‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﺩ ‪ /‬ﺑﻮﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ‪2012/2011‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺃ‪-‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻤﺬﺝ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H 2O2 + 2e− + 2 H + = 2 H 2O‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H 2O2 = O2 + 2e − + 2 H +‬‬
‫) ‪2 H 2O2( aq ) = O2( g ) + 2 H 2O(l‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻼﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﻧﻨﺼﺢ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻛﻤﻨﻈﻒ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ] ‪ [ H 2O 2‬ﺑـ ) ‪ ( 20‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪2 H 2O 2 (aq ) = O 2 ( g ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪2 H 2O (l‬‬ ‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻌﲔ ﲜﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪n 0 (H 2O 2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪PV M = nRT →V M = 22.4L / mol‬‬
‫ﺡ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪n 0 (H 2O 2 ) − 2x f‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪2x f‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪VO‬‬
‫= ) ) ‪n(O2( g‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪⇐ n(O2( g ) ) = 2( g ) :‬‬ ‫** ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ‪ V = 1L‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﳛﺮﺭ ‪ VO2 = 20 L‬ﻣﻦ ) ‪O 2( g‬‬
‫‪22, 4‬‬ ‫‪VM‬‬
‫‪n(O2( g ) ) = 0,89 mol‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 )i = 2 x f = [ H 2O2 ] × V‬‬ ‫** ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ‪ n(O2( g ) ) = x f = 0.89 mol :‬ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪[ H 2O2 ]i = 1.79mol / L‬‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 )i = [ H 2O2 ]i .V‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ H 2O 2‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﻳﻦ ) ‪: (VH O = 20 ml‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 )i = 3.6 × 10 mol‬‬ ‫⇐ ‪⇐ n( H 2O2 )i = 1, 79 × 0.02‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪Fe +3(aq‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪MnO‬‬ ‫) ‪4( aq‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﲟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪2MnO‬‬ ‫) ‪4( aq‬‬ ‫‪+ 5H 2O2( aq ) + 6 H‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪= 2Mn(2aq+ ) + 5O2( g ) + 8H 2O(l‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪2MnO 4(−aq ) + 5H 2O 2(aq ) + 6H (+aq ) = 2Mn (2aq+ ) + 5O 2( g ) + 8H 2O ( l‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪nMnO −‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪nH 2O2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪nMnO− − 2 x f‬‬ ‫‪nH 2O2 − 5 x f‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪2x f‬‬ ‫‪5x f‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪20/9‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫‪n ( H 2O 2 ) = 50.  MnO 4−  V‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪. éq :‬‬
‫‪5  MnO4−  .Véq‬‬ ‫‪ MnO4−  .Véq [ H 2O2 ] .V‬‬ ‫‪nMnO− nH O‬‬
‫= ‪(1) ............ [ H 2O2 ]i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫⇐‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪ : V = 10 ml‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ ) VH O = 200 ml‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪5.  MnO4−  .Véq 200‬‬

‫‪−‬‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50.  MnO  .Véq ⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ ⇐ n( H O ) = [ H 2O2 ] .VH O‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2 t‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫) ‪( 2 ) .............. n( H O‬‬
‫‪2 2 tot‬‬
‫‪= Véq‬‬ ‫‪⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50 × 2 × 10−2 .Véq‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪(3.6 × 10−2 − Véq‬‬ ‫) ‪(n( H 2O2 )i − n( H 2O2 ) tot‬‬
‫‪( 3) ............‬‬ ‫=‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪ x‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot = n( H 2O2 ) i − 2 x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ -‬ﺇﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) ‪( 3) ; ( 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪t ( min‬‬ ‫‪1, 20‬‬ ‫‪2, 75‬‬ ‫‪4, 24‬‬ ‫‪7, 05‬‬ ‫‪13,32‬‬ ‫‪22, 27‬‬ ‫‪27,38‬‬ ‫‪43, 35‬‬ ‫‪55, 00‬‬
‫) ‪Veq ( min‬‬ ‫‪34, 4‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪21, 6‬‬ ‫‪18,1‬‬ ‫‪14, 2‬‬ ‫‪8, 60‬‬ ‫‪5,90‬‬
‫) ‪n ( H 2O2 )( mmol‬‬ ‫‪34, 4‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪21, 6‬‬ ‫‪18,1‬‬ ‫‪14, 2‬‬ ‫‪8, 60‬‬ ‫‪5,90‬‬
‫) ‪X ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪0,8‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬ ‫‪2, 5‬‬ ‫‪4, 0‬‬ ‫‪7, 3‬‬ ‫‪8, 95‬‬ ‫‪10,9‬‬ ‫‪13, 7‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧـــــــﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪t ( min‬‬ ‫‪1, 75‬‬ ‫‪2,30‬‬ ‫‪4, 42‬‬ ‫‪7, 05‬‬ ‫‪13,17‬‬ ‫‪22, 22‬‬ ‫‪27, 42‬‬ ‫‪41,50‬‬ ‫‪55, 00‬‬
‫) ‪Veq ( min‬‬ ‫‪32, 5‬‬ ‫‪31, 0‬‬ ‫‪25, 4‬‬ ‫‪22, 0‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪8, 2‬‬ ‫‪6, 0‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬
‫) ‪n ( H 2O2 )( mmol‬‬ ‫‪32, 5‬‬ ‫‪31, 0‬‬ ‫‪25, 4‬‬ ‫‪22, 0‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪8, 2‬‬ ‫‪6, 0‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬
‫) ‪X ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪1, 75‬‬ ‫‪2, 5‬‬ ‫‪5,3‬‬ ‫‪7, 0‬‬ ‫‪10,5‬‬ ‫‪13,9‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪16, 2‬‬ ‫‪17,1‬‬

