, ay=344=7 1 5 4567 ‘A= [a,], whose elements are given by Ex. 5, Construct a 2 x 2 matrix : i] ei @ ay= $121-3i| Way" Vix jiticy ea 4 5 Hence, the required matrix is|3_ 4 5 6 i 4] where [x] stands for greatest integer function. a i) a= 7" ll "Scanned with CamScannerPa ‘wopouny Bou NE Jo UOMO ‘suey xr e yong [z~ s) xyew a4p kg Parouap 2q ue> (z ~‘c) Sper nod, Share aporyaame 9 ay aor ng Load phlei h sommusmisan [2 e) fo ] - by | let. {9m oma aie ane ¢x¢¢ “pe joxemu amc bey wane fn 9 Powe 5 ou wx w uy 0M aonbsw paca st Je sequin 3401 yobs 04 fo sgn ous yor son F "suyem sama Gu) ore el RE = é| le 0 into 20 duo oy youn x20 ¥ xUyEM MARIOS (1) og oe 1 y giao 20 duo Sutsoy anu y syeE Moy (4) ene una k 8] tay {14s nama a xs tay sive enony (9 [i ij-r tota-[F]="oeetae[] =" oratsot-[F]=tor=[!] = fl: bd- "eEeT+= 80121 Mo say yy ‘seo.neu oy oydutex9 404 ao anys » po ‘am sopr3ur220w poy O-e-2 oy page if | +P stan pans say er Rd ly, 4 METH Wl f= Mo eagle ones Prot iRele-eie wang) ¥1 (0g m8u5 Scanned with CamScanneratoes — nly one 8 mats OFS (YPE having on cays TY Yet, ae The coordinates (1.2.3) 664 led pegylated ty the mtx |S 1 Pott in space gn MN mattis ors Lh 2] by acolumn matty, "ot enacts 2 mae i S11 2 3} bya row mattior This no accident that the 5 Me notat pave seen it Book 1 in the chapters a ation is sey mv « TA coh Note, If A = [a,] be a s, tha lun matrix : i) Bea square mat they ha ix and a column vector: the diagonal elements of 4 "X oF order m, then the z Same propenion wn” Vor # ¥u Thus, the diagonal elements of. A= | “Sments a, for which ij, are called i ~ (ai) are The line along which the diagonal a dan dy, jeading diagonal of the matrix, ements of a square marr are ma - : latrix lie, is known as the main or eg, thematrix| 3° 9 5 8 18.4 3-towed square m: rm squa ‘quare matrix in which the diagonal elements are on a. _ 0 Sm 9) and }0 7 | are diagonal matrices oes 00-1 * Adiagonal matrix of order nx n having d. day. by diag. [dy dy omy dle _ Thus, the matrix |0 4 0 may be denoted by diag [3, 4, - 7]. 00 -7 (vi) Scalar matrix. A square matrix in which the diagonal elements are all equal, all other elements being zeros, is called a scalar matrix. (NDA April 2005) 300 eg, |0 3 OJ isathird order scalar matrix. 00 3 4, as diagonal elements may be denoted Definition. A square matrix A= (aj), is called a scalar matrix if 0, for alli# j = 4g, ifi=j,wherea0 (vi) Unit matrix or Identity matrix. 4 squar® ‘matris in which each diagonal element unity, all other elements being zeros, is called a unit matrix or an identity matrix. Unit matrix of order ” is denoted by J, 100 1 0) jp =)0 1 0 eg, nef ih4 oo! is called an identity 0” unit matrix if Definition. A square matrix A= a-{ | Scanned with CamScanner‘tens aq cou t- 0 an [ny iE | lea tel 6s.¢ pu yo somes om pal '6 ue ¢ x 2 pio Jos Ne yo, oerre (Ef) [lot 3] “sone jo Auenbo jo adound am 6105 ft J [ee 3] [ee 0)” [ecex cox uowenbo xuyew ayp Ajsqes yore pus “Cryo sonpes amp PULL x, ede d= fo #,. [2 J oo le < Vliet) Lt ut Fala mto obs agoipesan Ce) =a gue") = y 227 fo mos Burpuodsaio9 90 onbo 520 fo mownye ‘pu ps0 aus 24 fo 240 529.10 yo fi So pf} ombo a gun 370 Oo seajagout Jo Aysonb3 “¥0"9 p=” say wo=d = =ms0 Jo sup a Bue) fife st] = vee eT sce en “wesayy 809 ous axqavew sy soya ysoyeanes seen | Scanned with CamScannerCn 6-7 =B > +1 ax 3, wae tlextd => Dyed -» ve tor Wiy-2)-0 => yo sor2 nce 3 take the common solution oF these two equ =Bitx=2y=2, neously m8, he. EXERCISE 6 (a) 1 ra matrix has § elements, what are the possible orders it can have ? What if it has 5 ¢ (CBSE How many entries are there in (7) a3 x 3 matrix, (i) a 3% 4 matrix, (i) an mm % 7 atrix, Gaya square matsx of order n? My ayy 4, Waite out the matrix fay Gx 25] given that a, 4 ay a3 4, Construct a 2.x 2 matrix B= [b;] whose elements are WA oh oe (i) b= pla (NCERT) «, Construct a3 x 4 matrix whose elements are: oa-i-i (a,=¥ i a, 6 (a) Construct a 2 x 3 matrix whose elements are given by i+3j 2 (#) Construct a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements in the ith row and jth column are given by (AICBSE 2002) (a= (i)a,= i+3j i+2j) oye ij (i) ay e 5-2 10°3 aifA=|7 6 4 2 1), then 0 835 6 State (i) the order of A; (ii) The number of elements (iif) Write down the entries of the second row of A; (iv) Write down the entries of the third column of 4 ; (v) State the entries 4. @ yy 4,5 0f the above matrix; (vi) Ifa, = 4, find i j 8. Find x and y such that xy -2 0 . _ a { xt] [-2 @ [3 31 [E ‘I (i) =F IY wo 3) + al oul tty ¥-2)_[3 -! . I (4 suk i find x, yz. mow) t-% +2] [-! 