General Chemistry 1- Quarter 1 Week 6 Behavior of Gases Leaming Activity Sheet 1.6 Gas Molecules: Mixtures and Movements Date Answered: Name: Grade & Section: Learning Competericy At the end of the lesson, the leamer shall be able to: 1. Apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amounts (volume, number of moles, or mass) of gaseous reactants and products. (STEM_GC11GSIi--48) 2. Relate the rate of gas effusion with motar mass. (STEM_GC11KMT|j-50) & Let's Kick It Off Activity 1: Choose the term that best completes the second relationship. 1. ideal gas : real gas fiction 2. biography c. movie b. novel . nonfiction 2. Charles's law : temperature Boyle's law : 2. pressure «. ideal mass b. volume 4d, mass 3. volume : Charles's law pressure a. Boyle's law c. Combined gas law b. Gay-Lussac’s law d. temperature 4. inverse relationship : Boyle's law direct relationship a. absolute zero . Avogadro's hypothesis . Charles's law d. ideal gas law 5. kelvin : degrees Celsius kilopascals a. atmospheric pressure: ©. pressure . atmospheres: d. absolute zero saAvogadro's Hypothesis Avogadro's law, a statement that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules. This empirical relation can be derived from the kinetic theory of gases under the assumption of a perfect (ideal) gas. The law is approximately valid for real gases at sufficiently low pressures and high temperatures, ‘The specific number of molecules in one gram-mole of a substance, defined as the molecular weight in grams, is 6.02214076 x 10”, a quantity called Avogadro's number, or the Avogadro constant. For example, the molecular weight of oxygen is 32.00, so that one gram-mole of oxygen has a mass of 32.00 grams and contains 6.02214076 x 10 molecules. The volume occupied by one gram-mole of gas is about 22.4 litres (0.791 cubic foot) at standard temperature and pressure (0 °C, 1 atmosphere) and is the same for all gases, according to Avogadro's law. The law was first proposed in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro, a professor of higher physics at the University of Turin for many years, but it was not generally accepted until after 1858, when an Italian chemist, Stanislao Cannizzaro, constructed a logical system of chemistry based on it Example 1. Determine the volume (in L) occupied by 14.0 g of nitrogen gas at STP. molar mass N= 2 mot N x (222%) = 28.0 g Ne ‘Substitute the molar mass in to the conversion factor. 14,0 g Nox (2282) x (AHN) = | 14.20 Na 20.0gn2) * \i mot Na, 2. How many oxygen molecules are in 3.36 L of oxygen gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)? The conversion factors are 1 mol /22.4 L O2 and 6,02x10 molecules O2/ 1 mol Ox. mol 02) 5 ( 62it3 mace 02 s Gaato:) * ("tparoe =) =| 908% 10% Or 3.36 L O2x 3. What is the density of carbon dioxide at STP? Molar mass COz (228028) x (2 lar) GS 20g/ Carbon Total = 44,009 g/mol 53(KE) Here’s How It Is! “4.4 mevonarat Graham’s Law Thomas Graham developed “Graham's law’ of the diffusion rate of gases and also found that the relative rates of the effusion of gases are comparable to the diffusion rates. From examining the diffusion of one liquid into another, he divided particles into two classes—crystallloids, such as common salt, having high diffusibility; and colloids, such as gum arabic, having low diffusibilty. Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform. While, effusion is the process in Which a gas escapes through tiny hole in its container. His experimentation with the rate of effusion process unveiled that gas with heavier molecules travels slower than gas with lighter particles, From Graham's observations, he proposed Graham's law of effusion: The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's molar mass. We can use it to compare two gasses with their rates at constant temperature and pressure. Let us assume r: and rz are the rates of effusion of two gases, and Mi and Mz are the molar masses respectively. Hence, we can write the formula as follows: Rate, | Molar Massg Rate, Molar Mass, of Example 4. Calculate the molar mass of a given gas whose diffusion rate is 2.92 times the diffusion rate of NH3. ‘We know that the diffusion rate is 2.92 times of ammonia; hence we understand that the ratio of diffusion rates of the given gases should be 1/2.92. Since we know that the molar mass of ammonia is 17.0307. So, rita = 142.92 Using Graham's Law or substitute to the formula:Activity 2. Calculate the following problems. 1. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, how many times faster will hydrogen effuse compared to carbon dioxide? 2. If carbon dioxide in Problem 1 takes 32 seconds to effuse, how long will the hydrogen take? 3. Find the relative diffusion rate of water (molar mass=18.0152) as compared to hard water (molar mass=20.0276). 4, Determine the volume (in L) occupied by 0.202 mol of a gas at STP. 5. How many nitrogen molecules are in 5.12 L of the gas at STP? Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write only the letter of your choice 1. Which law states that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules? . Avogadro's law c. diffusion b. Graham's Law d. effusion 2. Which is the process in which a gas escapes through tiny hole in its container? a. Avogadro's law c. diffusion b. Graham's Law d. effusion 3. Which law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the ‘square root of the gas's molar mass? a. Avogadro's law ©. diffusion b. Graham's Law d. effusion 4. What is the relative rate of diffusion of ammonia (NHs) compared to He? Does NH» ‘effuse faster or slower than He? 2. 0.49 and NH. effuses slower c. 0.49 and NHs effuses faster . 1.49 and NHe effuses slower 4G. 1.49 and Nib effuses faster 5. 809 of nitrogen (No) has 2 volume of __liters at STP. a.20L ©. 60L b.40L d.80L