‫ﻥ‪ -‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (1‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ‪................ ، ................ :‬‬

‫‪20/10‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O 82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2SO 42(−aq‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2I (−aq ) = I 2(aq ) + 2e −‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq ) + 2 I (−aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(−aq‬‬

‫‪C2 × V2‬‬
‫‪nS O2−‬‬ ‫‪nS O 2− nI −‬‬
‫‪2 8‬‬
‫=‬
‫= ‪⇐ 28‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪10 50‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫≠‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪10 × 10 −3 1× 50 ×10 −3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪⇐ nS O 2− = 10 × 10−3 mol‬‬
‫‪2 8‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪nI − 50‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq‬‬ ‫⇐ ‪ xmax = 10 mmol‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫= ‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪= = 25mmol ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬‫‪S2O82−‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ max‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬‫‪10‬‬‫‪mmol‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪nS O‬‬ ‫‪10 × 10−3‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ) ‪: (C 1‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪C1 = 0, 2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ C1‬‬ ‫‪2 8‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪50 × 10−3‬‬

‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 I (−aq‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 SO42(−aq‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫) ‪I 2( aq‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪10 ×10 −3‬‬ ‫‪50 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪10 ×10−3 − x ( t‬‬ ‫‪50 × 10−3 − 2x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪30 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪10 ×10 −3‬‬ ‫‪20 × 10−3‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ‪.‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪t1/ 2 ≈ 24 min ⇐ n ( t1/ 2 ) = 5 mmol :‬‬
‫‪xmax‬‬
‫= ) ‪x ( t1/2‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ) ‪ : ( t1/2‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪= 5 × 10 −3 mol :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ S 2O8−2  = 5 × 10−2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  S 2O8−2 ‬‬
‫‪(10 − 5) ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪C ×V − x‬‬
‫‪⇐  S 2O8−2  = 1 1‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫‪ I −  = 0, 4 mol / l‬‬ ‫‪⇐  I ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫=‪‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪50 − 2 × 5 ) × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪C V − 2x‬‬
‫‪⇐  I −  = 2 2‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻟﲔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ K +  = 0, 7 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  K + ‬‬

‫‪( 2 ×10 + 50 ) ×10−3‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  K + ‬‬
‫‪2C1V1 + C2V2‬‬
‫**‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬
‫‪5 × 10−3‬‬
‫‪[ I 2 ] = 5 ×10−2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ] ‪⇐ [ I2‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫= ] ‪⇐ [ I2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫**‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫‪ SO42 −  = 0,1mol / l‬‬ ‫‪2 × 5 ×10 −3‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬

‫= ‪⇐  SO42− ‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫= ‪⇐  SO42− ‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫= ‪ v‬ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪n ( S 2O82 − ) = f ( t ) :‬‬

‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪: t = 10 min‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪dn ( S 2O8‬‬ ‫‪2−‬‬
‫)‬ ‫) ‪dn ( S 2O82 −‬‬
‫‪⇐ n ( S 2O82 − ) = 10 − x‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪dn ( S 2O82−‬‬
‫‪ ( S 2O‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 10 min‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ : −‬ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ )‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪dn ( S O‬‬ ‫‪4−9‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪v ≈ 0, 21 mmol / min‬‬ ‫‪v=−‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪24 − 0‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪20/11‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪CH 3OCH 3( g ) → CH 4( g ) + CH 2O( g‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪a−x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪a − xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪ng = nCH 3OCH 3 + nCH 4 + nCH 2O = ( a − x ) + x + x‬‬
‫⇐ ‪ng = a + x‬‬
‫‪ ) . P = P0 = 32 KPa = 32000 Pa‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ (‬ ‫‪ –3‬ﺃ(‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ ، t = 0‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a.R.T‬‬
‫= ‪ ، (1) ....... P0‬ﲝﻴﺚ ) ‪( n0 = a‬‬ ‫** ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 0‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪⇐ P0 .V = a.R.T : P0 .V = n0 .R.T‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪ Pt .V = nt .R.T‬ﲝﻴﺚ ) ‪.RT + .RT ⇐ Pt .V = ( a + x ) .R.T ⇐ ( nt = a + x‬‬ ‫** ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪: t‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪x Pt − P0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪( 3) ...............‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪ ( 2 ) ........ Pt = P0 + .RT :‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪R.T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ –3‬ﺏ(‪ -‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ ﻷﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﻲ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x Pt − 32 x103‬‬ ‫‪x Pt − P0‬‬
‫‪( 4 ) ...............‬‬ ‫‪= 1.55 x10−4 Pt − 5‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ‬‫=‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ –3‬ﺝ(‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ( 3‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪8.31x777‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪R.T‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﳌﺎ ‪ t = 25 min‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪Pt = 46,1 KPa = 46100 Pa :‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= 2 x10−3 mol / L‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( 4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪= 1.55 x10−4. ( 46100 ) − 5 ≈ 2.mol / m3 :‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪[CH 4 ] = [CH 2O ] = 2 x10−3 mol / L ⇐ [CH 4 ] = [CH 2O ] = x :‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪a x‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪a−x‬‬
‫‪[CH 3OCH 3 ] = ( 5 − 2 ) = 3mol / m3‬‬ ‫= ] ‪⇐ [ CH 3OCH 3‬‬ ‫‪− = 0 −‬‬ ‫= ] ‪⇐ [CH 3OCH 3‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V V R.T V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫) ‪Pt (KPa‬‬ ‫‪[CH 3OCH 3 ] = 3x10−3 mol / L‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬

‫‪1 dx‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ –4‬ﺃ(‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V dt‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( 4‬ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 dx‬‬ ‫‪dP‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫‪. = 1.55 x10 − 4. t‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪V dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪.‬ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪: P = f ( t‬‬
‫‪∆Pt (60 − 36)x103‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 461.54 Pa / min‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪52 − 0‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪v = 1,55 x10−4 × 461, 54 :‬‬
‫‪v = 7.1x10−2 mol / m3 min‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬
‫) ‪t (min‬‬ ‫= ) ‪x ( t1/2‬‬ ‫‪ –4‬ﺏ(‪ -‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬ ‫** ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪( 5 ) ..... Pt max = P0 + max .R.T : ( 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪2.V ( P ( t1/ 2 ) − P0‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪( 5‬‬ ‫= ‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪⇐ P ( t1/ 2 ) = P0 +‬‬ ‫** ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪× R.T : t = t1/ 2‬‬
‫‪R.T‬‬ ‫‪2.V‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ‪ ، P ( t1/2 ) = ( 32 + 60 ) / 2 = 46 KPa ⇐ P ( t1/2 ) = ( P0 + Pt max ) / 2 :‬ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪t1/ 2 = 24 min :‬‬
‫‪20/12‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﱪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Ox / Réd‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪ ( S2O82(−aq ) / SO42(−aq ) ) :‬ﻭ ) ) ‪. ( I 2( aq ) / I (−aq‬‬

‫( ‪(I‬‬
‫) ‪2 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ I (−aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2I (−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e−‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫( ‪(S O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫) ‪8 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2 SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ I (−aq‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪ -4.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ S2O82(−aq‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq ) + 2 I (−aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ .‬ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n S2O82(−aq ) = 7,5 ×10−3 mol‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪⇐ n S2O82(−aq ) = C1 × V1‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n ( I ( ) ) = 0,5 × C‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪aq‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪mol‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪⇐ n I (−aq ) = C2 × V2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 I (−aq‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫) ‪I 2( aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7,5 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪0,5 × C2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪7,5 ×10−3 − x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪0,5 × C2 − 2 x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪2x (t‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7,5 × 10−3 − xmax‬‬ ‫‪0,5 × C2 − 2 xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪2xmax‬‬