5 2x-y 3z+w} | 0 13. piped Scanned with CamScannerISC Mathematicg —— (10 Ue matrix ' 5 2] ath 21 16 2) cng the values of a and b Ss als 8 11. Find the values of y-and ¢ from the following edations 9 els (ety, yez | [7 12. Find the values of a, b. ¢ and dif a-b 2at+c]_[-} ‘] (erp, 2a-b xc+d}] [0 13 ANSWERS ie wh sma as 5 ements te possible oF are 1x5 a 54 V1 8,8 1,264.42. When 12s 1 9 ; ; wpm maeon[s 2c of 2 2 2 (9 plz (Hi) 9 6 3 a | eae 112 ¥3 va) ee aes wi246 8 (ii) 21 23 Wa} FO 369 12 332 1 34) 1 22> 923 150 s- 2 2 2 walt 4 | 8 18 6. (ad 5 3 i) 5 2 ars S23 : 2549 a 35 2 2 1. 3%5 (i) 3x57 15 4 @) 443 1-24.33 (0) 172/73 Bre-2y=0 (i xe-hy=3 ii) x=-3,y=3 =4, (i) a=2,6=4 0ra=4,b=2 Bx=lye2ce3 10 Or =ly=2 U, x=2,ye4,253. 1 a=], OPERATIONS ON MATRICES 6.05. The sum or addition of matrices Consider the following example: Rakesh and Anil are close competitors in the mathematics class. They compare theit marks the end of the second term, the scores for the two terms being as given below: First term Second term Total Atecbra Rekash Anit Rakesh Anil Rakesh Anil lee 95 90 90 92 18s 182 Geometry 8587 88 89 173176 Ifwe set out this information in matrix form, we can write 95 90) [90 92) _ figs 192 85 87) °|88 89} ~ |173 176 This method of combining matrix is called the sum or addition of matrices. Scanned with CamScanner| atrioes. — — —— tition, Te sof marie ofthe anc one A nd th terme matrix (A+ Dns inn he rave and jth columunts an, 4h fort Uo Zr Kea and = fe 23 Thu A [a hg AN B= [yl ye HOO A+B = ex words, the sum of nother words, the sum of two matrices isa mat bs matrix of the same 0 r ae coesponding ents OF Ay ey and B, x of the same order, whos 3.12 ex0[3 ' welt : al-[ 341 140 242]_[4 1 4 a ’ 30 2+(-1) 143 440) [1 4 4 ote. Two matrices ofthe same order are said to b i Ex. 11. [sit possible to define the matrix 4 + B, when (p Ahas3 rows and B has 2 rows Gi Abas 2 columns and B has 4 columns (iy A has 3 rows and B has 2 columns (jo) Both A and B are square matrices ofthe same order ? Sol. (i) No, because A + B is defined only if A and B are of the same order. (ii) No.As above. (a Ye only when A has 2 columns and B has 3 rows for in that case bot order. Gv) Yes. Always. 6.06. Zero matrix or null matrix In the algebra of real numbers R, the equ: wwe say that 0is the identity element for addition in . Inthe algebra whose entries are 0 play a corresponding role. Thus, 5 2),[0 0] _[ 5+0 2+0)_7 5 2 -2 3}*|0 0 -2+0 3+0| |-2 3] denoted by O. It may be of any order. An m x 77 fhe matrix is square, we might write O,, where 7 | = 0 for zero matrix is also used in some books. ‘eentries are the sums {dition. h will be of the same a+0=aiis satisfied for all a € R. Accordingly of matrices, the matrices all of Such a matrix is called a zero matrix and is zero matrix may also be denoted by Oy, 4» 9 it indicates the order of the matrix. Thus, ecs, ooo ooo 000 0,,, = 09 Or5-[0 0 4] Remark, The notation = 6.07. The negative of the matrix The negative of the matrix Ay. denoted bY ~ Ay entry in the matrix A, with the additive inverse. 3-1 2-2], then 4,2 -4 5 .) is ealied the difference of By. y and Ay « sp is the matrix formed by replacing each 3 3 ,, and is denoted by For example, if Ayea > The sum =a 3, Definition, fA = (4). ‘matrix, then X is called the additive inverse net © ae and X is any matris of the same order such that + X= 0 the zero of Ac It is clear that X =~ Ae Scanned with CamScanner ———a | Se Maoales =| nd Ab (=A) (e-(E4] [624] [" Ex. 12, Find the additive inverse of A = [ "i e Ht _ fh of whose elements gy, Se Je " fs * epee os We know that additive inverse of 48: matrix of same order exe egative of corresponding clement of A. oe as = 0 A 6.08. Subtraction of matrices For the set of real numbers, subtraction was defined as fol VabeRa-b =at(-b) We will definé the subtraction of matrices ina similar Definition. If 4 and B are matrices of the same order, difference or subtraction of B and A and is denoted | by B-A. 1-2 ex tie-[_} J and w-() i} find L- M. lows: way. ; then the sum B + (— A) is called ih, 2-1 0-C2]_{ } al 6.09. Properties of sums of matrices [At this poin, we are abl to establish the following facts concerning the et Syn (¥ ™" €N) of all m x n matrices with real number entries. ‘Theorem: 1/4, B and Care members ofthe set, ofall m xn matrices with real number entries, then LAtBES yyy Closure law for addition IL A+B=B4+A Commutative law for addition Ul (A+B)+C=A+(B+O) Associative law for addition IK, The matrix Ogg, has the property Additive-identity law that for every matris Ay. y A+O=A and O+A=A V, For every matrix Ay, the matrix — Ay, Additive-inverse law thas the property that A+(-A)=O and (-A)+(4)=O V1, IA, B, Care three matrices of the same order, then AtB=AHC > BHC Left cancellation law B+A=Ct+A => B=C Right cancellation law ‘Compare the properties listed above with the axioms of addition in R. 6.10. Solving matrix equations By using the substitution principle and the properties of equality, we can solve certain matrix equations. Suppose that we have to solve the equation X + A = B for the unknown matrix X. The answer is easy. We do exactly what we learnt to do with numbers, Add the matrix — A to both sides Scanned with CamScanner\ | at ate ———— ives This NVAt(@ A) 2 veo acs the required solution Ch 6-11 Becoay Be A, since A new whi > 13 7 Solve V+ 3iaf4 a1 Ex. 14, Solve at 2 (i; 1| for the 2 2 matrix X. > ie) f sol Xx ‘| ‘] 4-1 aa} [sa] ak (: HH Bf ast -1-3 -4] 6 2] [-1 2} [6-H 2-2 - 0] Checking, we find that ( “al 13) _f 3st -443]_f4 -! Oj [-t 2 T+El 0+2) [6 2 Therefore, the solution set is {f - ot 6.11. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar while dealing with matrices, real numbers are often referred to as scalars. We know that yre Ra t= 2xand x+x+x=2x+x= 3x, Similarly, we have repeated addition of the same matrix. @ Let A= k ‘I By definition of the addition of matrices _ fa e],fa c]_[2¢ 2 a [i hfe sl Fl _ fa c),fa ¢ a c|_[2a 2c ‘a c|_[3a 3] es [; els Mle ABE: xe[s AGE 3a] ‘The above examples suggest that w' We define the product of a real numl whose entries are the products of k an +Aas 34. fe may write A+ A as 24 and A + A ed by kd, as the matrix ber or scalar kand a matrix A, denot .d the corresponding entries of 4. Thus ke ac] _ [ka k = ‘hi R. [; ‘l (i Ke] nae Ex. 15.1f4 -[ 3, find 34 and - 24. 1 Sol. A= Ig Similarly, Notice that the product ofa real number 6.12. Properties of products of mat Products of scalars and matrices definition given above and the properties of real numl following theorem. ie 3) [eeel 2A -a4 [2X0 Jounal) oeRe abla eG ‘| -2x2 0-4 and a matrix isa matrix. rices and real numbers ber of basic properties which bers, These basic properties are gi follow from the 5 have a num iven in the Scanned with CamScannerON Ch 6-12 ISC Mathematics eee 2 >, Theorem, 4 € S,,,., and B « S,,,, where m, n are any given natural numbers and¢ deR, then : et ae 5, u =A We c(A+B) = cheb vi (-)A = =A ML (c+d)A = cAtdA VI. oA = 0 Mm (ed)A = e(dA)=d(cd) vil. co = 0 Ex. 16, Express in a single matrix : aft 3]_afe 4 1 -4]-2[4 8} ou aft a4[8 a) = HE [3 it} 000 Sol. X+4 = 0-2 X=|0 0 0]- 000 -2 <5. -7 -| 3 0 -3 -4 -5 Ex. 18, Find a matrix X such that 34 - 2B + X= 0, where 42 = ae [fab o-[2 =a 42 ay Sol. Given, A= fi 3): a-[5 1] a xe-3442B=-3[4 2]42/-? } Now, 34-28+¥ =0 @ X=- [4 af? } y- [72 -8],[-4 2]_f-12-4 -6+2]_[-16 a =[-3 -9}*L6 a}"|-3+6 -9+4]7| 3 Ex. 19. Solve the equation ft 23) 100 F\-2/x+]0 1 2]| = 3x+]0 0 O|,overS,,,. oor O01 Sol, We first perform the indicated multiplication by ~ 2 in accordance with part IV of the abort theorem to get -2 -4 -6 10 0 -2X+! 0 -2 -4| = 3x+/0 00 0 0 -2 oot -2 -4 -6 10 0 > 0 -2 -4| = 3y+2xV+/0 0 0 0 0 =2 oot -6] [1 0 0] f-3 -4 - > -2 -4/-]0 0 OJ} =|0 -2 - 0-2] [oo 1 0 0 - Scanned with CamScannerrequired solution. is the ni peer a= ding -2 Wand B= diag {1 3° — 2), find 24-38. . 30 0 raven = 4 daw -2 =/0 -2 0 seh oo1 . 100 | B = diag{1 3 -2j=|0 3 0 | 00 -2 | 3.0 0] [10 0 | 2A-3B = 2/0 -2 0|-3/0 3 0 oo 1} loo -2 " — con we i ele roo, wes, H al cow 3 00 =|0 -13 0|=dig (3 -13 8}. 6] |o 08 , ® sin@], gn ¢/sind - Ex.21. Simplify: cos 6| “Sig sing] +sino[ ang ee: (CBSE 2012, NCERT) cos. sin@ sin@ —cos 0 Sol. oos0 sin ® cos +sino[S8 an 0 =cos@sin@ cos? | [sin@cos® sin’ ® cos? 0+ sin” 0 cos O sin @ ~ sin 8 cos® -[} 9} cos OsinO+sinOcos@ cos" O-+sin” @ 9 iy [ cos” @ coin ‘ sin’ 6 ~Hagem | cosx —sinx 0 Ex.22.1ff(x)=| sinx cosx 0 |, then prove that 0 0 1 Ses) +(e) =2 ding [cos x, c08.x, 1] cosx —sinx 0 “Sol. Given, 0) = sinx cosx 0 0 0 1 ‘cos(-x) —sin(-x) 0 cosx sinx 0 f(-x)=|sin(-x) cos(-x) O|= -sinx cosx 0 0 0 1 0 o 1 Scanned with CamScannerChetg \ 'SC Mathematc, 0] [ cos. inx 0 Sinx cosy 0]+]-sinx cosx 0 0 0 I 0 ool 2cosx 0 0 =] 0 2cosx 0] =2 diag. [cos.x, cos x, 1] 0 0 2 1, Write each sum or difference as a single matrix. : 2 -3 -2),f 3.2 iy - : wt ale [3 3] A dee 0 2 31-6} [2 -1 6 a cos?x sin?x] [ sin?x cos? x + sinx cos? x} [-cosx —sin? x v 12 ._ 7 4 2 2. () Given A=]3 4], B=|3 -2],and C=] 1 0} compute the following: 5 6 0 1 -2 -4 AHAB, G+ B)+C, 1OA+(B+0, @A-B, nheJ(A -B)+C, \Da-A. (i Consider the answers to part (b) and (c), what law is illustrated ? (iii) Consider the parts (d) and (), what conclusion can be drawn ? 001) f21 2 1 3. Solve the equation X+/0 1 0/=/3 2 3] forthe 3 x3 matrix X. J 10 0} [43 4 % 4)]_[-3 4 od Ls maf eetermine sn tay andy, agl? O]- le 0 1 2 5. 1fA=|-1 8], construct a matrix X such that X+ A =0. VY 49 22 2 ee _—— 6. For A=|/2 1 -3),B=/3 0 5)/,C=|5 -1 4), compute 10 4 69 -1 2 7 = LG 3A-6B+9C, — (b) 1A-2B-C. 1-2 27 1. wae[| A and o-[} j}sshecay over S53 () X+24=B (i) X-A=3B (iii) 2X-34 = 2B-X Scanned with CamScannerie of k, a non-zet0 scala 1 + fi i} il the matrix ¢ Stich that 4 6 pp Oh 6-15, «f fi i ~ (Moc 1995) * Cina zero matri« ne val nif ere) ier 0 a i (CMS 2002) 34 5]> Lh 3? Aa a sc 199) edisgd 4 9M B=diger 3 5) ¢ we (i) B42C~4 } C= ding, aye Pyy3ft -1 he matrix equation : [; Jaf aps ps Slo 2} la gf aon lel 6 wig |; 4x ip vinden 2 wlelst| celts cat 12 3 Pq wit ae[? 