Global warming

Green House Effect

Ozone Depletion
 Objective
 Define & Describe the background of Global
warming
 Define & Describe the Background of Ozone
Depletion
 List the Consequences
 Recommend preventive measures
 GLOBAL WARMING

 20,000 years ago, (last ice era)- the

average global surface temperature was
4.50C cooler than now,
 carbon dioxide concentration was as low
as 200 ppm.
 From that uptill now the increase of
temperature in the earth has been only 4-4.50C
 The carbon dioxide concentration reached
280 ppm some 10,000 years back.
 This stable level of carbon dioxide-280 ppm,
continued upto about 200 years back when
the Industry Revolution began.
 Since industrial revolution the carbon dioxide
concentration has been increasing now
reached at a level of 353 ppm.
 Average global temperature is rising by
0.30C - 0.80C every decade since 1988.
 This temperature rise may be as much as 50C
 A rise of 50C can cause vast amounts of ice in the
Antarctic regions to melt and raise the ocean level
by 30 cm drowning coast lands for 45 kilometers in
land all over the world.
 5000 to 7000 years ago, the average temperature
was perhaps 1 degree C warmer than it is now,
 UNEP forecasts- by 2030, global temperature will
rise by 1.50C - 4.50C.
 These may rise sea level 20 cm in 2030 and 45 cm
in 2070.
 2050 AD in certain areas the increase of
temperature may be from 2-60C.
 CO2 is the culprit for Global Warming
 The adverse effect of this green house on
the whole earth was first predicted by a
scientist Baron Joseph Fureor" in the year
1927.
 Human activities can bring about ecological
imbalance by increasing carbondioxide,
was described by a Swedish chemist
Sovante Arhanious' in the year 1986.
 Global Warming

• Global warming refers to the gradual rise in

earth’s temperature as a result of accumulation
of Green House Gases in the atmospheres
• The gases trap the heat instead of radiating it
into the space. Resulting , warming of the globe.
 GREEN HOUSE

A green house is a large hall with glass roof and

sides. This greenhouse allows the sunrays to enter
and retains some of the temperature within the
house it self. Sunlight enters it in short wave
radiation through transparent glass. But glass can
not transmit longer wave radiation.

Green House Effect-

The green house effect is the heating effect exerted
by the atmosphere upon the earth by virtue of the
fact that the atmosphere absorbs and re-emits long
wave radiation from the earth which become
warmer or cooler mainly because of the effect of
sunlight.
MECHANISM OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT CAUSING
GLOBAL WARMING
 sun

RAY
RAY

CO2 CO2 N2O CO2 N2O CFC CFC CO2 CO2 CH4

GHG

Temp
TRAPED
HEAT
TRAPED
HEAT

EARTH SURFACE
 THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND CONSIQUENCES OF
GLOBAL WARMING

THE EARTHS CLIMATE IS CHANGING DUE TO,

 NUCLEAR EXPLOSION,
• AIR COOLING SYSTEMS
• FOSSIL FUEL USAGE
• INDUSTRIAL WASTE
• MOTOR EXHAUST
• DEFORESTATION
 CONTRIBOTORS OF GHG

33%
Developing
countries

67%
Developed
countries
 Contribution of CO2 emission
Country CO2 from Industrial CO2 from land
process( % ) change (% )
Bangladesh 0.10 0.27
Africa 4.46 25.69
India 4.67 0.84
Malaysia 0.40 4.41
Thailand 0.73 3.65
U S A. 32.79 0.88
South America 3.95 64.23
Europe 27.35 not available
U S S R. 23.81 _
Australia 1.74 “
There are about 39 known green house gases

Green House % of Annual rate of

Gases effect increase (%)
Carbon dioxide 50% 0.4
Chloroflurocarbon(CFC) 17% 5.0
Methane 18% 1.0
Nitrous Oxide 10% 0.25
Other gases 5%. -
 90%
78%
80% 75%
72%
70%

60% 56% 55%

50%
CO2

40%
NO2
30% 28% 24%
22% CFCs
20% 22% 21%
16% 15% CH4
10% 4% 6% 6%

0%
1785- 1850- 1900- 1950- 1990
1850 1900 1950 1985

Composition of Atmospheric Green House Gases 1765—1990 perspective.

Sources of GHG
CARBON DI OXIDE
1. FOSSIL FUEL BURNING
2. DEFORESTATION
3. AUTOMOBILES

METHANE
1. DECOMPOSITION OF UNDERWATER FLORA.
2. BIO MASS BURNING.
3. FOSSIL FUEL EXTRACTION.

NITROUS OXIDE
1. MOTOR EXHAUST,FERTILSERS,EXPLOSIVES.
2. FOSSIL FUEL
3. JET ENGINES

CFC,CFC 11,CFC 12.113,115

REFRIGERATORS,AEROSOLS,FOAM,MICROCHIP CLEANING.

