ACTIVITY 1

1. Define Research

Ans.: Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic

investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or

develop new theories, usually using a scientific method. Research is a term that leads to

much confusion. It has many meanings and when used in a scholarly context, it has to be

well-defined. Among the many terms used are: basic research, applied research, action

research, developmental research, evaluation research and so forth.

2. Define research in your field of work

Ans.: As a College Instructor, Research in my field of work refers to a variety of methods, in

which individuals evaluate different aspects of education including but not limited to:

“student learning, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics”. This is what

we call as the Educational Research.   Educational Research encompasses many different

studies all of which attempt to better understand and improve the learning and educational

process. These studies include research on topics such as Teaching, Classroom Management,

Psychology, Testing, Child Development, and Cognitive Science.

3. Types/Kinds of Research

Kinds of Research

BASIC RESEARCH is concerned with knowledge for the sake of theory. Its design is not

controlled by the practical usefulness of the findings.

APPLIED RESEARCH is concerned with showing how the findings can be applied or

summarized into some type of teaching methodology.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH goes one step further and applies the findings of research to a

specific "practical" teaching situation.

Types of Research

Action research is a methodology that combines action and research to examine specific

questions, issues or phenomena through observation and reflection, and deliberate intervention to

improve practice.

Applied research is research undertaken to solve practical problems rather than to acquire

knowledge for knowledge sake.

Basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge

without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.

Clinical trials are research studies undertaken to determine better ways to prevent, screen for,

diagnose or treat diseases.

Epidemiological research is concerned with the description of health and welfare in populations

through the collection of data related to health and the frequency, distribution and determinants

of disease in populations, with the aim of improving health.

Evaluation research is research conducted to measure the effectiveness or performance of a

program, concept or campaign in achieving its objectives.

Literature review is a critical examination, summarisation, interpretation or evaluation of

existing literature in order to establish current knowledge on a subject.

Qualitative research is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs,

motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include

methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies.

Quantitative research is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and

perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door

interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys.

Service or program monitoring and evaluation  involves collecting and analysing a range of

processes and outcome data in order to assess the performance of a service or program and to

determine if the intended or expected results have been achieved.

 ACTIVITY 1

4. Define Research

Ans.: Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic

investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or

develop new theories, usually using a scientific method. Research is a term that leads to

much confusion. It has many meanings and when used in a scholarly context, it has to be

well-defined. Among the many terms used are: basic research, applied research, action

research, developmental research, evaluation research and so forth.

5. Define research in your field of work

Ans.: As a College Instructor, Research in my field of work refers to a variety of methods, in

which individuals evaluate different aspects of education including but not limited to:

“student learning, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics”. This is what

we call as the Educational Research.   Educational Research encompasses many different

studies all of which attempt to better understand and improve the learning and educational

process. These studies include research on topics such as Teaching, Classroom Management,

Psychology, Testing, Child Development, and Cognitive Science.

6. Types/Kinds of Research

Kinds of Research

BASIC RESEARCH is concerned with knowledge for the sake of theory. Its design is not

controlled by the practical usefulness of the findings.

APPLIED RESEARCH is concerned with showing how the findings can be applied or

summarized into some type of teaching methodology.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH goes one step further and applies the findings of research to a

specific "practical" teaching situation.

Types of Research

Action research is a methodology that combines action and research to examine specific

questions, issues or phenomena through observation and reflection, and deliberate intervention to

improve practice.

Applied research is research undertaken to solve practical problems rather than to acquire

knowledge for knowledge sake.

Basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge

without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.

Clinical trials are research studies undertaken to determine better ways to prevent, screen for,

diagnose or treat diseases.

Epidemiological research is concerned with the description of health and welfare in populations

through the collection of data related to health and the frequency, distribution and determinants

of disease in populations, with the aim of improving health.

Evaluation research is research conducted to measure the effectiveness or performance of a

program, concept or campaign in achieving its objectives.

Literature review is a critical examination, summarisation, interpretation or evaluation of

existing literature in order to establish current knowledge on a subject.

Qualitative research is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs,

motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include

methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies.

Quantitative research is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and

perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door

interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys.

Service or program monitoring and evaluation  involves collecting and analysing a range of

processes and outcome data in order to assess the performance of a service or program and to

determine if the intended or expected results have been achieved.

 ACTIVITY 1

7. Define Research

Ans.: Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic

investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or

develop new theories, usually using a scientific method. Research is a term that leads to

much confusion. It has many meanings and when used in a scholarly context, it has to be

well-defined. Among the many terms used are: basic research, applied research, action

research, developmental research, evaluation research and so forth.

8. Define research in your field of work

Ans.: As a College Instructor, Research in my field of work refers to a variety of methods, in

which individuals evaluate different aspects of education including but not limited to:

“student learning, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics”. This is what

we call as the Educational Research.   Educational Research encompasses many different

studies all of which attempt to better understand and improve the learning and educational

process. These studies include research on topics such as Teaching, Classroom Management,

Psychology, Testing, Child Development, and Cognitive Science.

