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Engineering Encyclopedia Saudi Aramco
Engineering Encyclopedia Saudi Aramco
Engineering Encyclopedia Saudi Aramco
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s employees.
Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third
parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission
of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
CONTENT PAGE
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 4
ABOVE-GRADE INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES: CONDUIT, CABLE TRAYS,
AND EXPOSED CABLE ....................................................................................... 5
Conduit ................................................................................................................. 5
Rigid Steel ................................................................................................. 6
EMT ........................................................................................................... 7
Flexible Liquid-Tight................................................................................... 8
Cable Trays: Design, Construction, and Usage Requirements........................... 8
Aluminum................................................................................................... 9
Fiberglass ................................................................................................ 10
Exposed Cable: Uses and Routing Requirements............................................. 11
Metal-Clad/Armored................................................................................. 11
Routing Requirements ............................................................................. 12
DETERMINING CABLE TRAY INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS.............................. 13
Loading............................................................................................................... 14
Magnetic Heating Effects.................................................................................... 18
Circuit Separation ............................................................................................... 19
Grounding and Bonding Requirements and Methods........................................ 22
Tray Separation .................................................................................................. 23
Supports/Fastenings........................................................................................... 24
Tray Routing/Protection Covers.......................................................................... 26
Fittings, Bends, and Drops ................................................................................. 27
DETERMINING CONDUIT INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS.................................... 28
Conduit Types and Applications ......................................................................... 28
Conduit Sizing and Routing ................................................................................ 30
Conduit Fill............................................................................................... 30
Jam Ratio................................................................................................. 32
Cable Clearance Within the Conduit ........................................................ 33
Magnetic Heating Effects ......................................................................... 34
Conduit Clearances ................................................................................. 34
Fire Proofing ............................................................................................ 34
Conduit Bending ................................................................................................. 35
Minimum Bending Radii ........................................................................... 35
Conduit Threading .............................................................................................. 36
Indoor and Outdoor Conduit Terminations ......................................................... 38
Fittings ..................................................................................................... 38
Seals (Explosion Proof) ........................................................................... 39
Expansion Joints...................................................................................... 40
Conduit Supports................................................................................................ 40
DETERMINING CABLE PULLING REQUIREMENTS .................................................. 43
Rigging Procedures ............................................................................................ 43
Pulling Grips ............................................................................................ 47
Pulling Lines ............................................................................................ 48
Duct Lubricating....................................................................................... 49
Cable Pulling Parameters ................................................................................... 50
Maximum Pulling Tensions ...................................................................... 50
Sidewall Pressure .................................................................................... 64
Rigging Method Effects Calculation ......................................................... 68
DETERMINING HAZARDOUS AREA WIRING AND SEALING REQUIREMENTS ...... 73
Wiring ................................................................................................................. 74
Conduit Sealing .................................................................................................. 77
Cable Sealing ..................................................................................................... 80
List of Figures
Figure 1: Aluminum Cable Tray Load/Span Class Designation (from NEMA VE-1) ..... 15
Figure 2: Fiberglass Cable Tray Load/Span Data (from NEMA FG-1) ......................... 16
Figure 3: Fiberglass Cable Tray Temperature Correction
for Allowable Working Load (from NEMA FG-1).................................................... 17
Figure 4: Minimum Circuit Separation Distances
for Signal Cabling in Cable Tray (from SAES-J-902) ............................................. 21
Figure 5: Conduit Sizing Requirements........................................................................ 31
Figure 6: Allowable Percentage of Conduit Fill (from NEC, Chapter 9) ........................ 32
Figure 7: Required Dimensions of Conduit Threads (from UL 6) ................................. 37
Figure 8: Maximum Distance Between Rigid-Metal Conduit Supports ......................... 42
Figure 9: Dynamometer Used to Measure Pulling Tension .......................................... 45
Figure 10: Basket Grip on Cable .................................................................................. 47
Figure 11: Pulling Eye on Cable ................................................................................... 48
Figure 12: Cable Configurations................................................................................... 53
Figure 13: Vertical Conduit Bends................................................................................ 59
Figure 14: Example Pulling Tension Calculation............................................................. 61
Figure 15: Sidewall Pressure on Cable During a Pull...................................................... 65
Figure 16: Inside Radius of Standard Conduit Elbows.................................................... 67
Figure 17: Sample Rigging Methods Effects Calculation ................................................ 68
INTRODUCTION
o Conduit
o Cable Trays: Design, Construction, and Usage
Requirements
o Exposed Cable: Uses and Routing Requirements
Conduit
Rigid Steel
The requirements for the use of conduit and other equipment (e.g.,
cables and cable trays) are determined to some extent by the
possibility of fire or explosive hazards. The specific classes of
hazardous locations are described in the section of this Module
that is titled "Determining Hazardous Area Wiring and Sealing
Requirements," and they are briefly described here for
requirement clarification. A Class I classification describes a
location in which flammable gases or vapors could be present.