‫** ﻧﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ‪ x ( t‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ [ I 2 ] = f ( t‬ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫= ] ‪[ I2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻥ ‪ nI ( t ) = x ( t ) = [ I 2 ] × V :‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ [ I 2 ] :‬ﻭ ) ‪ x ( t‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ [ I 2 ] = f ( t‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ x ( t ) = g ( t‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪. t = 25 min‬‬
‫) ‪1 dx ( t ) d ( x ( t ) / V‬‬
‫= ) ‪v (t‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪d ([ I 2 ]t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫= ) ‪v (t‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪= [ I 2 ]t :‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 25 min‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫= ) ‪⇐ v ( 25 min‬‬
‫‪( 3, 9 − 1, 7 ) ×10−3‬‬
‫‪25 − 0‬‬
‫‪v ( 25 min ) = 8.8 ×10 mol / L.min‬‬
‫‪−5‬‬

‫‪[ I2 ] f‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳒﺪ ‪= 6 × 10 −3 mol / L :‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ‪[ I 2 ] f‬‬
‫** ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ‪ :‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪x f = 6 ×10−3 mol ⇐ x f = 6 × 10−3 × 1 ⇐ x f = [ I 2 ] f × V = 6 × 10 −3 mol / L :‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ n ( S2O82(−aq ) ) = 7,5 ×10−3 mol‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ) ) ‪ ( S2O82(−aq‬ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ x f‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪. I (−aq‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ : t1/2‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪ x t‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟـ ] ‪[ I 2‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ‪. t1/ 2 = 15 min :‬‬ ‫]‪( ) [ 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ‪ C2‬ﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ I (−aq‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 × 6 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪C2 = 2, 4 ×10 −2 mol / L‬‬ ‫= ‪ C2‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪⇐ C2 = f ⇐ 0,5 × C2 − 2 x f = 0‬‬
‫‪0,5‬‬ ‫‪0,5‬‬
‫‪20/13‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‪( H‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫) ‪aq‬‬
‫)‪/ H2 (g‬‬ ‫(‪ ( Zn‬ﻭ )‬ ‫‪2+‬‬
‫) ‪aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ Zn( S‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Ox / Réd‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫(‪( H‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫) ‪aq‬‬
‫)‪/ H2 (g‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪2 H (+aq ) + 2e− = H 2 ( g‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫(‪( Zn‬‬ ‫‪2+‬‬
‫) ‪aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ Zn( S‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪Zn( S ) = Zn(2a+q ) + 2e −‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪VH 2‬‬
‫= ) ‪n ( H2‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟـﻐﺎﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ) ‪ n ( H 2‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ VM‬ﻭ ‪: VH‬‬
‫‪VM‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n ( H + ) = 0, 2 × 10−2 mol‬‬ ‫‪⇐ n ( H + ) = 0,5 × 40 × 10−3 ⇐ n ( H + ) = C × V‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪n ( Zn ) = 1,53 ×10−2 mol‬‬ ‫= ) ‪⇐ n ( Zn‬‬ ‫= ) ‪⇐ n ( Zn‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ x‬ﻭ ) ‪: n ( H 2‬‬
‫** ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫) ‪

Zn( s‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 H (+aq‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪Zn(+aq2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪H 2( g‬‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1,53 × 10 −2‬‬ ‫‪0, 2 × 10−2‬‬ ‫‪

0‬‬ ‫‪

0‬‬
‫) ‪

1,53 ×10−2 − x ( t )

0, 2 ×10−2 − 2x ( t‬ﺡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪

1,53 × 10‬‬ ‫‪− xf‬‬ ‫‪

0, 2 × 10‬‬ ‫‪− 2x f‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫**ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ x‬ﻭ ) ‪ : n ( H 2‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻥ ‪. n ( H 2 ) = x :‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ) ‪ x = f ( t‬ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪ 1 cm → 1 mmol :‬ﻭ ‪. 1 cm → 50 s‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−4‬‬ ‫‪−4‬‬
‫‪v = 1, 95 × 10 mol / L.s‬‬ ‫** ﳌﺎ ‪: t = 400 s‬‬ ‫‪v = 5,88 × 10 mol / L.s‬‬ ‫** ﳌﺎ ‪: t = 50 s‬‬
‫** ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ xmax = 1,53 × 10−2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1,53 ×10−2 − xmax = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0, 2 ×10−2‬‬ ‫‪⇐‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ :‬ﺇﻣﺎ‬
‫= ‪ xmax‬‬ ‫‪= 0,1×10−2‬‬ ‫‪0, 2 × 10 − 2 xmax = 0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x f = 0,1×10−2 mol‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ) ‪ H (+aq‬ﺃﻱ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪. xmax = 0,1×10−2 mol :‬‬

‫‪xmax‬‬
‫= ) ‪ x ( t1/2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪t1/ 2 ≈ 270 s :‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪= 0,5 × 10−1 mol :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪20/14‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ‪( 2‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﰲ ‪ 40 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﻧﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫‪( 2Mno‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) ‪4 ( aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ Mn 2(+aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪Mno4− ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 e − = Mn 2(+aq ) + 4 H 2O( aq‬‬