9. Types/Kinds of Research

Kinds of Research

BASIC RESEARCH is concerned with knowledge for the sake of theory. Its design is not

controlled by the practical usefulness of the findings.

APPLIED RESEARCH is concerned with showing how the findings can be applied or

summarized into some type of teaching methodology.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH goes one step further and applies the findings of research to a

specific "practical" teaching situation.

Types of Research

Action research is a methodology that combines action and research to examine specific

questions, issues or phenomena through observation and reflection, and deliberate intervention to

improve practice.

Applied research is research undertaken to solve practical problems rather than to acquire

knowledge for knowledge sake.

Basic research is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge

without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge.

Clinical trials are research studies undertaken to determine better ways to prevent, screen for,

diagnose or treat diseases.

Epidemiological research is concerned with the description of health and welfare in populations

through the collection of data related to health and the frequency, distribution and determinants

of disease in populations, with the aim of improving health.

Evaluation research is research conducted to measure the effectiveness or performance of a

program, concept or campaign in achieving its objectives.

Literature review is a critical examination, summarisation, interpretation or evaluation of

existing literature in order to establish current knowledge on a subject.

Qualitative research is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs,

motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include

methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies.

Quantitative research is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and

perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door

interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys.

Service or program monitoring and evaluation  involves collecting and analysing a range of

processes and outcome data in order to assess the performance of a service or program and to

determine if the intended or expected results have been achieved.

 ACTIVITY # 2

1. What are the characteristics of Research?

a. Reliability is a subjective term which cannot be measured precisely but today there

are instruments which can estimate the reliability of any research. Reliability is the

repeatability of any research, research instrument, tool or procedure. If any research

yields similar results each time it is undertaken with similar population and with

similar procedures, it is called to be a reliable research. 

b. Validity is the strength with which we can call a research conclusions, assumptions

or propositions true or false. Validity determines the applicability of research .

Validity of the research instrument can be defined as the suitability of the research

instrument to the research problem or how accurately the instrument measures the

problem. 

c. Accuracy is also the degree to which each research process, instrument and tool is

related to each other. Accuracy also measures whether research tools have been

selected in best possible manner and research procedures suits the research problem

or not.

d. Credibility comes with the use of best source of information and best procedures in

research. If you are using second-hand information in your research due to any reason

your research might complete in less time but its credibility will be at stake

because secondary data has been manipulated by human beings and is therefore not

very valid to use in research. 

 e. Generalizability is the extent to which a research findings can be applied to larger

population. When a researcher conducts a study he/she chooses a target population

and from this population he takes a small sample to conduct the research. 

f. Empirical nature of research means that the research has been conducted following

rigorous scientific methods and procedures. Each step in the research has been tested

for accuracy and is based on real life experiences. Quantitative research is more easy

to prove scientifically than qualitative research. In qualitative research biases and

prejudice are easy to occur.

g. Systematic approach is the only approach for research. No research can be conducted

haphazardly. Each step must follow other. There are set of procedures that have been

tested over a period of time and are thus suitable to use in research. Each research

therefore should follow a procedure.

h. Controlled-in real life experience there are many factors that effect an outcome. A

single event is often result of several factors. When similar event is tested in research,

due to the broader nature of factors that effect that event, some factors are taken as

controlled factors while others are tested for possible effect. The controlled factors or

variables should have to be controlled rigorously. In pure sciences it is very easy to

control such elements because experiments are conducted in laboratory but in social

sciences it becomes difficult to control these factors because of the nature of research.

2. Name the components of research/parts of research paper. Explain each chapter.

A. Title/Research problem
 - Identification of a problem is the most fundamental part of research.

Problems are encountered everyday and because of these, researchers are

often unable to identify specific subject of investigation.

- A good research problem has some characteristics, which are:

1. Must be relevant to the needs of time;

2. Must be clear, specific and attainable within a given period of time;

3. Must be within the researcher’s interest and capabilities;

4. Information should be available;

5. Should not be harmful to people and society;

6. Must be new; and

7. Should provide information for planning, development and legislation.

B. Chapter I – The Problem

 Rationale of the Study

- The introductory statement must be eye-catching. The issues should be

quoted or documented to encourage readers to read on. The study should also

be recent.

 Theoretical and Conceptual Background/Framework

- A research study should be supported with theories and concepts, to show that

the study is researchable on a specific basis. A theory is a set of concepts and

their relations which explains, predicts and interprets how a particular

phenomena exists and operates.

- The conceptual framework utilizes specific or well-defined ones called as

constructs, usually derived from the existing variables

 - A schematic diagram should be provided to show the relationship of variables

mentioned in the theoretical or conceptual framework.

 The Problem

 Hypothesis

- A hypothesis is a working guide in research, the expected outcome of the

study, which is based on the statement of the problem and sub-problems.