4) end B=) 1-5), thenfindamanix C=|r s| mchietd+#-Co0 ' 5 6 43 bu 235 e|1 0 2|, find a matrix B such that 4 +.B 470, Let A= : & 345 ative law for addition (ii ery i w ae 000 (i) |O-1 0 000 ® © i) A-B=-(B-A) 4 xySagec tae ba! 44 ‘ 8-35 | 3 ¢ E aie ANSWERS wy linen cos x cos a 73 72 33. 35 1 3 Ne Gish, 2 Scanned with CamScanner9% 5 4-1 -30-1 10, k=2 (ii) ding (7 13-39) Il. (@ diag (4 Bees 13 (ip diag (-9 21-17) Bey ise 1 ce 2yee@ a-3 -5 Boa) *-! 1s. [-1 4 2 9 9 [3-4 -! 6.13. Multiplication of matrices Let us consider the two matrices ™ Ay 7 [@ c] and Bya =| 72 x % bags of wheat flour, rice, ands, umber of st per bag of each respect, b,c represent the m represent the co: Suppose that the numbers a, purchased each week by a shopkeeper, whilexyJ)»71 the first week, and x, 73» the costs the second week. How much ‘would the shopkeeper have to, for these purchases? The total amount payable forthe first week is clearly ax, + by, +e while the total cost payable for the second week is ax, + by, * Here we have added the products obtained by multiplying the elements ofa row in one mati by the corresponding elements of a. column in the ‘other matrix. 12 13 18 20 Now, letus see how to multiply the matrices | and | 24 12 12 9 2x3 matrix 3.x 2 matrix 7 828 474 144 84 A method for rememberin, i ig how to write down the elements in multiplication of one matrix) Help-Box wae dele] —. ab fhe a] Row by Column Scanned with CamScannera [ ys 0+ by 8 af = then 4) + bh —~ cetds of a,|= [Bro ant is rrisisa*MSIIDIY rom cag nt ips of a COIUIN aNd they 05, Madd the Proc 88, ue Thus ice Product of the inner dimensioy Dn s ‘outer dimensions equal — [249 Tse a7 Bel 3 7| eti\6 2 4-4. ee 8935 A B AB CD is not defines & ‘Columns = rows Columns # rows matrices A and B are said to be conformable or compatible for multiplication. The fact matrices are conformable in the order 4B, however, does not mean that they necessarily ae le in the order BA. Help Box AB is not AB is defined pi Order of AB m*q Scanned with CamScanner7™ Cheng ISC Mathematics, q 4 Ex. 23. Calculate: [1 3 -2]/ 6], 5 4 Sol. [1 3. -2]] 6] = [rx4+3 6-4 (-2)(5)] = [4 + 18-10) = 12). . 1 -ft2p peaxt Lele2xl]_[ 2+2 1ea)te 3 oe i IG [ges Verh axi]= [243 -14+3)"[1 2. oc = [2 JL Jefenrges RaeeS)[E! heb 4 Ex. 24104 = [.t i] and [i ih find AB and BA. 1 u[-1 3 Tt is seen here that AB # BA. This example shows that the multiplication when discussing products of matrices we must 5 considered as factors. For the product AB, we say multiplied by A. This is also expressed as “post-mt of matrices, in general, is not commutative. Thy; pecify the order in which the matrices are toy that Ais right-multiplied by B, or that Bis et. ultiplication of A by B” or “pre-multiplicatn of B by A.” 312 ha Fx.25.Find anit ()4=[} 0 jonas [3 i} 12-1 1-305 @ 4-|2 3 -1]anaB=|-1 3-5}. (USC 1989 8 41 -1 3-5 Sol. (i) Since A is a2 x3 matrix, and B is a3 x 2 matrix i.e., Ahas the same | number of columns as B has rows, therefore, they are conformable for multiplication. We have, 312i 7 ‘How to Write ] AB = 21 eee 1 -l 1o1 3 112 ae tod? | _[3xttix2+2x3 3x) +1x1+2x1 301 1x140x241x3 Ix(-1)+0x141x1 Row by Column [34246 -3+1+2]_fil 0 14043 -1+0+1] 14 0, In much of the matrix work in this book, we shall focus our attention on matrices having the same number of rows as columns. For brevity, a matrix of order n x n is often called a square matrix of order m. Although many of the ideas we shall discuss are applicable to matrices of any order, W* shall apply the notions only to square matrices, If A is a square matrix, then 42, 43, etc., denote 44 (AA)A, ete. — 12-1 1 3 -§ (i) AB=/2 3 -1)x]J-1 3-5 34-1) [4 3 -5 Scanned with CamScanner\_ | tien chet D+ CDXCD 1xCayy 2x34 (-1)x3 reg eg eda 1 ECD ch 2 1+ xX CDFCORCD 2x63)43x3 4 (13 2 aye) a [sated CDFCDECD 3x03) 043, Oped tae DeCD Lath 346-3 -S-1045 fede 7649-3 ee] 0 =| 00 = jodel -9412-3 -15~2045] |y 9 a 1 6)f4 26. Compute: (i [. ll | 1 6lf 2 Bs 3 sil2 - wm |_3 8i|3 wL-JL3 J w [é]e 2] » 2 -af_4} 1, (#) The first factor is a 2 x 2 matrix and the second factor i ix, so that sol 0 ned and is a2 x 2 matrix. cond factor is also a 2 x 2 matrix, so that a [-3 $[ -] deter eoeGee ul ft 6), ~3x445x2 -3%0+5x(E1)}"|-2 -5. (ii) The first factor is a2 x 2 matrix and the second factor is a 2 x 1 matrix, so that product is fined and is a 2 1 matrix. 