‫‪( Fe‬‬ ‫‪3+‬‬

‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ) ‪/ Fe 2+ ( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪5 × ( Fe 2 + ( aq ) = Fe3+ ( aq ) + e −‬‬
‫) ‪Mno4− ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 Fe(2aq+ ) = Mn 2(+aq ) + 5 Fe(3aq+ ) + 4 H 2O( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪............. ( 2‬‬
‫) ‪n ( Mno4−‬‬ ‫) ‪n ( Fe2 +‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻜﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪. ( Mno4−‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪′ −‬‬
‫‪ nMno‬ﺍﳌﺎﺧﻮﺫ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ) ‪: ( C ′ , VE‬‬‫‪4‬‬

‫‪C ′ × VE ′‬‬ ‫) ‪n ( Fe 2+‬‬

‫‪(1) ...................‬‬ ‫= ‪′ −‬‬
‫‪nMno‬‬ ‫= ) ‪⇐ n′ ( Mno4−‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪:‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫** ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪(1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ n0‬ﻭ ‪ n0′‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n0 = 10−2 mol‬‬ ‫‪ n0 = 5 ×10−3 × 0, 2 ⇐ n0 = C0 × V0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫** ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ‪: n0‬‬
‫‪0, 785 × 1‬‬ ‫‪m ρ ×V‬‬
‫‪n0′ = 1, 3 × 10−2 mol‬‬ ‫= ‪ n0′‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ n0′‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪: n0′‬‬ ‫** ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ) ‪( propanol − 2 − ol‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪C ′ × VE ′‬‬
‫‪nMno− = 5 × C ′ × VE ′‬‬ ‫‪⇐ nMno− = 10‬‬ ‫‪ nMno4− = 10nMno‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪′ − :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪: (1‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫) ‪5C3 H 8O( aq ) + 2 Mno4− ( aq ) + 6 H (+aq ) = 5C3 H 6O( aq ) + 2 Mn 2(+aq ) + 6 H 2O( aq‬‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪n0′ = 1, 3 × 10−2‬‬ ‫‪n0 = 10−2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪

0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪

1,3 ×10−2 − 5x ( t )

10−2 − 2x ( t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫) ‪5x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪2x ( t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪

1,3 × 10‬‬ ‫‪− 5 xmax‬‬ ‫‪− 2 xmax‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪

10‬‬
‫‪5 xmax‬‬ ‫‪2 xmax‬‬

‫‪ xmax = 2, 6 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪1,3 × 10−2 − 5 xmax = 0‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪⇐  −2‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ xmax‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ : (1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ xmax = 5 × 10‬‬ ‫‪10 − 2 xmax = 0‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ) ‪. ( propanol − 2 − ol‬‬ ‫‪xmax = 2, 6 × 10−3 mol‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪n0 − nMno−‬‬
‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ) ‪ : x = f ( n0 , C ′,VE‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ) ‪⇐ nMno− = n0 − 2 x ( t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪n0‬‬ ‫‪n0‬‬ ‫‪′ −‬‬

‫‪n0 − 10nMno‬‬
‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫‪− C ′ × VE ′‬‬ ‫و
‪:‬‬ ‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫= ) ‪− 5n0′ ⇐ x ( t‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪′ −‬‬
‫‪ nMno4− = 10nMno‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫** ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪xmax‬‬
‫= ) ‪. x ( t1/2‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ t1/ 2‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪t1/ 2‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ x ( t1/2 ) = 1.3 × 10 −3 ⇐ x ( t1/ 2 ) = max :‬ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﳒﺪ ‪= 2, 7 min‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪20/15‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ) ‪ ( PV = nRT‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪{P ( Pa‬‬ ‫}‬