- Hypothesis are stated in null or positive form. The null form of hypothesis is

usually applied in statistical hypothesis.

 Significance of the Study

- There is a need to specify the direct beneficiaries of the study. Its significance

shall be pointed out specially to the end users to serve as a guide is identifying

its value, and its contribution to the fund of knowledge. Its significance can

be stated from the macro to the micro level or using the general specific

approach. This approach for example can be used: the study is beneficial to

the following:

1. Legislators

2. School Administration

3. Faculty

4. Researchers

5. Students

 Scope and Delimitation

- The scope answers the what, where whom, who and why. The scope sets the

delimitation and establish the boundaries of the study.

 - Limitation points out the variables not included. It discusses the reasons for

excluding them in the investigation. Although research should consider all

related variables and problem for comprehensiveness, all cannot be included

for the following reasons:

1. The study appears too vague.

2. The coverage is very broad.

3. It cannot be accomplished within a given period of time.

 Definition of Terms

- Major terms are those taken from the title and sub-problems and are usually

defined operationally. Operational definitions is used when the researcher

defines the terms as it is used in the study. The terms are arranged in

alphabetical order.

C. Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies

 Related Literature

 Related Studies

- Published materials are sources taken from published articles like the books,

manuals, journals, magazines, and other periodicals

- Unpublished materials are sources taken from the unpublished articles like

thesis and dissertations

- Advantages of Review of Literature and Studies:

1. It helps the researcher look for possible theories, concepts or principles to

support the investigation.

 2. It is essential in formulating a sound research problem or research title,

hypothesis, assumptions, etc.

3. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of the study.

4. It proves that the study is researchable and possesses novelty.

5. It helps to identify the statistical instruments to be used in the study.

6. It serves as guide in writing the findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

D. Chapter 3 – Research Methodology and Procedures

 Research Method/Design

- There are two research design, the qualitative and quantitative research

designs. The types of qualitative research designs are:

1. Historical design – aims to provide critical knowledge of past events that

will help an individual picture the whole truth.

2. Ethnographic research design – aims to provide a holistic view of the

problem.

3. Case study design – is not only limited to conditions of maladjustments

but also applies to well adjusted individuals in well-organized

communities.

- The types of quantitative research designs are:

1. Descriptive design – is useful in obtaining the prevailing status or

condition of the problem which are essential in understanding the past and

the future.
 2. Correlation research design or associational research – measures the extent

or magnitude of association between two variables.

3. Experimental design – describes what will be. This is considered as the

most powerful educational research because the research manipulated,

changes or alter the inputs or independent variables to see the effects on

the dependent variables.

 Research Environment

- This is the locale of the study that should be described according to its present

status or conditions. If possible, it should be appended by a location map to

guide the readers or researchers to easily locate it.

 Research Respondents/Participants

- The researcher should determine the sample or representative of the study to

answer the questionnaires or as participants.

 Research Instruments

- These instruments depend on the nature of the problem and the research

design. Descriptive studies usually employ questionnaires, interviews and

observations.

 Research Procedures

- This lesson involves some definite steps before the distribution of the

questionnaires to the respondents/participants of the study.

 Statistical Treatment of Data

 - The chair of appropriate statistical tools to be employed is very technical in

nature. The statement of the problem and the instruments in data-gathering

should be examined.

E. Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

 Guideline in the Presentation of Data

- The presentation should be made one by one with the sub-problems. The

arrangement must be based on the order of the sub-problems. If the first sub-

problem is on profile variable, a table or graph should be the first data to be

presented.

- There should be textual and tabular presentation of data.

- If possible, don’t break the data. The readers may not easily understand the

overall findings when data is broken and distributed in different pages.

- Textual presentations comes before the table. Right after the initial

discussions, the table or graph follows.

- There should be a tabular presentation of sub-problems for significant

relationships or differences of variables considered for clarity and

understanding.

 Analysis of Data

- This is done to give meaning to data generated from the instrument to answer

the problems raised in the study.

- There are three (3) types of research analysis: univariate; bivariate; and

multivariate. Univariate means one variable analysis, bivariate is two

 variables analysis and multivariate is when analysis is made up of three or

more variables.

 Interpretation of Data

- There are three levels in the interpretation of data. Level one is table reading.

The contents of the table are to be presented numerically and descriptively.

Level two is on the implications or meanings of data. What the result means

is the focus. Level three is on cross-referencing or corroboration. The results

are to be compared with the existing knowledge or finished studies.

- Another guide in interpreting data is to study the table carefully. Watch

grammar and avoid using high-sounding words. The language of research is

specific and requires basic terms only.

F. Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

 Summary of the Study

- This part of the chapter presents the research problem and specific sub-

problems, hypothesis, research design, respondents, research instruments

including validation and test of reliability, data-gathering procedures, and

statistical tools.