1 6)f 2] _[ 1x24+6x%@7)]_[-40 [4 S]E) - Laaeseg)-f99) (iid) The first factor is a 2 x 1 matrix and the second is a 2 x 2 matrix. Since the number of columns in the first matrix is not equal to the number of rows in the second matrix, therefore, the product is not defined. (iv) The first factor is a2 x 1 matrix and the second is a 1 x 2 matrix, so the product is defined andis2 x 2 matrix. Thus, [lb a= (83 83)-[2 3] (0) The first factor is a 1 x 2 matrix and the second is a2 x 1 matrix, so the product is defined andisa 1x I matrix which we frequently write as a scalar. Thus 2 -a[_4] = 2x1+C 1-6) =18)=8. Ex.27, Find a and 6, if Praaeh 2 Sh). (ih (Isc 1992) b = {fs 3-9] [2 -4 0 [i] 312 as -2 6)ff_,} Le > [2 3-(-4) -9-0 4 _ 3-4 12-(-2) 6-6 Pr a Scanned with CamScanneroN Ch S20 ISC Mathematics ~ 2 “hy 114 9 b -1 [ 4x247x04(-9)x(-I)]_[a 1x2 +14x0 +0x(-)} [b = [fe 3 a2|"|g/2e7tne=-2 6.14. Definitions 7 ; (1) The principal diagonal of a square matrix is the ordered set of entries ay, where j=; extending from the upper left-hand corner to the lower right-hand corner of the matrix, For example, the principal diagonal of 13-1 $2 3 64 0 consists of 1, 2 and 0 in that order. (2) A diagonal matrix is a square matrix in which all entries, except the entries in th principal diagonal, are 0. - 4 5] and [0 1 0 Thus [i 2 i o1 are diagonal matrices. 8) Ipaq denotes the diagonal matrix having 1's for entries on the principal diagonal, rooo 10 100 ha ~[b P] nd tees=lo 0010 0001 ‘The importance of J, t0 the operation of multiplication of n x n matrices is apparent in Art 6.15 6.15, Identity element or unity element or unit matrix Theorem. For each matrix A, , ye have Ay I yen = Ly ep Ann = Ann =A Further, if for the matrix B,,,, We have A,,., By y= By nA, ., = Aye y for all matrices A, , 4 then B, y= Jy, Accordingly, J, ., is the identity element for multiplication in the set n x m square matrices, an! 1, ., i8 unique. The proof of this theorem, for the illustrative case m = 2, is left as an exercise © the student, Note. Since /, is a square matrix of order n, it may be denoted by /,. Thus 100 L -[b ths-Jo 1 O},etc. OP to 01 Ex.28.1f A=|_$ 2], show that Af, =/, 28, =} 4|> Show that AI, =1, A. =[ 5 2)[1 Of sxts2x0 sxo+2xI]_[ 5 2 Sol. Al, fas als He [- 3x14+4x0 Sngeaal L- 3 7 -[ [3 iJ pease 3) yeaadsd] [- : i424 OxS+1x(-3) Ox2+1x4 Scanned with CamScanner340 bd [: +04p OF34 3 0 O4 S085 043he oxgts ag tl -)2 ; ating 2” 94043)"|2 3 thea 6.16. NOW WESIAE THEI! here A= I Theorem. IFA is an n x py oe Similarly, it may be verifg, 0 ‘mattis, then + then 4 6.17. The scalar Matrix ang th Sees le k 00 The matrix |0 & | ; 00k ko : 00% The scalar matrix is a special lease of a ai 8 spe a i excep those on the leading diagonal are rag, nt "Ina diagonal mati al he clement : : rukiplication of matrix rby & ag uli 0 | B 00 3 OJ isasi 0 0. 1| $8imple example ofa diagonal mati 6.18. Properties of matrix multiplication (@ Whenever AB exists, BA is not always defined, For ‘example if A be a5 x 4 matrix and B be 4x3 matrix, then AB is defined while BA is not defined, () IfAB and BA are both defined, itis not necessary that they should be equal. For example if Abead x 3 matrix and B a3 x 4 matrix, then AB is defined and is a4 x 4 matrix. Bis also defined butisa3 x 3 matrix. AB and BA being of different orders, AB # BA (0) Even if AB and BA are both defined and are of the same order, it is not necessary that 4B=B4, x if 2) and B=[° 3], chen ‘or example, if 4 3) and B=ly a} 3]_[1x0+2x1 pasted i] [0 alti jJ-[oxoset Ox343x4] [3 12 09 2] _[ox1+3x0 on2e333) FI | BA = (} ‘lla 2] -[iasate 12443] [1 4 S AB u 14 Thus, AB # BA Scanned with CamScannerql . h B29 1SC Mathematics — yy “ @) However, it is not always that AB is not equal to BA. J 10-4 5 8 4) Let =| 0-1 2)and B=/2 3 2 “ ‘ [3 21 125 £ TS H0x2—4x1 1xB+0%3—4%2 14-40% 2— 43.1) ‘ x x dpe | OxS—1x2#2x1 Ox8-1x342x2 Ox4—1x24244 8 mix SH 2K DEL KL —1XBH2RS+IKD — 1442x2414) “fb | 5x14 8x044-1) Sx0+8-N+4x2 5-4) +8%x2 +421) = faxt+3x0+2-1) 2x0+3-1)+2x2 2-4)+3%2+241) 1x1+2x041G 1) 1x0+2-1)+1x2 142224141) 100 = |0 1 0}. 001 Hence, AB =BA. 2. The product of two matrices can be zero without either factor being a zero matrix, This fact is borne out by the following example. Let A= al 4 and B= [6 4] where a, b, c, dare all different from zero Here A #0,B#0. Also, AB -[3 alls 4]-[5 ¢}-° 1 1-1 -1 -2 -1 1-1 1 Ex. 30,1f A=|2 -3 4|,B=| 6 12 6|, andC=| 2 2 -2], show that 48 3-2 3 510 5 3-3 3 and CA are null matrices but BA #0, AC #0. Sol, Since 4, B are square matrices, therefore, AB and BA are both defined. 14 -1f-1 -2 -1 AB=|2 -3 4|| 6 12 6 3-2 3/5 10 5 ~146-5 -2+12-10 -14+6-5] [0 0 0 = |-2-18+20 -4-36+40 -2-18+20]=|0 0 0] =nullmatix -3-12+15 -6-24+30 -3-12+15| |o 0 0 “1-2 -1) fi 1-1 BA=|6 12 6|x}2 -3 4 5 10 5) [3 -2 3 “1-4-3 -1+6+2 1-8-3] [-8 7 -10 = [6+24+18 6-36-12 -6+48+18|=|48 -42 60 5+204+15 5-30-10 -5+40+15| [40 -35 so Similarly, you can show that 000 4-4 \ =|0 0 0] =null matrix, and AC =20 20}, which is not a null matrix. 