Class II and Class III are locations where combustible dusts or
fibers respectively exist. Each of these three classifications are, in
turn, broken down further into a Division 1 location in which danger
is imminent at any or all times, or a Division 2 location in which
danger is not present under normal conditions but is likely to arise.
EMT
Flexible Liquid-Tight
The following are the requirements for the use of flexible liquid-
tight conduit in Saudi Aramco above-grade installations:
Aluminum
Fiberglass
The following are the requirements for the use of fiberglass ladder-
type cable tray in Saudi Aramco above-grade installations:
Metal-Clad/Armored
Routing Requirements
Generally, the only type of cable tray that is authorized for use in
Saudi Aramco installations is copper-free, aluminum ladder-type.
However, with the approval of the Proponent Operating
Department Manager, fiberglass ladder-type cable tray can be
used in special applications. When a cable tray is chosen by the
Electrical Engineer for use in a Saudi Aramco installation, there
are many factors that should be taken into consideration in the
selection of the type and size of the cable tray. The cable tray that
is selected should be able to adequately hold the cable (or group
of cables) in the installation for the maximum operating life of the
installation. The cable tray should be large enough to account for
future system growth, but it should not be too large that the tray
purchase becomes economically restrictive. There are also
requirements that involve the tray installation support structure,
grounding, bonding, and placement. This section of the Module
provides information on the following topics that are pertinent to
determining cable tray installation requirements:
o Loading
o Size/Fill
o Magnetic Heating Effects
o Circuit Separation
o Grounding and Bonding Requirements and Methods
o Tray Separation
o Supports/Fastenings
o Tray Routing/Protection Covers
o Fittings, Bends, and Drops
Loading
The support span categories that are specified for aluminum cable
tray are as follows:
o 2.44 m (8 feet)
o 3.66 m (12 feet)
o 4.87 m (16 feet)
o 6.09 m (20 feet)
The table that is shown in Figure 1 lists the class designations that
are used to select aluminum, ladder-type, cable tray systems. The
class designation is selected through determination of the amount
of working load and the length of the support span.
Figure 1: Aluminum Cable Tray Load/Span Class Designation (from NEMA VE-1)
Figure 3: Fiberglass Cable Tray Temperature Correction for Allowable Working Load
(from NEMA FG-1)
To determine the cable tray sizes that should be used for a given
installation, the Electrical Engineer must evaluate the cable tray fill
requirements. The fill requirements differ depending on whether
the installation includes multiple-conductor cables that are rated
2000 V or less, single conductor cables that are rated 2000 V or
less, or single- and multiple-conductor Type MV or Type MC
cables that are greater than 2000 V.
Circuit Separation
Cables for light and power systems that are rated 600 V or less
are permitted to occupy the same cable tray as long as all of the
conductors are insulated for the maximum voltage that will exist for
any of the cables that are within the cable tray. Cables for light
and power systems that are rated above 600 V are not permitted
to occupy the same cable tray as cables that are rated 600 V and
below unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:
If all of the cables are insulated for 600 V or more, power systems
control, metering, alarm, and relaying circuits that are associated
with one major piece of electrical equipment (such as a motor or a
transformer) can be run within a single cable tray. Inter-tripping
circuits that run between substations can also be run within one
cable tray with the following exceptions:
4-20 mA
Analog
RTD Thermo- Milli- Volt 24 VDC 125 VDC 120 VAC >120
(24 VDC)
couple Pulse 48 VDC VAC
RTD 0 0 0 0 1 (25) 6 (150) 12 (300) 24 (600)
Thermo 0 0 0 0 1 (25) 6 (150) 12 (300) 24 (600)
Couple
Milli-Volt 0 0 0 0 1 (25) 6 (150) 12 (300) 24 (600)
Pulse
4-20 mA 0 0 0 0 1 (25) 6 (150) 12 (300) 24 (600)
Analog
(24 VDC)
24 VDC 1 (25) 1 (25) 1 (25) 1 (25) 0 6 (150) 6 (150) 18 (450)
48 VDC
125 VDC 6 (150) 6 (150) 6 (150) 6 (150) 6 (150) 0 0 12 (300)
120 VAC 12 (300) 12 (300) 12 (300) 12 (300) 6 (150) 0 0 12 (300)
>120 24 (600) 24 (600) 24 (600) 24 (600) 18 (450) 12 (300) 12 (300) 0
VAC
Figure 4: Minimum Circuit Separation Distances for Signal Cabling in Cable Tray
(from SAES-J-902)
o Power cables.