 Findings of the Study

- The finding should include only the specific results both qualitative and

quantitative without any explanations or reasons. They are presented as they

were organized and in the specific sub-problems of the study.

 Conclusions
 - Must be written in the present tense. They are stated based on the findings of

the study. There is a need for careful analysis in identifying them so that they

will not appear as findings or recommendations. They are made in general

statement which reflects the results of the study.

 Recommendations

- The recommendations consist of suggestions to future researchers who may

like to make further investigation on the same problem focusing on factor

overlooked by the present researcher.

G. Bibliography

- Is a list of the sources you used to get information for your report. It is

included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages).

- The general guide to formatting a bibliography for the book:

Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of

publication.

H. Appendices

- Supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text,

usually of an explanatory, statistical, or bibliographic nature.

I. Curriculum Vitae

- A curriculum vitae, commonly referred to as CV, is a longer (two or more

pages), more detailed synopsis than a resume. It includes a summary of

your educational and academic background, as well as teaching and

research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors,

affiliations, and other details.

 ACTIVITY # 2

3. What are the characteristics of Research?

i. Reliability is a subjective term which cannot be measured precisely but today there

are instruments which can estimate the reliability of any research. Reliability is the

repeatability of any research, research instrument, tool or procedure. If any research

yields similar results each time it is undertaken with similar population and with

similar procedures, it is called to be a reliable research. 

j. Validity is the strength with which we can call a research conclusions, assumptions

or propositions true or false. Validity determines the applicability of research .

Validity of the research instrument can be defined as the suitability of the research

instrument to the research problem or how accurately the instrument measures the

problem. 

k. Accuracy is also the degree to which each research process, instrument and tool is

related to each other. Accuracy also measures whether research tools have been

selected in best possible manner and research procedures suits the research problem

or not.

l. Credibility comes with the use of best source of information and best procedures in

research. If you are using second-hand information in your research due to any reason

your research might complete in less time but its credibility will be at stake

because secondary data has been manipulated by human beings and is therefore not

very valid to use in research. 

 m. Generalizability is the extent to which a research findings can be applied to larger

population. When a researcher conducts a study he/she chooses a target population

and from this population he takes a small sample to conduct the research. 

n. Empirical nature of research means that the research has been conducted following

rigorous scientific methods and procedures. Each step in the research has been tested

for accuracy and is based on real life experiences. Quantitative research is more easy

to prove scientifically than qualitative research. In qualitative research biases and

prejudice are easy to occur.

o. Systematic approach is the only approach for research. No research can be conducted

haphazardly. Each step must follow other. There are set of procedures that have been

tested over a period of time and are thus suitable to use in research. Each research

therefore should follow a procedure.

p. Controlled-in real life experience there are many factors that effect an outcome. A

single event is often result of several factors. When similar event is tested in research,

due to the broader nature of factors that effect that event, some factors are taken as

controlled factors while others are tested for possible effect. The controlled factors or

variables should have to be controlled rigorously. In pure sciences it is very easy to

control such elements because experiments are conducted in laboratory but in social

sciences it becomes difficult to control these factors because of the nature of research.

4. Name the components of research/parts of research paper. Explain each chapter.

J. Title/Research problem
 - Identification of a problem is the most fundamental part of research.

Problems are encountered everyday and because of these, researchers are

often unable to identify specific subject of investigation.

- A good research problem has some characteristics, which are:

8. Must be relevant to the needs of time;

9. Must be clear, specific and attainable within a given period of time;

10. Must be within the researcher’s interest and capabilities;

11. Information should be available;

12. Should not be harmful to people and society;

13. Must be new; and

14. Should provide information for planning, development and legislation.

K. Chapter I – The Problem

 Rationale of the Study

- The introductory statement must be eye-catching. The issues should be

quoted or documented to encourage readers to read on. The study should also

be recent.

 Theoretical and Conceptual Background/Framework

- A research study should be supported with theories and concepts, to show that

the study is researchable on a specific basis. A theory is a set of concepts and

their relations which explains, predicts and interprets how a particular

phenomena exists and operates.

- The conceptual framework utilizes specific or well-defined ones called as

constructs, usually derived from the existing variables

 - A schematic diagram should be provided to show the relationship of variables

mentioned in the theoretical or conceptual framework.

 The Problem

 Hypothesis

- A hypothesis is a working guide in research, the expected outcome of the

study, which is based on the statement of the problem and sub-problems.

- Hypothesis are stated in null or positive form. The null form of hypothesis is

usually applied in statistical hypothesis.

 Significance of the Study

- There is a need to specify the direct beneficiaries of the study. Its significance

shall be pointed out specially to the end users to serve as a guide is identifying

its value, and its contribution to the fund of knowledge. Its significance can

be stated from the macro to the micro level or using the general specific

approach. This approach for example can be used: the study is beneficial to

the following:

6. Legislators

7. School Administration

8. Faculty

9. Researchers

10. Students

 Scope and Delimitation

- The scope answers the what, where whom, who and why. The scope sets the

delimitation and establish the boundaries of the study.