000 -16 16 hu Scanned with CamScannerMatrices "3. Concetta law fora or the, of matrices, he tt The breakdowy, for may x OFy'i8 Zer0 causes Aged, Additionay 4! wrote tay and a #0. then b= e740 iene "0 valid for them hat ay ; YAN of he iPlicagy Prope; f * iStanicg fy "W that ry hold for the sraibicatgn gp ly ica ce Brent B#C. Let us consider the fotlowyj Ct iy 8 We kn Of multiptien AC Hon. This does not “ih the conditions 1 40, and i 4st ito 1a [! 4 of as 1 1 a calt q 4 2 | Then Ch o25 ipicang = Oonly if either 'ow that if ab = ac, loes nop Note. The invalidi oO Commutatiy, of matrices should not lead us to Conclude a law and th for these two laws and the fact inverses (reciprocals), t Ne 27 Thus, AB = 4¢. i iny IY Of the Ie concellation law for the Multiplication Collapse of all the other familiar laws. Except 7 at 8S We shall see later, many matrices do not ha rec : the other basi |W of ordina Sean Eeterally remain valid ae matrices, The associative law holds for the rm ‘cation of matrices and there are distribu addition and multiplication, 4. Matrix muttiptication #8 associative Heonformabitty is ‘assured, ie, 4 5. Matrix muttiptication is distributive wih espect to matrix addition, ie, AB+O = apis, Note. It can be proved that © @+OA=BAscy AB-O=4n- 4c 0 20 Ex 3t.i¢ 4=[} }e-[? {]ama c (BQ) =(4B)c. (i) @-O4=Ba~c4 ae () AB+O=4B+40, theft the=F3 9] ‘Et #83 a AI [Pas : (BC) 4\,|-2 ; = (AB)C= Al has eae aeaeiet iB ‘ls 3)- IE 7 zie all } WL 3 12 = os} f 3] (Bra 143] > [5 : Scanned with CamScanne @ €B)C=A4 (BO; Sol. A= (B+ OA=BaAsc4 @ AB = (AB)C BC = (oy B+C = AB +O) AB = 3 2 3 AB+AC = |3 1 [ [ [ [ ABO) = [ [ [ [ke Ch 6-24 Sitar ———_ ISC Mathemats — ace q a AB+C) = aptac (iii) = [2 Ofer 2 2 a. [i tts 2 BA+CA 2)_f2+1 0+2 -[ 3] 3 te {t 7)-[224 141 }>[6 2 > (BOA = BA+CA, Way be noted that in the above example A (B + C) #(B + C) A Ex. 32, If A, B, Care three matrices such that ah g x wey ani b 1} C=| y| evaluate ABC, gfe 2, (MOC 1992, EAMCET, 1994 ee Sol AB = [x y afi : i gfe = batyhtzg xhtyb+2f xg +yftz2c] x ABC = [axthy+gz Ixtby+ fe er necl| z = [x (ax + hy + ge) +y (he + by +f) +2(ge + fy + c2)] = [ar? + by? + co? + Ihny + 2gex + If, &. | Zero matrix, Earlier we defined the zero matrix of order m x n and show eed that itis te ‘entity element for matrix addition, ie., A +O = A, where 4 is any matrix of order m x n, Th ati Plays the same role in the multiplication of matrices asthe number very does in tx ‘multiplication of real numbers. For example, we have Bo ane mica? O = 00 Thus, for any matrix 4, .,, we have 4 One Ann = Onn, aNd ALO =O Some of the above results as under : Theorem. If, , isthe set of nx n juare matrices d positive in ek anes ge 4 es for n, a fixed positive integer a 1 ABES,., Closure law for multiplication. AI. (AB)C= A(BQ) Associative law for multiplication. ML A(B+ C)=AB+ AC and (B+ C\4= BA+CA Distributive tay W. Al, ,,=Aand1,,,A=A Multiplicative-identity Jaw. Scanned with CamScannerari positive iter pa bas aye matrix, the produ a sac tah asd Wet ance met AS oe "Ye 4, ny if "He rn gee denote this Produ te ” al “An. Wa “dey ince te Associative ty ig iy TE ANA aN Aten, a st any ya 4 Mth 4 gow. 11s unit mati oan ot, va rn alticgs pen a lH oe, hg Am, *WE-cay enetg 0 fi say ota Pols tobe th a a ia Ino agent inte he aie Fae Msn g thats fog ype bymorat SA) = g ta it i" ft aa Many, Thus fo abiin AA), sis replaced the cn aati ofthe order equal to that oy of4 4 : For example, if fix) = 3,2 Sol. (i) ae wi) B= 04, WA, Gin se, Ad (ii) To find 7 (4), | dW -aess, | | | ci 60) -4 -8) 15 0 [at af al H| = [ca445 80] fis gy | © [120-1640 ~13441245]"| 104 17] Fe Stow tharita=[}) g]emaa-[ [3 f]ameenrenaen mess i : T [aE | e(hsP- J abet dt te Scanned with CamScanner 0 =Ch 695 $97) _f1o 14 10 14]* [20 28 #4 7 2) fio 14],[9 0 [i Al ind “lt a(n allo 9} [34 79, ince | 28. 49 Sin | i nke[is ah therefore, (A +B)? # #2248 + BR Note. If we ‘expand (4 + B) in the form + B)= AP + AB + BA + BP (A+ B)x (A+ B)=A (A+B) +B (4 + B)=4 : We can see why the two expressions in the foregoing example are not equal. (A + By? toa?+ 4B4BA4 Be and, therefore, cannot be equal to 4? + 24B + B unless AB = BA, whi itis not, <1 aya 3)_[7 20 aa = [3 2 6)*[4 2) Ex.35, wr-{} ib find 72, 7, 0 2][0 2]_[o o ; Sol. r =rxrely ale ale oh the null matrix. > P=0 => P=PxT=0xT=0 Thus Tis a matrix which has the special property, namely that powers of itself are zero, Note In number algebra the only number whose square is zero is zero itself. This is ano {iffeence between matrix algebra and number algebra, Such matrices as T, whose integral poner ero, are said to be NIL POTENT matrices, Ex,36.1f4= fy a} show that 42-54 +71, =0 tia -12 “(3 | 3 N_f 9-1 342]. 78 5 “lt 2]L-1 2]"|-3-2 -144]=|-5 3 -SA “lL af 50) Ou-ls | (NCERT, CBSE 2003, Isc Sol. Given A CVC) C5)x2]*] 5-10 8 = oy wen LEME leg (Bs? $-5+0]_[o 0 =5+5+0 3-10+7|=l0 of, 1 20 Ex.37.1fA= x. 37. 1fA ; ‘ fl ofind A?