‫‪PCO2V‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪, R = 8.31 , V = 1 L = 1 m3 , T = 2980 K‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ n ( CO2‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ n ( CO2 ) = 4, 038 ×10−7 × PCO‬ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫= ) ‪⇐ n ( CO2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ‪PCO :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪8,31× 298 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻢ ) ‪ n ( CO2‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪t (s‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫) ‪PCO2 ( pa‬‬ ‫‪1250‬‬ ‫‪2280‬‬ ‫‪3320‬‬ ‫‪4120‬‬ ‫‪4880‬‬ ‫‪5560‬‬ ‫‪6090‬‬ ‫‪6540‬‬ ‫‪6940‬‬ ‫‪7150‬‬
‫) ‪nCO2 ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪0,50‬‬ ‫‪0,92‬‬ ‫‪1,34‬‬ ‫‪1, 66‬‬ ‫‪1,97‬‬ ‫‪2, 24‬‬ ‫‪2, 46‬‬ ‫‪2, 64‬‬ ‫‪2,80‬‬ ‫‪2,88‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n0 H 3O + = 10−2 mol‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫** ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪⇐ n0 H 3O + = 0,1× 10 −1 ⇐ n0 H 3O + = C × V : n0 H 3O +‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫** ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ) ‪ : n0 ( CaCO3‬ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪CaCO3 ( S ) + 2 H 3O(+aq ) = CO2 ( g ) + 3H 2O(l ) + Ca(+aq2‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫(‬
‫‪n0 H 3O +‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫) ‪n0 ( H 3O + ) − 2 x ( t‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪n0 ( H 3O + ) − 2 xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬

‫** ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪ x :‬ﻭ ‪. nCO = x‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ . t = 50 s‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪x ( 50 s ) = 1,97 ×10 mol :‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬

‫) ‪n ( mol‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪n H 3O +‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪n ( CO2‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪n Ca +2‬‬ ‫)‬
‫ﳌﺎ ‪t = 50 s‬‬ ‫‪n ( H 3O + ) − 2 x ( 50 s ) = 6, 06 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪x ( 50s ) = 1,97 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪x ( 50s ) = 1,97 ×10−3‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪. x = f (t‬‬

‫) ‪1 dx ( t‬‬
‫= ) ‪v (t‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V dt‬‬
‫‪1 2, 25 − 0‬‬
‫= )‪v ( 0‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫** ﳌﺎ ‪: t = 0 :‬‬
‫‪0,1 40 − 0‬‬
‫‪v ( 0 ) = 5, 62 × 10−4 mol / L.s‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫‪1 2 − 0, 5‬‬
‫= ) ‪v ( 50‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫** ﳌﺎ ‪: t = 50 s :‬‬
‫‪0,1 50 − 0‬‬
‫‪v ( 50 ) = 3 × 10−4 mol / L.s‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪: x max‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫) ‪n ( H 3O +‬‬
‫= ‪xmax = 5 × 10 mol ⇐ xmax‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ x ( t1/2 ) = 2,5 × 10 mol : t 1/2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳒﺪ ‪t1/ 2 = 72 s :‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬

‫‪20/16‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫‪ -7‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ﲜﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-8‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ‪ H 3O(+aq ) ، Ca(+aq2 ) :‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ) ‪. Cl(−aq‬‬
‫‪σ ( t ) = λCl Cl −  t + λH O  H 3O +  t + λCa Ca +2  t‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+2‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ σ 0‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ) ‪( t = 0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ σ ( 0 ) = λCl Cl −  + λH O  H 3O +  + 0‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪Cl −  =  H 3O +  = 0,1 mol / L = 102 mol / m3 :‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ ........ σ ( 0 ) = 4, 25 s / m ⇐ σ ( 0 ) = ( 35 + 7,5 ) ×10 ×10‬ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ) ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ (‬ ‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ) ‪ σ ( t‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ) ‪ x ( t‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪. σ ( t ) = 4, 25 − 580.x ( t ) :‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪(1) ................... σ ( t ) = λCl Cl − t + λH O  H 3O +  t + λCa Ca +2  t :‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+2‬‬

‫** ) ‪ : Cl(−aq‬ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪. Cl −  0 = Cl −  t = 102 mol / m3 :‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲜﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ nt H 3O + = n0 H 3O + − 2 x ( t ) :‬ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪nt Ca +2 = x ( t ) :‬‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫= ‪ H 3O ‬‬
‫) ‪10−2 − 2 x ( t‬‬
‫= ‪⇐  H 3O ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫) ‪n H 3O + − 2 x ( t‬‬
‫**‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪100 × 10−6‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪+2‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫‪+2‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫‪Ca  t = 100 ×10 −6 ⇐ Ca  t = V‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪−3 10‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬
‫) ‪− 2x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫× ‪σ ( t ) = 7,5 × 10 × 10 + 35 × 10‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪+2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫×‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪100 × 10−6‬‬ ‫‪100 ×10 −6‬‬
‫) ‪σ ( t ) = 4, 25 − 580.x ( t ) ⇐ σ ( t ) = 0,75 + 3,5 − 700 × x ( t ) + 120 × x ( t‬‬
‫) ‪σ ( t ) = 4, 25 − 580.x ( t‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ max = 4, 25 − 580 × 5 × 10−3 mol ⇐ σ max = 4, 25 − 580.xmax‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪. σ max‬‬
‫‪σ max = 1,35 s / m‬‬ ‫⇐‬