 - Limitation points out the variables not included. It discusses the reasons for

excluding them in the investigation. Although research should consider all

related variables and problem for comprehensiveness, all cannot be included

for the following reasons:

4. The study appears too vague.

5. The coverage is very broad.

6. It cannot be accomplished within a given period of time.

 Definition of Terms

- Major terms are those taken from the title and sub-problems and are usually

defined operationally. Operational definitions is used when the researcher

defines the terms as it is used in the study. The terms are arranged in

alphabetical order.

L. Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies

 Related Literature

 Related Studies

- Published materials are sources taken from published articles like the books,

manuals, journals, magazines, and other periodicals

- Unpublished materials are sources taken from the unpublished articles like

thesis and dissertations

- Advantages of Review of Literature and Studies:

7. It helps the researcher look for possible theories, concepts or principles to

support the investigation.

 8. It is essential in formulating a sound research problem or research title,

hypothesis, assumptions, etc.

9. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of the study.

10. It proves that the study is researchable and possesses novelty.

11. It helps to identify the statistical instruments to be used in the study.

12. It serves as guide in writing the findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

M. Chapter 3 – Research Methodology and Procedures

 Research Method/Design

- There are two research design, the qualitative and quantitative research

designs. The types of qualitative research designs are:

4. Historical design – aims to provide critical knowledge of past events that

will help an individual picture the whole truth.

5. Ethnographic research design – aims to provide a holistic view of the

problem.

6. Case study design – is not only limited to conditions of maladjustments

but also applies to well adjusted individuals in well-organized

communities.

- The types of quantitative research designs are:

4. Descriptive design – is useful in obtaining the prevailing status or

condition of the problem which are essential in understanding the past and

the future.
 5. Correlation research design or associational research – measures the extent

or magnitude of association between two variables.

6. Experimental design – describes what will be. This is considered as the

most powerful educational research because the research manipulated,

changes or alter the inputs or independent variables to see the effects on

the dependent variables.

 Research Environment

- This is the locale of the study that should be described according to its present

status or conditions. If possible, it should be appended by a location map to

guide the readers or researchers to easily locate it.

 Research Respondents/Participants

- The researcher should determine the sample or representative of the study to

answer the questionnaires or as participants.

 Research Instruments

- These instruments depend on the nature of the problem and the research

design. Descriptive studies usually employ questionnaires, interviews and

observations.

 Research Procedures

- This lesson involves some definite steps before the distribution of the

questionnaires to the respondents/participants of the study.

 Statistical Treatment of Data

 - The chair of appropriate statistical tools to be employed is very technical in

nature. The statement of the problem and the instruments in data-gathering

should be examined.

N. Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

 Guideline in the Presentation of Data

- The presentation should be made one by one with the sub-problems. The

arrangement must be based on the order of the sub-problems. If the first sub-

problem is on profile variable, a table or graph should be the first data to be

presented.

- There should be textual and tabular presentation of data.

- If possible, don’t break the data. The readers may not easily understand the

overall findings when data is broken and distributed in different pages.

- Textual presentations comes before the table. Right after the initial

discussions, the table or graph follows.

- There should be a tabular presentation of sub-problems for significant

relationships or differences of variables considered for clarity and

understanding.

 Analysis of Data

- This is done to give meaning to data generated from the instrument to answer

the problems raised in the study.

- There are three (3) types of research analysis: univariate; bivariate; and

multivariate. Univariate means one variable analysis, bivariate is two

 variables analysis and multivariate is when analysis is made up of three or

more variables.

 Interpretation of Data

- There are three levels in the interpretation of data. Level one is table reading.

The contents of the table are to be presented numerically and descriptively.

Level two is on the implications or meanings of data. What the result means

is the focus. Level three is on cross-referencing or corroboration. The results

are to be compared with the existing knowledge or finished studies.

- Another guide in interpreting data is to study the table carefully. Watch

grammar and avoid using high-sounding words. The language of research is

specific and requires basic terms only.

O. Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

 Summary of the Study

- This part of the chapter presents the research problem and specific sub-

problems, hypothesis, research design, respondents, research instruments

including validation and test of reliability, data-gathering procedures, and

statistical tools.

 Findings of the Study

- The finding should include only the specific results both qualitative and

quantitative without any explanations or reasons. They are presented as they

were organized and in the specific sub-problems of the study.

 Conclusions
 - Must be written in the present tense. They are stated based on the findings of

the study. There is a need for careful analysis in identifying them so that they

will not appear as findings or recommendations. They are made in general

statement which reflects the results of the study.

 Recommendations

- The recommendations consist of suggestions to future researchers who may

like to make further investigation on the same problem focusing on factor

overlooked by the present researcher.

P. Bibliography

- Is a list of the sources you used to get information for your report. It is

included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages).

- The general guide to formatting a bibliography for the book:

Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of

publication.