~ 54 +47 and hence find a matrix X such that A -SA+4IK X= 019, Aa (CBSE 2 Sol.Given,A=|2 1 3 1-10 Scanned with CamScannerCh 6. =|-1 -3 -10 5 4 2 now, A2- 5A 447+ X=0 S X=-(# 5444p ay clit 3 Ss X=-|-1 3 -10/=|1 3 10 et os 2. | Ex.38.1A= | _y 9 ]amd f(x) =. ~ ax +7, show that f(4)=0, Use this result to find 4°, (CBSE 2004 C, 2007 C) SolGiven, f(x) =2°-4x+7 > f(d)=#- 44471, e gga) 2 3)P 2 3]L[ 2x243xCn 2x34+3x2 2 = 4Ad= 2 eee! iE ali aera -1x342x2, fiw “\-4 1 2 3)_[ 8 12 [1 o)_f7 0 “4 =(3 ar ah m=1[) ‘ie A 1 12]_[ 8 12),f7 0 pay -a-aertie|f SLS SL) 1-847 12-12+0]_[0 ire = \_444+0 1-847] [0 0. i. f(A) =0 = #-Ad+7,=0 = A= 4d-~Th BM = PA= (44-11) AZ TA ABTA eh = A) =4(4A-Th)-74 Frenc 4 # =9A-28l, = y = 9A [Using (2)] = PA=(9A —281,) A= 9A? - 2Blyd = 9AP-28A it = a std Ohya [Putting 4? = 44 - 7/, from (1)] = wey > AS = 36A - 631, - 284 = 8A ~ 631 Scanned with CamScanneree > | Ch 6-28 1SC Mathematics — " ga - 634 AS = 414 = (8A — 63/,)A = 8A? - = 8 (44-1) - 634 = 324 - $61, - 634 = 314 - 561, 32d = $y 6M a FO -2)-[ = 3/-]0 1 31-62. -93 ence, 62-56 -93-0 pt | Hence, a = [ 3120 62-56) 3t ~ HBL: Ex.39, 14 = [; sh find the value of x and y such that A? +x/, =J4- (SC 2014 2 [3 1Vf3 VV _[3xdele? mie E ‘ Seam ts sila s|"[rxaesx7 Txl+5x5] [56 32 16 8 fe Given, 4? +x1,=yA => (ss 32 +9 Y ol 5 ‘= 8= [iste 8 Vf 7] 5 ed > and - 56 32+x} [Ty Sy 56=7¥ 324+x=5y Solving, we get x=8,y=8. Ex. 40, Solve the matrix equation [i ie - [i 4h where X is a2 x 2 matrix. (sq A x= [f gh maf JE If 3] ‘Sa+4e Sb+4d) _ atc b+d} ~ . Sa+4e = ate=1, b+d=3 Solving these equations, we get a=~3,¢=4,6=~14,d=17 = re f3-H) [0 anda) Bx.41.IfA= fe ais ‘| and Tis a identity matrix of order 2. Prove that [1+ A] = [J A] fine eal Sel Lett 02 othat os = 1= © andsin = 2 lee wow goal Se “AL! i usc ale el. Pe 14P Scanned with CamScanner+ LHS.= [7+ 4)=| 1 0 O11 Ta S ene pr Let FO) [ms cnet i eeu 0 show thar 01 FF) ecg COSx ~ si wD sol We have F(x).F(Q) = E iy tee if “tay 9 sin'y 0 0 1 cosy 9 o1 0 COS (E+ Y) sin (xy 1 =| sings yo : »” Hae) O=Fen, 137" . Find x such that [1x 1] gx. 43. Find x such that [1 x 1]]2 5 2\<0, pa 15 3 2|[x 13 2\fr Sol. flxt}}2 5 1}[2l=o 153 2} |x 1 > F215 345x43 24x42] i 1 > [2x+16 5x+6 sale x > [e+ 16) x 1+ Gx +6) x24 (44) > (+14) (+220 = xe~ Moree - {Fs0, give its dimensions. State whether uct is defined. i) Eg A FG FE L@ es (ii) Pp. and 0), PO ay eal Aves and Bad 0) ya 03.5 OP Oe eee! : (oC, ,,and Posie “gp to be defined, whieh chara ) Bisa Sx 12 matrix. 5 (jv) 12 rows (9S columns (if) 12 columns Se asa ; cat (©) Tell whether matrix muti ia why or wy no? (@)Aisa4 x 2 matrix. Can yous =0 = P+ 16x +28=0 2 Scanned with CamScannerSEE EEE eee nner ree ea >»\| Ch 6-30 ISC Mathematicg Sy A . i “| 23 2. Caleulate : (i) [3 ila ws 23 4, i}, sila 3 | 23 aif 3 3 ala @)]3 4 silo 24 of 0 i! 45 63 05 3. (a) Find the value of xin the following: e i 3} =[15) OL aift}-ea wo? * A)3] 05 (ite 4]= [ ih find the positive value of x. (AICBSE 294, ‘= 2 21 onal! ‘}2-[ 1 Jos e=[ ] in each of the problems through (it (x, 21 1 find a 2 x 2 matrix equal to the given product. () aB (ii) BA (iii) AC (i) CA () BC (vi) CB (vit) A? (viii) B (@) A+B)C @) C(A+B) (xi) (A+ BP (il) (C-AP Do you find that AB + BA, AC CA, BC+ CB, (A + B)C#C(A +B)? 7 a scona-[) Sena [? j]istowthat Be, whee 21 00 10 oua-[ al af} tower onu 24, 0 123 1 0-1 203 a ua-[ »B=| 0 - alee fe il 4 th =\7 g/m D=| 2 2), satetheate -3 -3 101 of each ofthe following matrices : O48 (ii) DA i, Lo (iit) AD (i) CB (vy) BD TMA=11 2 3 | ana. =|-1 0}, obtai a. 3 »oblain the product 4B and explain why Bu isnot deft 8. Find 4B and B4, if 2 () A=[4~2 sjand B=| 9 ; (A=(1 23 dJand 2/5. 4 Scanned with CamScanner| 2-3 (iy afl yy Sh bay | tela it Bnd 4246, 2 rhe fils 20 F * iy Wate 5 6} USC 1949) 0 . find & ajimanl tg if 4 [. 4 80 that . 3-2 . Fs w4ely oy » find k stich that 4. ¥ 21, 2 “h ly As B= por [o [. if ey \ Meccan explain your result with AS ayy Expl } ‘ha A Pet FeaSOning 4 M882 a8. A=}, gp Bal. git [ 0 ig] Where 2s, USC 1949) ae NAY that x or[t it find (4-29 (4-3) where /is the unit matrix, ang Xpress the Above prog uct in am, pOlf f@)=2- 5x47, find (4) when 4 ‘(2 r ‘trix form, (USC 1982) [Hint. Type Solved Ex. 33) tay 2 ( Gen F@)=2— S546, na payie gl 1 : | l-19 1.(9 Without using the concept of inverse ofg ™atrx, find the matrix [: 1 such that 5 [x y)_f-16 -6 “ -2 3ilzu 7 2 (SQ) @ ‘Without using the concept ofinvers ofa matin, nema je { -2) 1 3) where Xis a2 x2 matrix, | “1 10 043 | Bids) 3-3 3)and B=| 1 -3 -3| showihar stata | 53-55 -1 44 | a it late 4° | "ee then show that 4? ~ 44+ 71 Using this result caleulae | ie (CBSE Sample Paper 2014-15) | lat 12 NGvend=| 3-2 1|anda=|2 4 sie seat then write Sitpossibie to compute AB? If itis possible to compute AB, then v | (the order of the product matrix 4B, and . Scanned with CamScannerISC Mathematics _ as x 159) ®Ach oF the elements a,j) anda, of the mal e of the m ‘MeENE a, Means in the jth row and th colunan oF | si - hAX=3B+2C. (USC 1 | 18. Given a= (; ') Be (i} c+ :) find the matrix X, such AX: oN Oe Pleo) - for pre-multiplication (i.e,, 4p. i Je to B, for pre-mul 19.1805 xp mates, Biga 2 xq matix dis contonmabl tomes otpandg. SC matrix.) ey, 99, be worked oun). AB works out to be aS 4 matrix. Wei ’) (DB y ase +A 00s 20. (i) Verity that af; ‘I satisfies the equation A? ~ 44° i | i isfies the equati (9 Show that the matrix A=] 2-1 2 satisfies the ea 413 (CA Foundation 199 AB-74-5A4131=0. 