o Control cables.
o Alarm circuits.
o Thermocouple cables.
o To prevent any faults that may occur within the cable tray
system from arcing to ground, metallic cable trays should be
bonded to the plant grounding system at maximum intervals
of 25 m (84 feet).
Tray Separation
No more than four 750 mm (30 inch) cable trays or four 600 mm
(24 inch) cable trays should be located adjacent to each other on
one horizontal tier. If more than four cable trays are required, a
450 mm (18 inch) spacing should be provided between each
group of four cable tray units so that access is provided to each of
the cable tray groups.
The lower voltage cables are usually placed in the bottom cable
trays, and the higher voltage cables in the upper cable trays.
Supports/Fastenings
Indoor ceiling hangars that are used for cable tray supports should
be made from 12 mm (1/2 inch) galvanized-steel rods. All
supports that are used for cable trays should provide a minimum
weight-bearing surface of 45 mm (1 and 3/4 inches) as well as
provisions for hold-down clamps and fasteners. The hold-down
clamps and fasteners should be used at all cable tray support
points. Vertical cable tray fasteners should not rely on friction to
secure the cable tray to its supports.
Cable tray splice points should not be located directly over the
cable tray supports, and they should not be located at mid-span.
The ideal location for a cable tray splice point is within the one
quarter points of the span as measured from the cable tray
supports. For example, if there are 4 meters between cable
supports, the splice point should be within 1 meter of either cable
support. Splice plates, expansion joints, and connectors should
join the cable tray sections so that the rated vertical and horizontal
load of the cable tray is not diminished.
All cables should be fastened to the cable tray every 1.8 m (6 feet)
on horizontal cable tray runs, every 450 mm (18 inches) on
vertical cable tray runs, and every 450 mm (18 inches) on cable
tray bends (horizontal and vertical). Vertical cable tray systems
should provide suitable methods of cable support through the use
of cable hangers or metal clamps. Nylon cable ties can be used
for most fastening applications. Cable ties in outdoor locations
should be black, and they should also be resistant to UV radiation.
Cable trays should be located above all process piping and other
process facilities. When cable trays are routed under grid-type
walkways, barriers should be used to add additional protection to
the cable tray. When installed, these barriers should not hinder
cable tray ventilation. For cable tray locations to which future
cable installations will be added, extra space should be provided in
the cable tray. The extra space should allow for the future
installation of the same basic type of cable tray and should be
arranged so that the spare space will be unused and available for
the future installation.
Although the cable trays will be provided with covers, cables that
are installed in outdoor cable trays should have sunlight-resistant
(UV radiation-resistant) jackets. Ventilated, louvered cable tray
covers are required to provide mechanical protection and solar
radiation deflection for all outside cable tray installations. Covers
for aluminum cable tray should be fastened to the cable tray with
stainless steel banding at a rate of one band per 1.5 m (5 feet) of
cover length and at least two bands per length of tray. Cable tray
covers should not have a black or dark surface that is exposed to
the sun.
For Saudi Aramco cable tray installations, the cable trays require
the use of specific fittings, elbows, bends, and drops.
Recommendations: vertical and horizontal elbows should have a
minimum radius of 300 mm (12 inches), but they should not be
less than the minimum cable bending radii. For vertical drops that
are greater than 1.5 m (5 feet), outside vertical elbows and drop
out fittings should be used at the higher elevation. For vertical
drops that are greater than 4.5 m (15 feet), inside vertical elbows
should be used at the lower elevation. Horizontal elbows should
be used for changes of direction that occur at the same elevation.
The types of conduit that are available for use by Saudi Aramco in
above-grade conduit systems are rigid-steel conduit, EMT, and
flexible liquid-tight conduit. IMC is prohibited for use in Saudi
Aramco installations. The additional cost of rigid-steel conduit is
considered to be worth the added protection that it offers over
IMC.