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
HALON, ,CH3Br,HBFCs,WATER VAPOUR.
 Ozone depletion
 CFC break down in the stratosphere by ultraviolet
radiation and release chlorine. The chlorine acts as
catalysts in the destruction of ozone.
 Ozone (O3)consists of 3 oxygen atoms.
 It is bluish in colour and has pungent odour.
 On the earth surface it is known as toxic gas but
about 25 Km above the earth’s surface it is
lifesaver for human beings.
 The ozone layer in the lies in the top most and the
hottest zone of this Stratosphere of atmosphere and
makes the sky blue and
 Protects us by absorbing the harmful ultraviolet
radiation present in sunlight
 The ozone layer of the universe is getting
thinner & thinner.
 It is estimated that approximately 5%
ozone layer has been lost till now.
 At present 12 lakh square mile hole has
been created up in the Antarctica.
 In 1992, ozone layer dropped to the
lowest level recorded in 35 years
 Ozone friendly substances are HCFCs,
HFCs etc.
ODS
 The substances, which cause ozone
depletion, are known as ozone-depleting
substances (ODS).
 These are mainly Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), Halons, Carbon tetrachloride,
Methylchloroform, Methylbromide etc.
 A 1% drop in the Ozone allows 2% more
ultraviolet light to reach the earth, which
means an increase of between 3 and 6%
in the Cancer rate among human beings
Cholorofluorocarbon (CFC)-
 CFCs 10,000 times more efficient at absorbing
infrared radiation.
 CFC is a compound of chlorine, fluorine and
carbon.
 Discovered in 1920 and it is nonpoisonous, inert
and does not react with other matters.
 CFC is cheaper and easier to produce.
 Used in the freezing appliances such as
refrigerators, and air-cooler etc. and spray cans
such as aerosols
 widely used for processing plastic foams, also
used in cleansing purpose of micro-electric circuit
Cholorofluorocarbon (CFC)-
 CFCs 10,000 times more efficient at absorbing
infrared radiation.
 CFC is a compound of chlorine, fluorine and
carbon.
 Discovered in 1920 and it is nonpoisonous, inert
and does not react with other matters.
 CFC is cheaper and easier to produce.
 Used in the freezing appliances such as
refrigerators, and air-cooler etc. and spray cans
such as aerosols
 widely used for processing plastic foams, also
used in cleansing purpose of micro-electric circuit
Montreal Protocol-
 In 16th Sept 1987, a Protocol was signed
in Montreal, Canada to stop the use of
ODS.
 Bangladesh have signed that Protocol in
2nd Aug 1990.
 The protocol had called for total phasing
out of Ozone Depleting Chemical
production by industrialized countries by
the year 2000
 IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

 The impact is severe and almost on all the sectors;only the

most important ones are highlighted here.The impacts are as
follows:

1. AGRICULTURE
2. HUMAN HEALTH
3. INFRASTRUCTURE
4. WATER RESOURCES
5. BIODIVERSITY
6. ENERGY
7. TOURISM
8. TRANSPORT
9. NATURAL HAZARDS
10. FORESTRY
 IMPACTS OF OZONE DEPLETION ON HUMAN HEALTH

 Increase of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers

 Cause or acceleration of eye cataracts development
 Reduce effectiveness of the immune system
 Impact on nutrition (e.g. reduced plant yield)
Benefits from Greenhouse:

 Due to increased rainfall in the drought

affected areas of China, India, Africa,
Australia, and Middle-East countries the
agricultural production will be increased
 Due to melting of ice from Siberia and
Canada huge lands will be available for
cultivation and human habitation.
Green house effect on Bangladesh:
 If the seawater rises by three feet due to global
warming at least one tenth of Bangladesh will go
under water (2030)
 Barishal and Khulna will become separate islands
and the seacoast will come up to Chandpur,
Faridpur and Jessore
 If the seawater rises by six feet. Low area of
Faridpur will be part of the sea (2050)
 If the water rise is nine feet, then, southern portion
of Dhaka and Haor- Baor area of Comilla, Sylhet will
be part of the sea.
 The rivers of the remaining area will have saline
water.
 There will be more rainfall and increased number
of natural calamities such as cyclones, tidal-bore,
tornado
 Due to decrease of land area there will be
decrease in agricultural land, resulting shortage
of food and feminine.
 Due to salinity in the river water the fish
production will also decrease and vast majority of
human being will not have any shelter.
Measures to reduce greenhouse effect:
1. To stop / decrease the production of ozone gas
producing technology by decreasing use of air
conditioner, refrigerators, aerosols, etc. having
CFC
2. Decreased production of electricity by using
fossil fuel, it produces sulphur dioxide (SO2)
which after mixing with atmosphere will
produces acid rain.
3. Decrease use of helium gas, which pollutes the
air and water and is hazardous to aquatic
animal.
4. Decreased use of petrol and petroleum products
-Combustion of one gallon of petrol provides 20
pounds if carbon dioxide
5. Increased tree plantation 10 Lakh trees can
remove one crore (10 million) pounds of
green house gas
6. More effort should be taken to produce and use
of solar energy, hydraulic energy, and wind - mill
energy and nuclear energy.
7. Using of low petrol consuming automobiles.
8. Afforestation and conservation of the existing
forest area.
9 Reduction of use of chemical fertilizer and
increased use of natural fertilizer.
10. Cheap substitution of CFC and minimizing/
stopping the use of CFC.
11. Construction of coastal embankment
12. Developed countries should restrict their
activities responsible for producing
13. Greenhouse gases and helps the
developing countries on the same matter
14 International collaborative studies and
research in reduction of green houses
gases.
15. Political commitments for reduction of
green house gases.
 Objective
 Define & Describe the background of Global
warming
 Define & Describe the Background of Ozone
Depletion
 List the Consequences
 Recommend preventive measures