010 . : (ay 1ta=|0 0 1 and Fis the identity matrix of order 3, show that 4? = pl + gd + r4 par. 10 0 2.) If A=|0 1 0}, show that 4?=Z. (CET (Pb) 1999 a b-l rid (iy 1 A=]1 1 1), show that 42=34, (CET (Karnataka) 199) Pil 10 27/1 22, Solve the following matrix equation for x:(i) [1 1 x]]0 2 1||1)= 21 ofl 10 2][x iy -5 -]o 2 1\/4 0 3ii1 WweeRn 2 cos sind i 23,(yif A=|_ °° | show that 4?=} ©9820 sin 20) sinO cos 0 sin 26 cos 26 wore] oe sin 20 , show that 42 =| 840. sin 40 sin20 cos 20 —sin 48 cos 46 |" 24. Matrix R(1) is given by RQ) =| 684 siné y R= Os p show that R (s) R() = Rs +p, vl 25. If isa square matr oe uatrix such that 4? = 4 then Write the Value of 74 ~ (+ 4)8, where /is an ident (Arcee 20! Scanned with CamScanner(Ves 4X5 (iN i ie Sieg ee a (i (©) Mats matic ie m 7 Sh bag IF mat co NO ers oF mates 8 ane mY « veda . oy Alig on even on 5 Yes. 3 Na nie A nd MC ate define Becta te oH RO Giy [3 “4 ota squat mati 2 & H| M4 Solow " "| PUIDX=~S yyy ae 10 1s 1 “ ol sy Pn | las 47 “4g ot | tw [3 7 “1 1 is a1 sal « } { ir ia 7 (ii | wy [ | i bd SN) gy [3 sl ( tin [3-9 Ml 6 3 Ss] 6a [° ‘| ia = , \s ta | 4 6023 W353 iy 25 ma,” e M43 (342 cs p= 802 colon a : i TOW, ie, no, MMI melon rows in 4, therefore, B4 isnot defined, tate brag 7 =|0 0 6 Bi ics~(07,04 ) AB=10), g4.|2 4 6 7 ald Pon, a 36 on 486 0 68 00 * wo 2 | (iv) 4g =|'4 17 [is id) 00 00 * ae 23 2g) 17 8 20 L -297 20 i A ° bs “| 0. @k1 oT 40 WN [ ‘ ab -4 3-14 M olf 73] of} I 16, 1 Yes (3x2 (ii) 4,-0.4, = Aas, | 1. p=2,9=4 WW) x=-2 (iy) x=4 NG Bt HINTS TO SELECTED QUESTIONS i pce 16, See solved Ex. 38 1, (i) Let xf ‘| v sale 2 () Given eg. = [L+0+2¢ 0424s | a Scanned with CamScannerEhiteicamcnwenmummmnnnnn y 1SC Mathematics — x = [rt1 ay 3] ' <0 1 SQeele2eres}e0 = 3re6=0 2 5" 38. M4 -(14 a= 7A-[P ate MA + AD) =74-[4 BA ts tA) = 14-4 AA + 3A1 434 =1A-[14 A434 +34) 2—F 6.20. Examples using the principle of mat ae . |, where 1 is any positive integer, i Ex. 4410 [i [ nce a= — USC. 2004, Civil Services 2006, MNpy (1 AI Aand 1, (1 BA, Biveny ematical induction Sol. We will prove the result by mathematical induction. Let 7 (n) be the statement: 4. itan = 40 el a =| 7 , Put 1420) -4) J_[3 ar a-[ 1 Ol -1 Thus T(n) is true for n= 1. : Induction step. Let 7(n) be true for n = k, where kis any positive integer. Basic step. For = I, 142k 4k Me ‘Then 7 -| k eae Cr Now A Mae od _ [30+2k)-4k -4 (1+ 2k) + 4k = Po akel-2k 9 -4k-14+2k . nae —4-4k]_[1+2k+1) -4k+) l+k -1-2k| | k+l 1-2 +). Thus T(n) is true for n =k +1. . By the principle of Mathematical Induction, 7 (1n) is true for all positive integral values of n cosa sing Ex. 45, Let A “| RiG’ cos }: Prove by mathematical induction that (ay = [cna sine =sin ma. cos no |? fF every positive integer 1. un Sol. Statement, TQ) = (ay =] CO8"2 sinna -sinno cosna, When n = 1, we have TQ) = | cos(l.a) sin(la)] _, 4_[ cosa sing ~sin (La) c0s (1) sina cosa The result is true form = Scanned with CamScannerr watrices tthe result be te for an — . Y Dosti Ieper n= — Tk) = tf CK ink “nk Sat] . . old aM At of £08 0 sin g 05 k crac ome its el . 05 ka ie [. ° sin sin key Sin kt 008 + cos ket sin ct ahr erciep ep iereta te) - [. sin (41) g > T(k+ VD) isalso true, stk Na] Hence, by the principle of Mathematical Induct a “etion, 7(n) is true for al Positive integral values 6.21. Application of matrix Ex. 46, trust and has® 30,000 that m first bond pays S% interest per Year, and se multiplication, determine how to divide? must obtain an annual total interest of (@) Sol. Let x be invested in first multiplication st be invested in two different types of bonds. The Dnt bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix 0,000 among the two 5/100 B= > which is a 2x 1 matrix, 7/100 y isa single number, i., matrix of order | x1 which gan be obtained , since the product matrix would be a 1 x 1 matrix 3 100 4B = [x 30000-x] 7 100. 5 -»,]=[2100- Z [785+ 0000 ea [00 (2) Since the total annual interest is given to be ® 1800, therefore, [2100 - 2) = [1800] = 2100-25 - 1800 x = 15000 => 30000 -..=15000 Hence the investments in the two types of bonds are € 15,000 each, (6) Put [2100 = 2%] =[2000] Ans, % 5000, % 25000. I > x 00, — 2x] = [1600] Ans. % 25000, % 5000. © Pat [2100 2] t re. Scanned with CamScanner