EMT does not offer the same degree of mechanical strength that
is offered by rigid-steel conduit, and it should not be used where it
is subjected to severe physical damage. EMT is only acceptable
in nonhazardous, indoor locations, and it should not be used
where corrosion can cause damage.
Conduit Fill
When conduit sealing fittings are used (type EYS or similar), the
wire fill of the conduit sealing must not exceed 25% based on the
conduit size (i.e., the ratio of the sum of the cross-sectional areas
of wires and multi-conductor cables to the internal cross-sectional
area of a conduit of the same trade size must not exceed 25%). If
the percentage of fill of the conduit sealing exceeds 25%,
oversized sealing fittings with reducers may be used in order to
use the highest permissible conduit wire fill.
Jam Ratio
The natural weight of the cables that are contained in the conduit
will cause them to settle to the lowest part of the conduit that the
conduit space will allow. Depending on the size, configuration,
and number of cables, the cables could get jammed in the conduit
during installation. A useful unitless value that is used when
cables are installed in conduit is called the "jam ratio." The jam
ratio is used primarily during cable pulling tension calculations, and
it will be explained in detail in that section of this Module; but it is
also used in the conduit selection process, and, so, it will be
described briefly here. The jam ratio is the ratio of the conduit's
inside diameter to the diameter of the largest cable that will be
installed in the conduit. The jam ratio provides a factor that
describes the probability that the cable will jam during its
installation in the conduit. The equation below is used to calculate
the jam ratio:
1.05 D
Jam Ratio =
d
where:
If the jam ratio is greater than 3.0, jamming is not likely to occur,
and cable clearance can be ignored. If the jam ratio is between
2.5 and 2.8, jamming is probable; if the jam ratio is between 2.8
and 3.0, serious jamming is probable. If jamming is probable, the
Electrical Engineer should evaluate the need to increase the size
of the conduit.
Clearance = D - d
where:
2
D (D - d) d
Clearance = - 1.366(d) + ⋅ 1-
2 2 D- d
Conduit Clearances
Fire Proofing
Conduit Bending
If a wire or cable is bent too much, the act of bending may cause
damage to the wire or cable that results in subsequent cable
failure. To prevent cable failure, a minimum bending radius
(curvature of bend) limits cable and wire bending. With large
power distribution cables, the construction of the cables (e.g.,
insulation and shielding) places additional restrictions on the
minimum bending radius that a cable can withstand before
damage to the cable will occur. As a cable passes, enters, or exits
a conduit, the cable will usually have to be bent. The act of
bending a wire or cable during the installation process is called
"training." The minimum bending radius of any cable should not
be exceeded when the cable is trained in a conduit.
Conduit Threading
Fittings
Wire fill of sealing fittings should not exceed 25% based on the
size of the conduit.
Expansion Joints
Conduit Supports
Max Distance
Conduit Size (in.) M ft.
½ and ¾ 3 10
1 3.6 12
1 ¼ and 1 ½ 4.2 14
2 and 2 ½ 4.8 16
3 and larger 6.0 20
There are various ways to reduce the pulling tension for a given
cable installation: the rigging equipment can be varied, the size of
the conduit can be increased, the conduit configuration (e.g., turns
or angles) can be altered, or the pull point frequency can be
changed. This section of the Module provides information on the
following topics that are pertinent to determining cable pulling
requirements:
o Rigging Procedures
o Cable Pulling Parameters
Rigging Procedures
During the design phase of the wire or cable installation, once the
installation type (e.g., conduit) and the cable route have been
chosen, the Electrical Engineer selects a rigging method and then
performs a pulling tension calculation. If the pulling tension
calculation indicates that maximum tensions could be exceeded
by the cable pull, design changes are made. Before the cable
pulling parameters and pulling tension calculations are described,
a description of the cable rigging equipment and methods is
necessary.
The method that is used to rig the cables for pulling in above-
grade conduit and cable tray systems depends on the length of
the pull and the size of the conductors to be installed. Smaller
conductors that are installed in a short run can most likely be
pulled in by hand. Pulling equipment will probably be required to
install larger conductors or to install conductors in long runs so
that a constant pulling tension can be maintained on the cables.
Suitable pulling equipment that is in good working condition should
be on hand for the pulling operation. Hydraulic pulling equipment
that has smooth, variable-speed control is
Before the pulling operation begins, the direction of the pull should
be checked to ensure that it is the direction that results in the
minimum pulling tensions and sidewall pressures. Care must also
be taken when moving the cable reels into their proper positions.