‫‪20/17‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ) ‪ ( Ox / Réd‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫( ‪(I‬‬
‫) ‪2 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ I (−aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2 I(−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2 e−‬‬

‫) ‪( H 2O2 / H 2O‬‬ ‫‪H 2O2 + 2 H + + 2 e − = 2 H 2O‬‬

‫) (‬
‫‪n1 I − = 1,8 ×10 −3 mol‬‬
‫‪n1 ( H 2O2 ) = 0, 2 × 10−3 mol‬‬
‫) (‬
‫‪n2 I − = 0,1× 10−3 mol‬‬
‫‪n2 ( H 2O2 ) = 0,1× 10−3 mol‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫) (‬
‫** ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪⇐ n1 I − = 0,1× 18 × 10−3 ⇐ n1 I − = C × VI − :‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪⇐ n1 ( H 2O2 ) = 0,1× 2 × 10−3 ⇐ n1 ( H 2O2 ) = C × VH 2O2‬‬
‫) (‬
‫** ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪⇐ n2 I − = 0,1× 10 × 10−3 ⇐ n2 I − = C × VI − :‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪⇐ n2 ( H 2O2 ) = 0,1× 1×10−3 ⇐ n2 ( H 2O2 ) = C × VH 2O2‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺏ‪ -‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪2 I (−aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪H 2O2( aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 H (+aq‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪I 2( aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 H 2O( l‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1,8 × 10 −3‬‬ ‫‪0, 2 × 10−3‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫) ‪ 1,8 ×10−3 − 2x ( t‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪0, 2 × 10−3 − x ( t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1, 4 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0, 2 × 10−3‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪x f = 0, 2 × 10−3‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫{‬ ‫أو ‪x f = 0, 2 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪2 x f = 1,8 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪}:‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪(n‬‬ ‫) ‪( I2‬‬ ‫‪= xf‬‬ ‫‪ –3‬ﺃ– ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﺩ ‪) :‬‬
‫‪0, 2 × 10−3‬‬ ‫) ‪n( I‬‬
‫= ] ‪[ I 2 ] = 6, 67 ×10−3 mol / L ⇐ [ I 2‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺎ ‪⇐ [ I 2 ] = 2 :‬‬
‫‪0, 03‬‬ ‫‪Vtotale‬‬
‫‪[ I 2 ] = 5,3‬‬ ‫‪× 10−3 mol / L‬‬ ‫ﺏ– ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ : t = 30 min‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫] ‪d [ I2‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺃ– ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫ﺏ– ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ) ‪. ( 2‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ – ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪20/18‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﱰﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ، Mg +2 :‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ‪H 2( g ) :‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪n0 ( Mg ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 mol ⇐ n0 ( Mg ) = 9 ×10‬‬ ‫= ) ‪⇐ n0 ( Mg‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪24,3‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪n0 ( H + ) = 2 × 10−2 mol‬‬ ‫‪⇐ n0 ( H + ) = 1.10−1 × 200 × 10−3 ⇐ n0 ( H + ) = n0 ( HCl ) = C × V ′‬‬
‫‪--3‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫) ‪Mg ( s‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2H + (aq‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪Mg +2(aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪H 2( g‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪n0 ( Mg ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 mol‬‬ ‫‪n0 ( H + ) = 2 × 10 −2 mol‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪3, 7 × 10−3 − x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪2 × 10−2 − 2 x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3, 7 × 10−3 − x f‬‬ ‫‪2 ×10−2 − 2 x f‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x f = 10−2‬‬ ‫‪ 2 ×10−2 − 2 x f = 0‬‬
‫‪x f = 3, 7 × 10−3 mol‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪⇐ ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﳒﺪ ‪ :‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪ x f = 3,7 ×10‬‬ ‫‪3, 7 ×10 − x f = 0‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻐﱰﻳﻮﻡ ) ‪ ( Mg‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻔﺬ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪PH 2V H 2‬‬ ‫‪= n H RT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ x‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪ : PH‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪P V‬‬

