Name: Mendoza, Melchizedek Date: September 16, 2020

Nwokolo Christian
Gabor, Shiela Mae
Ordinario, Virlyn
Tugas, Jhoan Angelika
Group No. 4 Score:

Activity 3 COMPOUNDING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES

I. Objectives:
1. Differentiate extemporaneous compounding from drug manufacturing. 2. Describe various
compounding and manufacturing techniques.

II. Materials/Tools/Equipment:
Printed and online references

III. Procedure:
A. Define the following terms:
1. Comminute- comminution is the process of physical reduction of a substance to fine particle size,
which makes the substance or drug easier to dissolve and compound.
2. Decant- To pour off liquid so the sediment remains in the bottom of the container.
3. Distill- purify (a liquid) by vaporizing it, then condensing it by cooling the vapor, and collecting the
resulting liquid.
4. Filter- a porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from a liquid or gas passed through
it.
5. Fusion- the act or process of liquefying or rendering plastic by heat
6. Geometric dilution- when mixing a small amount of a drug with a large amount of another
ingredient or diluent, the process of geometric dilution is used
7. Levigation- Levigation is the process of grinding an insoluble substance to a fine powder
8. Pulverization- the condition of reducing to fine particles, as by crushing or grinding
9. Tumbling- Another methods of mixing the powders is tumbling and mixing the powder in a rotating
chamber
10. Grinding- Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel or grinder as the
cutting tool
11.Micronization- is define as a process of reducing the average diameter of a solid particle.
12.Milling-used for size reduction of the granules can be divided into two primary categories based on
the energy input into the process.
13.Siphoning- to drain liquid from the reservoir by liquid flow that passes over a higher level than the
liquid surface in the reservoir.
14.Trituration- grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size is termed trituration or
comminution.
15.Spray drying- is a method of producing a dry powder from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a
hot gas.
16.Lyophilization- removal of water or other solvent from a frozen solution by sublimation caused by a
combination of temperature and pressure differentials.

B. Differentiate extemporaneous compounding from drug manufacturing.

 Extemporaneous compounding describes the use of traditional compounding techniques to
manipulate chemical ingredients to produce appropriate dosage forms when no commercial
medicines form is available. While drug manufacturing or manufacturing is the mass production
of drug products that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

C. Enumerate and describe other compounding and manufacturing techniques employed in

compounding and manufacture of drugs.
1
 Employed in compounding and manufacture of drugs.

Other compounding techniques:

1. Trituration- is a technique used to reduce the particle size of powders. Grinding them into a fine
powder makes them easier to mix into creams or put into capsules.
2. Levigation- is the act of decreasing particle size of a powder by using a non-soluble liquid. In this
technique, you need a flat compounding surface, such a glass tray, a metal spatula, and your powder,
mineral oil, lanolin, and/or petroleum jelly.
3. Geometric Dilution: This mixing process is used when combining two or more ingredients of varying
quantities together to achieve a homogeneous mixture. This can be used to mix powders, creams, or
ointments.

Other manufacturing techniques

1. Repetitive manufacturing- is for repeated production that commits to a production rate. Repetitive
processing is comprised of dedicated production lines that produce the same or a paraphernalia of
items, 24/7, all year round.
2. Discrete manufacturing- Like repetitive manufacturing, discrete manufacturing also utilizes an
assembly or production line. However, this process is extremely diverse, with a variation of setups and
changeover frequencies.
3. Job shop manufacturing- unlike repetitive or discrete manufacturing, makes use of production areas
rather than assembly lines. This is because this process will produce smaller batches of custom
products, which can be either made-to-order (MTO) or made-to-stock (MTS).
4. Process manufacturing or continuous manufacturing- is similar to repetitive manufacturing as it too
also runs 24/7. However, the difference is that this manufacturing process productions raw materials
are gases, liquids, powders, or slurries.
5. Process manufacturing or batch manufacturing- shares similarities with discrete and job shop
processes. Depending on consumer demand, one batch could be enough to meet that demand. Once a
batch is completed, the equipment is cleaned, ready to produce the next batch when needed. Batch
processes are continuous in nature.

IV. References:
 Dictionary
 http://medical.tpub.com/10669-c/css/Pharmaceutical-Processes-296.htm#:~:text=Comminution
%20is%20the%20process%20of,pulverizing%2C%20trituration%2C%20and%20levitation.
 https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/decanting#:~:text=All%20rights
%20reserved.-,decant,%C2%A9%202009%20Farlex%20and%20Partners
 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fusion
 https://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/triturations/labs.htm#:~:text=When%20mixing%20a%20small
%20amount,until%20they%20are%20well%20mixed.
 https://www.lenntech.com/chemistry/levigation.htm#:~:text=Levigation%20is%20the%20process
%20of,a%20fine%20powder%2C%20while%20wet.&text=Further%2C%20any%20soluble
%20impurities%20in,and%20the%20product%20thereby%20purified.
 https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/pulverization
 https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/611/grinding
 https://katanamrp.com
 https://pharmacist.com
 https://simtalkblog.com
 Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutics 2L / Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Manual by C. A. III, RPh