If the pull and cut method of installation is used, cable damage can
occur during the setup phase of a cable pull. The pull and cut
method is most often used for pulls at several different locations.
During cable installation, once the protective covering is removed
from the reel, the cable is particularly vulnerable to mechanical
damage.
o Pulling Grips
o Pulling Lines
o Duct Lubricating
Pulling Grips
Pulling grips are used to fasten the pulling line to the cable that is
to be pulled into the raceway. There are two basic types of pulling
grips that are frequently used for cable installations: basket grips
and pulling eyes.
A basket grip is a flexible metal device that slips over the end of
the conductor that is to be pulled; a pulling line is attached to the
basket grip so the cable can be pulled through the raceway. The
basket grip has a web-like grip that tightens as tension is applied
to the pulling line. Long basket grips should be used to pull type
MC cables. To use the basket grip, the armor is removed for a
short distance, tape is applied over the armor and onto the
conductors, and the basket grip is placed onto the cable to allow
the grip to squeeze both the armor and the conductors. Figure 10
shows how a typical metal basket grip is installed onto a cable. To
avoid cable twist during the pulling operation, a swivel has been
installed onto the pulling line where it attaches to the basket grip.
Pulling eyes are sometimes used to pull larger sizes and long
sections of cable; pulling eyes allow for a higher pulling tension
than basket grips. A pulling eye is a steel eye that is usually
fastened directly to the cable conductors. Many manufacturers
supply a pulling eye or pulling bolt to the leading end of the cable
that is on the cable reel. Once the pulling operation is complete,
the pulling eye should be removed from the cable. Figure 11
shows how the cable conductors are securely fastened and
solder-wiped to the shank of the pulling eye. In Figure 11, a swivel
is used to connect the pulling line to the pulling eye to avoid cable
twist during the pulling operation.
Pulling Lines
A pulling line is used to pull the cable through the conduit or cable
tray during the cable installation. Pulling lines can be made of
rope or wire, and they are provided in various sizes. The type of
pulling line that is used for a given installation depends on the size
of the conductor to be pulled, the type of pulling grip to be used,
and the length of the pull.
The pulling line is typically drawn into a conduit with a steel fishing
wire or "snake." Fishing wire is a tempered-steel wire that has a
rectangular cross-section. Although the flat rectangular fishing
wire is preferred because of the ease with which it can be run
through a completed conduit system, galvanized-steel wire can
also be used for fishing. Any size wire from #14 up to #6 can be
used for fishing. When the fishing wire is drawn through the
conduit, the pulling line is attached to the fishing wire. The fishing
wire is then withdrawn from the conduit so that the pulling line is
completely drawn through the conduit system. Fishing wire is not
required to pull cables through cable tray systems.
Duct Lubricating
o Increase the bending radii that will be used for the conduit
installation.
o Decrease the allowable conduit fill.
lbf
T cable = 0.008 • AREA (in cmil)
cmil
N
= 71 2
• AREA (in mm 2)
mm
T cable = Σ T c
Where Σ Tc is the summation of the maximum pulling
tension for each individual cable.
T cable = 0.8 • Σ T c
Where Σ Tc is the summation of the maximum pulling
tension for each individual cable.
The configuration of the cables that are being pulled into a conduit
system affects the pulling tension calculations; the weight
correction factor (w) is a calculated value that is used in the
tension equations to account for the effect of cable configuration.
Figure 12 shows the various cable configurations that can occur
for a single-cable installation, a dual-cable installation, a three-
cable installation (cradled or triangular configuration), and a cable
installation for more than three cables (complex configuration).
The three-cable installation configurations are of special interest.
Based on the result of the jam ratio (recall that the jam ratio is
equal to 1.05 times the D/d ratio), a three-cable installation will
have a cradled configuration or a triangular configuration. If the
jam ratio is less than 2.5 or if assembled cables (triplexed cables)
are to be pulled, the installation will result in a triangular
configuration.
w=1
1
w=
d
1-
D-d
1
w=
d
1-
D - d
ww = 1.4
102 lb 0.102 lb
W= =
1000 ft ft
102 lb 1.489 N
W= ⋅ 14.6 =
1000 ft m
152 g 1.489 N
W= ⋅ 0.0098 =
m m
The pulling tension that will exist for a given above-grade conduit
or cable tray installation is determined through use of various
equations whose use is dependent on the type and direction of the
pull; the pulling tension is evaluated along segments of the
raceway through use of the information from a layout drawing.