‫‪(1) .....‬‬ ‫=‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ n H 2 = x‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ x = H 2 H 2‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ PH 2 = P − Patm‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪( P − Patm ) :‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ : x (t‬ﺃﻭﻻ ﳒﺪ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ x‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪(1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫= ‪x‬‬ ‫) ‪( P − Patm‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪VH 2 = 500 − 200 ml = 300 ×10 −6 m3‬‬ ‫‪300 ×10−6‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪ x‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪8,31× 293‬‬
‫(‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻱ ‪P − 1, 009 × 105 ) :‬‬
‫‪T = 273 + 20 = 293 K‬‬
‫‪( 2 ) .............‬‬ ‫) ‪x = 1, 23 × 10−7 ( P − 1, 009 × 105‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ : ( 2‬ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫) ‪t (s‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬
‫) ‪x ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0,31‬‬ ‫‪1,10‬‬ ‫‪1, 45‬‬ ‫‪1,84‬‬ ‫‪2,32‬‬ ‫‪2,83‬‬
‫)‪t(s‬‬ ‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪174‬‬ ‫‪193‬‬ ‫‪212‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬ ‫‪266‬‬ ‫‪290‬‬
‫) ‪x ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪3,10‬‬ ‫‪3, 24‬‬ ‫‪3, 50‬‬ ‫‪3, 54‬‬ ‫‪3, 54‬‬ ‫‪3, 54‬‬ ‫‪3, 54‬‬
‫‪→ 4.10 −4 mol ، 1cm ‬‬
‫‪1cm ‬‬ ‫‪→ 20 s‬‬ ‫** ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬

‫‪20/19‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫‪xmax‬‬
‫= ) ‪ x ( t1/2‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ xmax = 3, 6 mmol‬ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ‪t1/ 2 = 87,5 s :‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪= 1,8 mmol :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 3,8 − 1, 5‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪v = 5, 75 × 10−5 mol / s.l‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ v‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﳑﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ t=180s‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ‬
‫‪0, 2 220 − 20‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺗﻌﻴﱭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 180 s‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ )‪ Mg+2(aq‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳓﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 293 K 0‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪1 mol‬‬
‫‪1× 8, 31× 293‬‬ ‫‪n.R.T‬‬
‫= ‪ V0 = 24,13 L ⇐ V0 = 2413 ×105 m3 ⇐ V0‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳌﺎ ‪ t = 180 s‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ V0‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1, 009 × 10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Vg‬‬
‫‪VH 2 = 82 ml‬‬ ‫‪⇐ VH 2 = 24,13 × 3, 4 × 10−3‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ nH 2‬‬ ‫** ‪; x = 3, 4 mmol = nH 2‬‬
‫‪V0‬‬
‫‪3, 4 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪nMg 2+‬‬
‫‪ Mg 2 +  = 1, 7 ×10 −2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪ Mg 2+ ‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  Mg 2+ ‬‬ ‫‪⇐ nH 2 = nMg 2+ =  Mg 2+  V‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪0, 2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫‪(CH 3 )3 C − Cl‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪2H 2O‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫‪(CH 3 )3 C − OH‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪H 3O +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Cl −‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪n 0 = 3, 7 × 10−3‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪3, 7 × 10−3 − x (t‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3, 7 × 10 −3 − x f‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪ : x max‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪xmax = 3, 7 ×10 −3 mmol‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪x max = x f = 3, 7 × 10−3 ⇐ 3, 7 ×10 −3 − x f = 0‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪: σ = K .x (t‬‬
‫‪(1) ...............‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ‪ H 3O + ; Cl −‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪σ = λH O  H 3O +  + λCl Cl −  :‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫= ‪  H 3O + t = Cl − t‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫=‪K‬‬
‫‪(λ‬‬ ‫‪H 3O +‬‬
‫‪+ λCl −‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪( 2 ) ..................‬‬ ‫=‪σ‬‬
‫‪(λ‬‬ ‫‪H 3O +‬‬
‫‪+ λCl −‬‬ ‫) ‪) x (t‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪σ ×V‬‬ ‫‪σ (t ) .n 0‬‬
‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ x (t‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(λ‬‬‫‪H 3O +‬‬
‫‪+ λCl −‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪σf‬‬
‫‪n0 ×σ‬‬ ‫‪n 0 × σ ×V‬‬
‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ n 0‬ﳒﺪ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪× λH O + + λCl −‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫‪n 0 × λH O + + λCl −‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪σ ( t ) .n0‬‬
‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬
‫‪σf‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪xf‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪× λH O + + λCl − = σ f‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‬ ‫ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪5,1× 3, 7 × 10−3‬‬
‫‪x ( t ) = 2,07 × 10−3 mol‬‬ ‫= ) ‪⇐ x (t‬‬ ‫‪-5‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ) ‪ x (t‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪: t 1‬‬
‫‪9,1‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ‪n ( t1 ) = 1, 63 × 10−3 ⇐ n ( t1 ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 − 2, 07 × 10−3 ⇐ n ( t1 ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 − x ( t ) :‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ) ‪ m = 92,5 × 1, 63 ×10 −3 ⇐ m = M × n ( t1 ) ⇐ n ( t1‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪m = 0,15 g‬‬
‫‪M‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪20/20‬‬