Q. Appendices

- Supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text,

usually of an explanatory, statistical, or bibliographic nature.

R. Curriculum Vitae

- A curriculum vitae, commonly referred to as CV, is a longer (two or more

pages), more detailed synopsis than a resume. It includes a summary of

your educational and academic background, as well as teaching and

research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors,

affiliations, and other details.

 ACTIVITY # 2

5. What are the characteristics of Research?

q. Reliability is a subjective term which cannot be measured precisely but today there

are instruments which can estimate the reliability of any research. Reliability is the

repeatability of any research, research instrument, tool or procedure. If any research

yields similar results each time it is undertaken with similar population and with

similar procedures, it is called to be a reliable research. 

r. Validity is the strength with which we can call a research conclusions, assumptions

or propositions true or false. Validity determines the applicability of research .

Validity of the research instrument can be defined as the suitability of the research

instrument to the research problem or how accurately the instrument measures the

problem. 

s. Accuracy is also the degree to which each research process, instrument and tool is

related to each other. Accuracy also measures whether research tools have been

selected in best possible manner and research procedures suits the research problem

or not.

t. Credibility comes with the use of best source of information and best procedures in

research. If you are using second-hand information in your research due to any reason

your research might complete in less time but its credibility will be at stake

because secondary data has been manipulated by human beings and is therefore not

very valid to use in research. 

 u. Generalizability is the extent to which a research findings can be applied to larger

population. When a researcher conducts a study he/she chooses a target population

and from this population he takes a small sample to conduct the research. 

v. Empirical nature of research means that the research has been conducted following

rigorous scientific methods and procedures. Each step in the research has been tested

for accuracy and is based on real life experiences. Quantitative research is more easy

to prove scientifically than qualitative research. In qualitative research biases and

prejudice are easy to occur.

w. Systematic approach is the only approach for research. No research can be conducted

haphazardly. Each step must follow other. There are set of procedures that have been

tested over a period of time and are thus suitable to use in research. Each research

therefore should follow a procedure.

x. Controlled-in real life experience there are many factors that effect an outcome. A

single event is often result of several factors. When similar event is tested in research,

due to the broader nature of factors that effect that event, some factors are taken as

controlled factors while others are tested for possible effect. The controlled factors or

variables should have to be controlled rigorously. In pure sciences it is very easy to

control such elements because experiments are conducted in laboratory but in social

sciences it becomes difficult to control these factors because of the nature of research.

6. Name the components of research/parts of research paper. Explain each chapter.

S. Title/Research problem
 - Identification of a problem is the most fundamental part of research.

Problems are encountered everyday and because of these, researchers are

often unable to identify specific subject of investigation.

- A good research problem has some characteristics, which are:

15. Must be relevant to the needs of time;

16. Must be clear, specific and attainable within a given period of time;

17. Must be within the researcher’s interest and capabilities;

18. Information should be available;

19. Should not be harmful to people and society;

20. Must be new; and

21. Should provide information for planning, development and legislation.

T. Chapter I – The Problem

 Rationale of the Study

- The introductory statement must be eye-catching. The issues should be

quoted or documented to encourage readers to read on. The study should also

be recent.

 Theoretical and Conceptual Background/Framework

- A research study should be supported with theories and concepts, to show that

the study is researchable on a specific basis. A theory is a set of concepts and

their relations which explains, predicts and interprets how a particular

phenomena exists and operates.

- The conceptual framework utilizes specific or well-defined ones called as

constructs, usually derived from the existing variables

 - A schematic diagram should be provided to show the relationship of variables

mentioned in the theoretical or conceptual framework.

 The Problem

 Hypothesis

- A hypothesis is a working guide in research, the expected outcome of the

study, which is based on the statement of the problem and sub-problems.

- Hypothesis are stated in null or positive form. The null form of hypothesis is

usually applied in statistical hypothesis.

 Significance of the Study

- There is a need to specify the direct beneficiaries of the study. Its significance

shall be pointed out specially to the end users to serve as a guide is identifying

its value, and its contribution to the fund of knowledge. Its significance can

be stated from the macro to the micro level or using the general specific

approach. This approach for example can be used: the study is beneficial to

the following:

11. Legislators

12. School Administration

13. Faculty

14. Researchers

15. Students

 Scope and Delimitation

- The scope answers the what, where whom, who and why. The scope sets the

delimitation and establish the boundaries of the study.

 - Limitation points out the variables not included. It discusses the reasons for

excluding them in the investigation. Although research should consider all

related variables and problem for comprehensiveness, all cannot be included

for the following reasons:

7. The study appears too vague.

8. The coverage is very broad.

9. It cannot be accomplished within a given period of time.

 Definition of Terms

- Major terms are those taken from the title and sub-problems and are usually

defined operationally. Operational definitions is used when the researcher

defines the terms as it is used in the study. The terms are arranged in

alphabetical order.

U. Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies

 Related Literature

 Related Studies

- Published materials are sources taken from published articles like the books,

manuals, journals, magazines, and other periodicals

- Unpublished materials are sources taken from the unpublished articles like

thesis and dissertations

- Advantages of Review of Literature and Studies:

13. It helps the researcher look for possible theories, concepts or principles to

support the investigation.

 14. It is essential in formulating a sound research problem or research title,

hypothesis, assumptions, etc.

15. It enlightens the researcher as to the direction of the study.

16. It proves that the study is researchable and possesses novelty.

17. It helps to identify the statistical instruments to be used in the study.

18. It serves as guide in writing the findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

V. Chapter 3 – Research Methodology and Procedures

 Research Method/Design

- There are two research design, the qualitative and quantitative research

designs. The types of qualitative research designs are:

7. Historical design – aims to provide critical knowledge of past events that

will help an individual picture the whole truth.

8. Ethnographic research design – aims to provide a holistic view of the

problem.

9. Case study design – is not only limited to conditions of maladjustments

but also applies to well adjusted individuals in well-organized

communities.

- The types of quantitative research designs are:

7. Descriptive design – is useful in obtaining the prevailing status or

condition of the problem which are essential in understanding the past and

the future.
 8. Correlation research design or associational research – measures the extent

or magnitude of association between two variables.

9. Experimental design – describes what will be. This is considered as the

most powerful educational research because the research manipulated,

changes or alter the inputs or independent variables to see the effects on

the dependent variables.

 Research Environment

- This is the locale of the study that should be described according to its present

status or conditions. If possible, it should be appended by a location map to

guide the readers or researchers to easily locate it.

 Research Respondents/Participants

- The researcher should determine the sample or representative of the study to

answer the questionnaires or as participants.

 Research Instruments

- These instruments depend on the nature of the problem and the research

design. Descriptive studies usually employ questionnaires, interviews and

observations.

 Research Procedures

- This lesson involves some definite steps before the distribution of the

questionnaires to the respondents/participants of the study.

 Statistical Treatment of Data

 - The chair of appropriate statistical tools to be employed is very technical in

nature. The statement of the problem and the instruments in data-gathering

should be examined.

W. Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

 Guideline in the Presentation of Data

- The presentation should be made one by one with the sub-problems. The

arrangement must be based on the order of the sub-problems. If the first sub-

problem is on profile variable, a table or graph should be the first data to be

presented.

- There should be textual and tabular presentation of data.

- If possible, don’t break the data. The readers may not easily understand the

overall findings when data is broken and distributed in different pages.

- Textual presentations comes before the table. Right after the initial

discussions, the table or graph follows.

- There should be a tabular presentation of sub-problems for significant

relationships or differences of variables considered for clarity and

understanding.

 Analysis of Data

- This is done to give meaning to data generated from the instrument to answer

the problems raised in the study.

- There are three (3) types of research analysis: univariate; bivariate; and

multivariate. Univariate means one variable analysis, bivariate is two

 variables analysis and multivariate is when analysis is made up of three or

more variables.

 Interpretation of Data

- There are three levels in the interpretation of data. Level one is table reading.

The contents of the table are to be presented numerically and descriptively.

Level two is on the implications or meanings of data. What the result means

is the focus. Level three is on cross-referencing or corroboration. The results

are to be compared with the existing knowledge or finished studies.

- Another guide in interpreting data is to study the table carefully. Watch

grammar and avoid using high-sounding words. The language of research is

specific and requires basic terms only.

X. Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

 Summary of the Study

- This part of the chapter presents the research problem and specific sub-

problems, hypothesis, research design, respondents, research instruments

including validation and test of reliability, data-gathering procedures, and

statistical tools.

 Findings of the Study

- The finding should include only the specific results both qualitative and

quantitative without any explanations or reasons. They are presented as they

were organized and in the specific sub-problems of the study.

 Conclusions
 - Must be written in the present tense. They are stated based on the findings of

the study. There is a need for careful analysis in identifying them so that they

will not appear as findings or recommendations. They are made in general

statement which reflects the results of the study.

 Recommendations

- The recommendations consist of suggestions to future researchers who may

like to make further investigation on the same problem focusing on factor

overlooked by the present researcher.

Y. Bibliography

- Is a list of the sources you used to get information for your report. It is

included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages).

- The general guide to formatting a bibliography for the book:

Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of

publication.

Z. Appendices

- Supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text,

usually of an explanatory, statistical, or bibliographic nature.

AA. Curriculum Vitae

- A curriculum vitae, commonly referred to as CV, is a longer (two or more

pages), more detailed synopsis than a resume. It includes a summary of

your educational and academic background, as well as teaching and

research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors,

affiliations, and other details.

 ACTIVITY 3

1. What is the best title of the study?

“The effectiveness of multi-media-assisted instruction in college biology of University of

the Visayas, Cebu City for the School Year 2011-2012”

2. Prepare the research paradigm

The University of Visayas, Cebu City will conduct a study at the College of Biology on

the effectiveness of multi-media-assisted instruction. The instructor will use multi-media

as part of their instruction to all students in biology. After which results will be evaluated

on how effective using the multi-media as part of their instruction.