The variables that are used in the pulling tension equations are
defined as follows:
The equations that are used to calculate the pulling tension that
will exist for the various conduit and cable tray configurations are
listed as follows:
Tm
Lm =
wµW
T out = w µ WL + T in
T out ≈ T in ⋅ e
w µφ
T out ≈ w T in ⋅ e
µφ
WR
T out = (T in e
w µφ
- ⋅ [2 w µ sin φ - (1 - (w µ ) 2) ⋅ (e w µφ - cos φ)]
2
1 = (w µ )
WR
T out = (T in e
w µφ
- ⋅ [2 w µ e w µφ sin φ + (1 - (w µ ) 2) ⋅ (1 - e w µφ - cos φ)]
2
1 = (w µ )
WR
T out = (T in e
w µφ
+ ⋅ [2 w µ e w µφ sin φ + (1 - (w µ ) 2) ⋅ (1 - e w µφ - cos φ)]
2
1 = (w µ )
WR
T out = (T in e
w µφ
+ ⋅ [2 w µ sin φ - (1 - (w µ ) 2) ⋅ (1 - e w µφ - cos φ)]
2
1 = (w µ )
T out ≈ T in ⋅ e
w µφ
T out ≈ w T in ⋅ e
µφ
1.05 D (1.05)(2.067)
Jam Ratio = = = 3.47
d (0.626)
Since the jam ratio is greater than 2.5, the three cables will
be a cradled configuration, and the weight correction factor
is determined with the following equation:
2
4 d
w = 1+ ⋅
3 D−d
2
4 0.626
w = 1+ ⋅
3 2.067 − 0.626
w = 1.25
711 lb 31.14 N
W = (14.6)(3 cables) =
1000 ft m
TB = w µ W L + TA = (1.25)(0.5)(31.14)(3) + 0 = 58.39 N
Sidewall Pressure
T out
SP =
R
(3 w - 2) ⋅ T out
SP =
3R
w ⋅ T out
SP =
2R
All conduit bends are 90-degree bends that use a 36-inch sweep
elbow (inside radius of the elbow = 2.91 ft = 0.89 m)
Basket grips will be sued to pull the cables through the conduit.
1.05 D (1.05)(2.067)
Jam Ratio = = = 3.47
d (0.626)
Since the jam ratio is greater than 2.5, the cables will be a
cradled configuration
711 lb 31.14 N
W = (14.6) (3 cables) =
1000 ft m
Tcable = ∑TC
71 N
TC = ⋅ Area = (71)(199) = 14,129 N
mm 2
TA = 200 N
TB = − WL(sin θ − wµ cos θ) + TA
TB = 137.72 N
WR
TC = (TB )e wµφ − ⋅ [2 wµe wµφ sin φ + (1 − ( wµ) 2 ) ⋅ (1 − e wµφ )
1 + ( wµ)
2
31.14(.89)
TC = (137.72)e .9817 − ⋅ [3.336 + .6094]
2
1 + (.625)
TC = 288.95
TE = 2330.07
(3w − 2)TOUT
SP =
3R
((3)(1.25) − 2)(288.95)
SPC = = 189.39 N / m
(89)(.89)
((3)(1.25) − 2)(2330.07)
SPE = = 1527.20 N / m
(3)(.89)
Wiring
o FM procedures.
o CSA standards.
Conduit Sealing
When conduit seals are used (for both classified and unclassified
locations), some general requirements must be met. For Class 1
and nonclassified locations, wire fill of standard conduit sealing
fittings should not exceed 25 percent based on the size of the
conduit. Explosionproof seals should be used only when required
by NEC (NFPA 70). Each conduit that enters a process unit
control house should be sealed outside at the point of entry for an
above-grade conduit run. When conduit seals are required, the
seals should be located within 450 mm (18 inches) of an
enclosure. Vertical or horizontal conduit runs that require sealing
should be sealed with combination vertical/horizontal seals (Type
EYS or equivalent). A conduit run that crosses hazardous location
boundaries below ground must be sealed at both ends of the
conduit that emerge from the ground.
o FM procedures.
o CSA standards.
Cable Sealing
The NEC (NFPA 70) and UL requirements for cable sealing fittings
are somewhat similar to those requirements that are listed in the
previous section for conduit sealing fittings. The requirements that
must be met for Saudi Aramco above-grade hazardous
installations are as follows.