3. State the null hypothesis

Ho = There is no significant difference between pretest and post test scores of students

exposed to multi-media-assisted instruction in college biology.

4. Prepare the scope and delimitation

The study will be conducted to all biology student of the University of the Visayas, Cebu

City for the school year 2011-2012. College biology students will be exposed to a multi-

media-assisted instruction where they will be given a test as to the effectiveness of multi-

media-assisted instruction.

5. State the dependent and independent variables

The scores obtained by the biology students during the pretest serves as the independent

variable while the post test scores serves as the dependent variable.

6. Give five terms to be defined operationally

 a. Effectiveness – this refers to the result of an implementation based on evaluation.

b. Multi-media – the use of High-tech or sophisticated facilities such as cinematographics

and others pertaining to audio-visual. It is globally competitive and updated.

c. Exposure – enough experience and sufficient knowledge of a specific activity or topic.

d. Validity – refers to the reliability of facts highly acceptable to what is standard usually

with approval from known registered organizations.

e. Reliability – data gathered from competent and known references/persons. The

presentation of the exact data, if not almost accurate data.

7. Prepare the significance of the study

This study aims to serve as a guide to determine the effectiveness of multi-media-assisted

instruction in college biology of the University of Visayas, Cebu City.

 ACTIVITY 3

1. What is the best title of the study?

“The effectiveness of multi-media-assisted instruction in college biology of University of

the Visayas, Cebu City for the School Year 2011-2012”

2. Prepare the research paradigm

The University of Visayas, Cebu City will conduct a study at the College of Biology on

the effectiveness of multi-media-assisted instruction. The instructor will use multi-media

as part of their instruction to all students in biology. After which results will be evaluated

on how effective using the multi-media as part of their instruction.

3. State the null hypothesis

Ho = There is no significant difference between pretest and post test scores of students

exposed to multi-media-assisted instruction in college biology.

4. Prepare the scope and delimitation

The study will be conducted to all biology student of the University of the Visayas, Cebu

City for the school year 2011-2012. College biology students will be exposed to a multi-

media-assisted instruction where they will be given a test as to the effectiveness of multi-

media-assisted instruction.

5. State the dependent and independent variables

The scores obtained by the biology students during the pretest serves as the independent

variable while the post test scores serves as the dependent variable.

6. Give five terms to be defined operationally

 a. Effectiveness – this refers to the result of an implementation based on evaluation.

b. Multi-media – the use of High-tech or sophisticated facilities such as cinematographics

and others pertaining to audio-visual. It is globally competitive and updated.

c. Exposure – enough experience and sufficient knowledge of a specific activity or topic.

d. Validity – refers to the reliability of facts highly acceptable to what is standard usually

with approval from known registered organizations.

e. Reliability – data gathered from competent and known references/persons. The

presentation of the exact data, if not almost accurate data.

7. Prepare the significance of the study

This study aims to serve as a guide to determine the effectiveness of multi-media-assisted

instruction in college biology of the University of Visayas, Cebu City.

 ACTIVITY 3

1. What is the best title of the study?

“The effectiveness of multi-media-assisted instruction in college biology of University of

the Visayas, Cebu City for the School Year 2011-2012”

2. Prepare the research paradigm

The University of Visayas, Cebu City will conduct a study at the College of Biology on

the effectiveness of multi-media-assisted instruction. The instructor will use multi-media

as part of their instruction to all students in biology. After which results will be evaluated

on how effective using the multi-media as part of their instruction.

3. State the null hypothesis

Ho = There is no significant difference between pretest and post test scores of students

exposed to multi-media-assisted instruction in college biology.

4. Prepare the scope and delimitation

The study will be conducted to all biology student of the University of the Visayas, Cebu

City for the school year 2011-2012. College biology students will be exposed to a multi-

media-assisted instruction where they will be given a test as to the effectiveness of multi-

media-assisted instruction.

5. State the dependent and independent variables

The scores obtained by the biology students during the pretest serves as the independent

variable while the post test scores serves as the dependent variable.

6. Give five terms to be defined operationally

 a. Effectiveness – this refers to the result of an implementation based on evaluation.

b. Multi-media – the use of High-tech or sophisticated facilities such as cinematographics

and others pertaining to audio-visual. It is globally competitive and updated.

c. Exposure – enough experience and sufficient knowledge of a specific activity or topic.

d. Validity – refers to the reliability of facts highly acceptable to what is standard usually

with approval from known registered organizations.

e. Reliability – data gathered from competent and known references/persons. The

presentation of the exact data, if not almost accurate data.

7. Prepare the significance of the study

This study aims to serve as a guide to determine the effectiveness of multi-media-assisted

instruction in college biology of the University of Visayas, Cebu City.